Rousseau was born in a watchmaker's family in Geneva, Switzerland. His ancestors were Protestants exiled from France to Switzerland. His mother died in childbirth after he was born, and one of his brothers ran away from home when he was very young, and Rousseau was never heard from again. Because of his poor family, he didn't receive a systematic education, but he read a lot. His father sent him as an apprentice, first with a notary and then with a sculptor. Later, he couldn't stand such harsh treatment. At the age of sixteen, he fled Geneva to wander. Worked as an apprentice, handyman, family secretary, teacher, wandering musician, etc. Later, he was wanted and exiled. In the meantime, I got the favor of Mrs. Warren.

The darling of Paris salon

Rousseau moved to Paris in 1742. During his stay in Paris, Rousseau met Denis Derot and participated in the writing of the encyclopedia 1749. The most important contribution is the article on political economy written by 1755. But soon after, the relationship between Rousseau and Diderot became tense. 1750, Rousseau won the first prize in the Dijon School District Paper Competition with his essay Discours sur les Sciences et les Arts, so he became a celebrity in Paris. In this paper, Rousseau believes that the development of science and art is useless from the moral point of view. Rousseau's works have a unique language style (monologue) and romantic passion. 176 1 year, the new "Arrow Si Qi" was published, which immediately caused a sensation in Paris.

Friends and enemies

Rousseau knew most famous thinkers of his time, but they all turned against each other without exception. These people include Voltaire and Diderot in France and david hume in Britain.

Sexual abuse and nudism

In addition to creating political theory, Rousseau's private life has also become the object of sexual research. He mentioned in Confessions that when I was 8 years old, I was whipped by a female teacher, Rambo, which brought me "sensory pleasure". "It is this punishment that doomed my interests, desires and feelings all my life." When he was old, Rousseau liked young girls and was eager to whip them. He once hid in a dark street and exposed his ass to a strange woman. He once said that he knew it was a very stupid behavior, but every time he did it, he always brought great sexual satisfaction. He was finally caught by a man.

Die of poverty

1768 On August 29th, Rousseau married wasser, a maid who had lived together for 25 years in Bugo. Before that, they had five children, all of whom were fostered in orphanages. 1778 On July 2nd, Rousseau, suffering from "obsessive-compulsive schizophrenia", died in Elmenonville, northeast of Paris. (just died in the same year as Voltaire) died of poverty, knocked down by a carriage and trampled by a dog.

I'm so sad and honored to be behind you.

Rousseau was spurned before his death, but worshipped after his death. Rousseau was buried in the Pantheon in Paris. 179 1, 65438+2 1 In February, the National Assembly voted to erect a statue of Rousseau symbolizing the Great Revolution, with the golden inscription "Founder of Freedom". Rousseau's thoughts infiltrated into the social atmosphere and became fashionable. Young people imitate Amir and want to be "barbarians living in the city". Prince Louis was also deeply influenced by the Emir. According to Rousseau, he educated his son from an early age and learned a craftsman's craft. It is said that this is the origin of Louis XVI's famous hobby-amateur locksmith.

private life

Rousseau had an affair with many women in his life, mainly two. One is Mrs. Warren, who played many roles in Rousseau's early life, such as protector, friend, mistress and spiritual mother. After leaving Mrs Warren, Rousseau later began to live with Darius. For Dyers, Rousseau also has all kinds of complicated feelings. Dyers spent the rest of his life with Rousseau, who only held a very simple formal wedding with him in his later years. Dyers gave birth to five children for Rousseau, all of whom were sent to the Paris nursery by Rousseau. Rousseau later only looked for his first child who left a label in a hurry. An anonymous book named "Citizens' Feelings" specifically attacking Rousseau records the fact that Rousseau abandoned his own children, and the author of this book is Voltaire, Rousseau's enemy.

Love reading.

Rousseau 17 12 was born in a watchmaker's family in Geneva, Switzerland on June 28th. My father is a skilled watchmaker; Rousseau whose mother is a priest.

