1. The representative of the initial stage of early ape-man development. It lived in the early Pleistocene, about 3 million-1.5 million years ago. The most basic evolutionary feature is that it can not only walk upright, but also make simple gravel tools. From the physical characteristics, although it has many similarities with Australopithecus, the main difference is that they can already make stone tools. Belonging to this kind of representative ape-man fossils, there are mainly 1470 people, capable people and Yuanmou people.
2. 1470 Early hominid fossils. 1972 was found on the east bank of Lake Ludorff in East Africa, with a skull and limb bones. Living 2-2.8 million years ago. The morphological structure of the skull is both progressive and primitive. The brain volume is about 700 ml. The bones of the limbs have been similar to modernization and can walk upright. A large number of animal fossils and Australopithecus robust species fossils were also found near the excavation site. On the one hand, it shows that they were able to hunt in the lakeshore area at that time, on the other hand, it also shows that they once lived with Australopithecus for a period of time.
3. Homo habilis lived about 6.5438+0.80 million years ago. According to the dating of the discovered fossils, it was found in the Oduwei Gorge Valley in the northwest of Tanzania, East Africa, 654.38+0.960 years ago. Its skull wall is thin and its brow ridge is not obvious, with an average brain volume of 637 ml. It can be seen from its upper limb bones that its structure is not as perfect as that of modern people, but it can walk upright. At the same time, many stone tools were found, such as machetes made of gravel. The remains of slaughtered animals have also been found in this stratum, indicating that they have been able to hunt in a wider area.
4. Yuanmou Man is Yuanmou Homo erectus, an early ape-man fossil. 1965 was found in the upper stratum of Lower Pleistocene in Nabang Village, Yuanmou, Yunnan, China, and it is the first early ape-man fossil found in southern China. There are two front teeth, which are shovel-shaped. According to the paleomagnetic method, it lived about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago.
5. Late ape-man is the representative of the second stage of human development, commonly known as ape-man. It lived 6.5438+0.5 million-0.2 million/200 thousand years ago, from the late Early Pleistocene to the Middle Pleistocene. Late apes were able to walk upright with their feet, with bigger brains and more advanced tools, and they could use natural fire. It mainly includes Lantian ape-man, Peking ape-man and Java homo erectus.
6. Lantian Homo erectus, formerly known as Lantian Ape. 1963- 1964 was found in Lantian county, Shaanxi province, China. This is the earliest ancient human fossil found in China. It lived in the early Middle Pleistocene between 500,000 and 600,000 years ago. The fossils found include a skull, an upper jaw and a lower jaw, and more than a dozen teeth. Lantian people's skull wall is thicker than that of Beijing people, with flat forehead and thick brow ridge. It is estimated that the brain volume is 780ml and the skull height is extremely small. These characteristics show that Lantian people are more primitive than Beijingers. At the same time, I feel uneasy about the existing scrapers, stone chips and stone cores in the early Paleolithic period.
7. Beijingers are homo erectus in Beijing. The world-famous late ape-man fossil, formerly known as Beijing Chinese ape-man 1927, found its first tooth in a cave in Gulong Mountain, Zhoukoudian, 48 kilometers southwest of Beijing. 1929 65438+ On February 2nd, the first skull was excavated in Pei Wenzhong. Five skulls were found in 1927- 1937 * *, as well as skull fragments and facial bones, mandible, humerus, femur and clavicle, and 147 teeth. However, these precious specimens were lost in the hands of several Americans during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period and have not been found yet. Since 1949, abundant Peking man fossils have been discovered. If you count all the discoveries before and after, there are more than 40 Peking man fossils, both men, women and children. Its skull is close to apes, its mandible is similar to humans, and its limbs are basically the shape of modern people. It can be explained that human beings first developed limbs because of their hands engaged in labor, and then their brains and heads changed accordingly. Beijingers can walk upright, live in caves in groups and live a life of gathering and hunting. The stone tools used are chopper, scraper, stone hammer and anvil, as well as some bone tools. There are traces of charcoal, ashes and charred bones in the cave, which shows that Beijingers can already use fire. In recent years, according to various methods, Beijingers lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago.
8. Javanese are also called Homo erectus. The earliest late ape-man fossil found in the world, formerly known as Javanese ape-man. It was discovered about 189 1 years ago in Trinir, near the Solo River in central Java. It lived 700,000-500,000 years ago and its geological age was the Middle Pleistocene. The fossils found include a skull, two molars and a left femur. Its main features are flat skull, inclined frontal bone, house-like brow bone and brain capacity of about 900 ml. From the analysis of the morphological characteristics of these fossils, it shows that Javanese are between apes and humans. 1936- 194 1 year, some Javanese skulls and mandibles were found in the Sanyilan area near Triniere.