Daughter, very smart, dignified and virtuous. His mother died in childbirth. He lost his maternal love at birth. He was brought up by his father and aunt. My brother, who is seven years older than him, ran away from home and never came back, and there was no news of him. In this way, he is the only child left at home. Rousseau knew when he was sensible that he bought it with his mother's life. His young heart is very sad, and he feels his father's love even more. His father loves reading, which is undoubtedly inherited from him. Rousseau's mother left many novels, and his father often read to each other after supper. Every time you finish reading a volume, you won't give up until you finish reading it. Sometimes I watch it all night. Father heard birds chirping in the morning and said shyly, "Let's go to bed. I am simply more naive than you. " In this case, Rousseau studied day after day, and formed the habit of reading invisibly, gradually enriching and nourishing his young mind. Seven-year-old Rousseau browsed all the books at home. He also went out to borrow books, such as Le Searle's History of the Church and Empire, Boucher's Lecture on the General History of the World, Plutarch's Biography, Nani's History of Venice, and several plays by Murray. Due to the exemplary influence of these historical figures and the inculcation of his father, Rousseau deeply realized the value of free thought and democratic spirit. He not only has his father's patriotic blood, but also follows the example of these great men, and even often compares himself with those figures in history in words and deeds. One day, he told the story of Chivala at the dinner table. All the people present were surprised to see Rousseau step forward and put his hand on the burning fire to perform Chivala's heroic feat. This precocity and precocity is the first manifestation of Rousseau's unique talent.

Make a living independently

Rousseau's happy childhood soon ended. /kloc-when he was 0/3 years old, my uncle decided to send him to study with Mr. Long and work as a lawyer secretary under him, hoping that he could earn some living expenses. However, Rousseau hates this kind of occupation that lacks interest only for making money. The trivial things every day make him dizzy and unbearable. Mr. Ma Si Lang doesn't seem to like Rousseau very much, and often says that he is lazy and stupid. Rousseau couldn't stand the insult and quit his job. Soon, Rousseau changed careers and became an apprentice to a sculptor. In view of many lessons he learned as a secretary before, he did as required in this new job without complaint. Rousseau likes this kind of work very much, because he loves painting, waving carving knives is also very interesting, and carving parts does not require too high technology, so he hopes to make outstanding achievements in this respect. One day, Rousseau carved knighthoods for some friends in his spare time. When his master found out, he thought he was counterfeiting silver coins and beat him up. In fact, Rousseau was very young at that time and had no idea about silver coins at all. He just made a model of the shape of a coin in ancient Rome. The master's tyranny made Rousseau feel miserable about his favorite job. Rousseau's life in his master's house was very unhappy, but it restored his long-lost reading habit. This kind of interest was restricted by the environment at that time and could not develop smoothly, but the more restricted it was, the stronger the interest in learning was. There is a bookseller who runs a bookstore nearby. Rousseau often went there, read books, and sometimes even missed his working hours, and was scolded and punished by his master. In less than a year, Rousseau read all the books in this small shop. Influenced by these books, he corrected many childish temper and bad habits. At the same time, invisibly aroused more noble feelings in his heart. He feels that the environment here is not ideal for sculptors, and everything lacks interest and is unbearable. 16 years old, he left the city, believing that he could live independently and dominate everything freely.

Advocating nature

After Rousseau left the city, he met Mrs. Warren through the introduction of friends. He thinks that Mrs. Warren is an ugly old woman who is senile, but she is a young woman with a happy face and full of charm. This surprised and excited him, which is exactly what it is.

Rousseau's statues (5 pieces) influenced his later life. Rousseau took Mrs Warren's advice and began his long journey. This also suits his long-standing hobby of roaming. He thinks it is a wonderful thing to have the opportunity to climb mountains and the peaks of the Alps at this age. Along the way, Rousseau was in a very happy mood and there was nothing to worry about. Although the journey is short, Rousseau loves natural scenery and enjoys a panoramic view of the beautiful scenery along the way. He pinned his feelings on nature. Although he wandered, he did not feel empty. Everything that caught Rousseau's attention made him feel an intoxicating enjoyment. The magical, colorful and practical beauty of nature deeply influenced Rousseau's outlook on life. After that, he traveled many times, and both the beautiful scenery on the journey and the rural life still fascinated him. He loves and respects nature. His greatest teacher is not any kind of book, his teacher is' nature'. Rousseau loved nature since he was a teenager. This kind of enthusiasm, he took pains to imitate and express in his works. Nature permeated his life. He used some sober and attractive characteristics of Mrs Warren to express himself, which made him fall into intense emotions, especially in his later years, making him similar to the great mystic in the East.

Dabble in music

During the period when Rousseau lived in Mrs Warren's house, he felt very satisfied and happy. Mrs Warren has a soft voice and can play the piano. She often taught Rousseau to sing and cultivated Rousseau's interest in music. Later, Rousseau went to the seminary to study, and Mrs. Warren gave him books on music. Besides studying in a seminary, Rousseau often practices singing with his own music score. Mrs. Warren thinks Rousseau is interested in music and talented, and intends to let him develop in the direction of music. She often held some small concerts at home and introduced Rousseau's knowledge to some composers, which made his music level improve continuously. Later, he kept on self-study and Research, and came up with a Simple notation with numbers instead of notes, that is, using numbers 1234567 instead of scales of Do, re, Mi, Fa, So, La and si, and wrote a book with original ideas, Music Score. At the same time, he also wrote a paper on modern music and brought it to Paris as a gift to the Paris Institute of Science and Art. He wanted to take this opportunity to become famous at one fell swoop. At this time, Rousseau's inspiration was like a spring. He wrote an opera called Discovering the New World, which fully demonstrated his creative talent. Later, Rousseau took the revised manuscript to the Academy of Sciences and read his paper in public. Its concise content effectively attracted the attention of the Committee members and won favorable comments. He thinks his notation is an innovation and reform in the history of music, but the members don't agree with this opinion. After several discussions, they came to a conclusion that Rousseau's notation can be used for singing, but it is not suitable for playing. In order to comfort Rousseau, the Academy of Art awarded him a certificate of commendation. Rousseau failed, but he was not persuaded. After rearranging the manuscript, he found a willing publisher and published it under the title of Modern Music. Rousseau was full of hope that this music book would cause great repercussions, but the sales volume was very poor, which made Rousseau suffer a heavy blow again. Although he was bent on making innovations in music, hoping to inspire music lovers, the effect was not good, except that a few scholars praised him more, which did not produce any big response.

Award-winning thesis

After leaving Mrs. Warren, Rousseau began to fend for himself, working as a tutor, a clerk and a secretary. At the same time, he made friends with a wide range of people, especially the great philosopher Diderot. Because of their common interests and aspirations, they have established a profound friendship. Both of them were keen on academic work, so Diderot and Rousseau started to co-compile an encyclopedia, and Rousseau was in charge of the music part, which was interrupted by Diderot's arrest. Rousseau turned to his friends for help everywhere, hoping to get Diderot out, but with little success. Rousseau often visited Diderot's prison. 1749 in summer, the weather is very hot. It's a long way from Paris to prison. Rousseau went for a walk to see Diderot, and often took a book with him. When he was tired, he could read. One day, he brought a magazine "French Courier" and suddenly saw a paper by the Dijon Academy of Sciences: "Is the progress of science and art conducive to improving fashion?" When Rousseau saw this topic, he seemed to be shot by all kinds of light, and many energetic thoughts emerged unconsciously from his heart. He suddenly felt suffocated, as if he had seen another universe, and he became another person. In his mind, not only ideas related to the papers of Dijon Academy of Sciences emerged, but also a series of ideas came one after another, impacting him like a big wave. This spiritual shock shows the potential of his insightful thoughts. Rousseau told it to Diderot. Diderot encouraged Rousseau to continue to develop his ideas and write articles to apply them. Rousseau actively wrote this paper and sent it to Diderot for review. He revised it many times and issued it with the title "On Art and Science". In 1750, he won the first prize of this paper. In this article, he denied the value of art and science, demonstrated it from the opposite side, revealed his distrust and hatred of Paris society, and opposed the fraud hidden in this society. He condemned that science, literature and art were dominated by power.

Hermit works

From 65438 to 0756, 44-year-old Rousseau accepted a gift from a friend-a small country house with beautiful environment, and began his seclusion. Rousseau's personality is suitable for living in the country. He has lived in Paris for 15 years and is tired of city life. After living in seclusion, he decided not to return to Paris. By this time, Rousseau has become a little famous, so don't worry about the living expenses. He continued to copy music. Although he can't make much money, he is reliable and self-sufficient. His opera "Country Prophet" and other works still have 2000 francs left, and other works are also being sorted out, so that life will not be poor. His writing style and talent made him a famous scholar. As long as he is willing to combine the writer's skills with his efforts to write good books, his works will enable him to live a rich life. However, Rousseau felt that writing for bread would soon suffocate and destroy his talent. His talent is not in the pen, but in his heart, which is completely produced by a transcendental and heroic way of thinking. He has always believed that the status of a writer can only be maintained when it is not an industry; When a person only wants to make a living, his thoughts are hard to be noble; In order to be able and dare to speak great truth, we must never give in to the pursuit of success. During his six years in seclusion, Rousseau wrote many famous works, including the famous political work On Civil Contract, which is one of the famous classic works in the history of world politics. His political views had a great influence on the French Revolution. Emile is a monograph on education, which briefly introduces his unique and free educational thoughts and is a classic work on children's education. Although Rousseau was criticized for this book when he was alive, his unique educational thought not only had a far-reaching impact on the later educational theory, but also became the driving force of the French Revolution. The publication of the autobiographical novel "New Arrow Si Qi" has become a well-known best seller, translated into many languages and swept all over Europe.