9. Early Homo sapiens was also called the ancients. It is the representative of the third stage of human development, that is, the ancient human fossils in the transitional stage from ape-man to new human. They are more evolved than Beijingers and Javanese, living in the late Pleistocene in the geological age from120,000 to 50,000 years ago. This fossil can be found in many places in Europe, Asia and Africa. It was first discovered at 1856 in a cave near the Neanderthal valley near Dü sseldorf, Germany, so ancient fossils are often collectively referred to as Neanderthals in anthropology, referred to as "Neanderthals" for short. Also found in Maba, Guangdong, Changyang, Hubei and Ding Cun, Shanxi. The most important thing is the Maba people.
10. Neanderthals, an ancient fossil. It was first discovered in a cave near the Neanderthal valley in Dü sseldorf, Germany, in 1856. It has a skull and several bones. Its physical characteristics are mainly backward frontal bone, developed eyebrow bone and large brain volume, about 1, 230 ml. Although compared with ape-man, it still retains some attributes of ape-man.
1 1. Maba people are ancient fossils. 1958 was found in Lion Mountain Cave, Maba Township, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province. It lived more than 10 million years ago, at the end of the middle Pleistocene or the beginning of the late Pleistocene. The fossil found is an incomplete skull with a morphological feature that the frontal bone gradually leans backward, which is lower than that of modern people, but higher than that of Beijingers. The brow bone is thick, and the frontal bone behind the brow bone is obviously retracted, similar to that of an ape-man; Nasal bones are similar to apes and Neanderthals, but wider than modern people; The skull is very thin, similar to Neanderthals.
12. Changyang people, ancient fossils of China. 1956 was found in a limestone cave named "Longdong" in Xiazhongjiawan Village, southwest of Changyang County, Hebei Province. There is an incomplete upper jaw, a first premolar and a first molar, and a left lower second premolar. The geological age of existence is the late Pleistocene.
13. Dingcun people are ancient fossils of China. 1954 was found near Ding Cun, Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province. The geological age of existence is early Late Pleistocene. The fossils found include three teeth belonging to the same person; One is the upper central incisor, the other is the upper incisor, and the other is the lower second molar, all on the right. Its structure is primitive, but its crown and roots are smaller than those of Beijingers. At the same time, companion animals and a large number of stone tools were found.
14. Late Homo sapiens is also called a newcomer. It is the representative of the fourth stage of human development. Appeared 50 thousand years ago. Morphological characteristics have been very similar to modern people, belonging to the descendants of the ancients. New types of fossils belonging to this stage have been found in Asia, Africa, Europe and Oceania. It was first discovered in the agricultural rock shed in Kroma in 1868. Therefore, this stage of the new stone is often called Kroma farmer. Many new fossils have also been found in China, such as Liujiang people, Ziyang people, Hetao people and cavemen in Zhoukoudian. According to research, all major modern races began to differentiate from the late Homo sapiens. According to the morphological characteristics of Kroma farmers and Liujiang people, some people think that the former is the ancestor of modern European whites, while the latter is the ancestor of modern yellow people.
15. Fossils of new farmers in Kroma. 1868 was found in a rock shed near Les, Dordogne, France. The unearthed fossils include at least 5 individuals, and the brain volume is about 1600 ml. About 40 thousand years ago. As an ancient representative of the European race. Unlike modern Europeans, it has a wide face, low eyes and a thick skull. Broadly speaking, farmers in Kroma are the floorboard of new human beings in Paleolithic Age. There are exquisite pictures on the cave walls where farmers live in Kroma, including mammoths, wild reindeer and other beasts, as well as pictures shot and killed by human beings with arrows.
16. Liujiang new human fossils. 1958 was discovered in a cave next to Tongtianyan in Liujiang County, Guangxi, and its geological age belongs to the Late Pleistocene. The fossils found include a skull (missing mandible) and some body bones and limb bones. Liujiang man is the earliest new human fossil discovered in China, which has the characteristics of yellow race and can be said to be the ancestor of modern yellow race.
17. New fossils of Ziyang people. 195 1 was discovered in west Monopterus albus creek, Ziyang county, Sichuan province, and its geological age belongs to late Pleistocene. The fossil found is a relatively complete skull, although it still retains some primitive attributes, but it is basically similar to modern people.
18. fossils of Neanderthals and newcomers. Characteristic of the yellow race. 1933 was found in the cave at the top of the Peking man site in Longgushan, Zhoukoudian, Fangshan County, Beijing, hence the name Neanderthal. The unearthed human fossils represent eight people of different ages. Their appearance is basically similar to that of modern people. Living in 18000 years ago. From the unearthed artifacts, it shows that they not only grinded stone tools and bone tools, but also mastered the drilling technology, made bone needles to sew animal skins, punched animal teeth, bone tubes and shells, and made various decorations. All caveman fossils found before liberation were also lost in the hands of several Americans during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period.