Be persecuted

According to the custom of France at that time, a book was circulated by some celebrities before it was published. After being circulated by the outside world, Amir immediately became the center of the debate. Strangely, Rousseau's naive, inspirational and original pedagogy book was regarded as heresy by the outside world and banned by the French court. At first, Rousseau didn't care about the outside gossip. He believes that this pedagogy book is written for the happiness of mankind. How can it be opposed by intellectuals, churches and countries? How can you regard him as an evil man? Under the pressure of the outside world, the publishing house also advised Rousseau not to publish books under his real name, but Rousseau insisted on facing those unnecessary attacks. He thinks that he always abides by the legal system of the country, strives to be a loyal and obedient citizen, and abides by the laws of the country like other French people, so that he will not be persecuted for loving mankind and pursuing human happiness. But bad luck befell him, and the media regarded Rousseau as a criminal. One night, Rousseau was reading the Bible in bed. Someone wrote that the court would send someone to arrest him tomorrow. The Supreme Court decided to burn Emile and immediately issued an arrest warrant to put Rousseau in prison. Rousseau had to bid farewell to his friends and leave France for Switzerland. Soon the state also ordered him to leave Swiss territory within one day, and then Rousseau moved to Prussia. At the same time, European readers kept writing letters, and women, young people and young philosophers wrote to Rousseau for guidance, which greatly inspired him spiritually. 1764, he left his home in Mortiere, the fief of Count Nachate, and received a book "Citizens' Feelings" from an unknown person. He doesn't admit that Voltaire is the real author, but he believes that this book was written at the instigation of his old friend Madame Derby. This pamphlet is full of foul language, which gives a terrible exposure to the father who lost his conscience and abandoned his children, to the lover of Qin Lei Zi Le wasser, and to all the evil deeds that Rousseau advertised as dedicating himself to virtue in his life. Later, Rousseau went to England at the invitation of the British philosopher Hume, and finally left England because of the growing differences with Hume. He had to change his name and surname and return to France to live in seclusion again. The years of exile and uneasiness did not affect Rousseau's writing. He has written confessions, reverie of a lonely traveler, letters in the mountains and other works.

Edit this passage and opinion.

In philosophy, Rousseau advocates that feeling is the source of knowledge and insists on the view of "deism"; Emphasize that human nature is good, and faith is higher than reason. On the social view, Rousseau insisted on the social contract theory and advocated the establishment of the "rational kingdom" of the bourgeoisie; Advocate freedom and equality, and oppose big private ownership and its oppression; Put forward the theory of "natural human rights" and oppose tyranny. In education, he advocates that the purpose of education is to cultivate natural persons; Oppose feudal education to harm and despise children, and demand to improve children's status in education; Advocating the reform of educational content and methods, conforming to children's nature, and allowing children to develop physically and mentally freely embodies the requirements of the bourgeoisie and the broad masses of working people to be liberated from feudal autocracy.

Political Views

The Theory of Social Contract, which describes the relationship between man and society, is perhaps Rousseau's most important work, in which it begins, "Man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains". This book was published in 1762, which was neglected at that time, but later became one of the most influential works reflecting the traditional western political thought. Contrary to his early works, Rousseau believes that the natural state is an animal state without law and morality, and good people only exist because of the emergence of society. In the natural state, there are often situations that individuals can't cope with, and they must unite with others to survive, so everyone is willing to unite. People unite and exist as a collective, which forms a society. social

The main work (20 contracts) is people's agreement on members' social status. In On the Origin and Foundation of Equality, Rousseau tried to interpret the appearance of government as a contract between the ruler and the ruled. The only reason why people are willing to give up personal freedom and be ruled by others is that they see that in a society with a formal government, individual rights, happiness and property can be better protected than in an anarchic society where everyone only cares about himself. However, Rousseau also pointed out that the original contract had obvious defects. The richest and most powerful people in society "cheat" the public and make inequality an eternal feature of human society. He mentioned in the Theory of Social Contract that the contract between the ruler and the ruled should be reconsidered. The government should not protect the wealth and rights of a few people, but should pay attention to the rights and equality of all people. No matter what form of government, if it is not responsible for everyone's rights, freedoms and equality, it will destroy the social contract as the fundamental political authority.

Ideological basis

This thought is the foundation of the French Revolution and the American Revolution. In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that the French Revolution and the American Revolution were the direct results of Rousseau's abstract social contract theory. Robespierre is a faithful disciple of Rousseau, known as "Rousseau in motion". Rousseau was one of the earliest modern writers who criticized the private property system, so he was also considered as one of the founders of modern socialism and * * * productism (see Marx). At the same time, he questioned whether the wishes of most people were necessarily correct. He pointed out that the government should exclude the influence of the will of the majority (see democracy) and defend freedom, equality and justice. The most important principle in Rousseau's political philosophy is that politics should not be divorced from morality. When a country can't serve people with virtue, it can't play its functions normally, and it can't establish its authority over individuals. The second important principle is freedom, and defending freedom is one of the purposes of founding the country. This is also the origin of the French Revolution from political revolution to social revolution, and then from social revolution to moral revolution. Its scale and degree far exceed that of Britain and America. Rousseau proposed that in the natural state (the state of animals, the state before the emergence of human civilization and society), people are essentially good and are "noble barbarians". Good people are tortured and eroded by their social experiences. The development of society has led to the unfortunate continuation of mankind. Rousseau's On Science and Art (1750) emphasizes that art and the progress of science have not brought benefits to mankind. He believes that the accumulation of knowledge strengthens the government's rule and suppresses individual freedom. He concluded that the development of material civilization actually destroyed sincere friendship and replaced it with jealousy, fear and doubt.

Educational viewpoint

Rousseau's naturalistic education view embodied in Emile has deeply influenced modern education theory. He reduced the importance of written knowledge and suggested that children's emotional education should precede rational education. He put special emphasis on learning through personal experience. "Let's Return to Nature" In his early works, he described nature as the primitive state of primitive life. Later, under Voltaire's criticism, he described nature as the spontaneity of the process of establishing his own personality and personal world. Therefore, nature means inner state, complete personality and spiritual freedom. In contrast, society is imprisoned and enslaved under the guise of civilization. Therefore, returning to nature is to restore the power of this natural process and get rid of all kinds of external oppression and civilized prejudice. Confessions, an autobiography published by 1782, is one of the earliest and most influential self-exposure works, which makes no secret of personal ugliness and has a far-reaching influence on later generations. China writer Yu Dafu was deeply influenced by Rousseau's self-exposure style. Rousseau's coffin

Rousseau's coffin

literature

Rousseau's contribution to literature is mainly reflected in his epistolary novel New Ai Luo Si Qi, in which Rousseau describes beautiful rural scenery, local customs, free thoughts and romantic love ... which greatly promotes the development of romantic novels in later generations. The epistolary style has several obvious advantages: it is conducive to directly describing feelings and psychology; Things and events can be observed from many angles. As for the plot of the novel, it can be hidden between letters. This genre is not easy to grasp, or scattered, or the characters are the same. This book should be very good in these aspects, but there are also some problems. There are great differences between men and women among the main characters. Several characters can be regarded as some kind of symbol, and of course they can also be treated concretely. Most of Saint-Pruan's letters do not directly express his heart, and only a few letters and biographies make him an active but tragic figure. Li Yu gave in to "rationality" several times, which seems unreasonable. But maybe that's what the author wants to say. Letters and replies can often be understood as two different views on the same issue, and there is a lot of room for choice. [ 1]

Ai Xin Luo qi si

New Ai Luo Si Qi is an epistolary novel, which tells the love tragedy of a couple of young people. Sanpule, a civilian intellectual, worked as a teacher in a noble family. He is a talented young man from the bottom of society, with unyielding personality and noble moral character. Having an affair with his student and noble lady Julie, a woman who longed for pure love but could not completely break away from the feudal family was stopped by Julie's father, which led to a tragedy. The feudal hierarchy became the root of their misfortune. From the standpoint of bourgeois humanism, Rousseau criticized the feudal marriage based on class prejudice, put forward the ideal of marriage based on true natural feelings, and strongly protested the feudal hierarchy. The meticulous psychological description of the work and the beautiful chapter of scene blending have won the appreciation of countless readers.