The Mendeleev periodic table published by 1869 is a vertical chart, in which 63 known elements are arranged according to atomic weight. This arrangement puts elements with similar attributes on the same horizontal line. The name of the chart means "a sketch of the elemental system based on atomic weight and chemical characteristics".
With the development of chemistry, new elements are constantly being discovered, and the periodic table of elements is also growing. Madame Curie (Marie Curie), Eulia Lemantova (Julia Lemantova), lise meitner (lise meitner), otto hahn, etc. Are all great contributors we are familiar with. Now the periodic table of elements has developed as follows:
Basic knowledge of periodic table of elements
The periodic table of elements has seven periods, 16 families. Each row is called a period and each column is called a family. These seven periods can be divided into short-term (1, 2, 3) and long-term (4, 5, 6, 7). * * * There are 16 families, which are further divided into 7 main families (1A-ⅶ A), 7 subfamilies (1B-ⅶ B), 1 ⅷ B families,/kloc-0.
The position of elements in the periodic table not only reflects the atomic structure of elements, but also shows the gradual change law of element properties and the internal relations between elements.
In the same period, from left to right, the number of electron layers outside the nucleus of elements is the same, the number of outermost electrons increases in turn, and the atomic radius decreases (except for the zero group elements). The ability to lose electrons is gradually weakened, the ability to gain electrons is gradually enhanced, the metallicity is gradually weakened, and the nonmetal is gradually enhanced. The highest positive oxidation number of elements increases from left to right (except those without positive valence), and the lowest negative oxidation number increases from left to right (except O and F elements in the first and second periods).
In the same family, from top to bottom, the number of electrons in the outermost layer is the same, the number of layers of electrons outside the nucleus increases gradually, the atomic number increases, the metallic nature of elements increases, and the nonmetallic nature decreases.
The periodic table of elements is of great significance, and scientists use it to discover new elements and compounds. Starting from the hydrogen element with proton number 1, with the increase of atomic number, the chemical and physical properties of the element show a periodic change law, which is the periodic law of the element. The periodic table of elements shows the periodic changes of the properties of elements, and the naming of elements is closely related to the properties of elements, which is intuitively reflected in the periodic table of elements.
Chemical elements have various names. Therefore, at the beginning of19th century, Swedish chemist Zelius proposed to unify the names of elements in Latin, which was very common in European countries at that time. As follows:
Many elements are related to place names:
Magnesium-magnesium-magnesium
Translated as "Mercuria", it is a Greek city.
Scandium, scandium, scandium
Translation is "Scandinavia", which is a Greek city.
Strontium, strontium, strontium
The translation is "Stratian", which is a Scottish place name.
Gallium-gallium-gallium
Translated, it is "Jagaya", which is an ancient French name.
Hafnium Hafnium Hafnium
Translation is "Hafnia", which is the ancient name of Copenhagen.
Rhenium-rhenium-rhenium
Translated as "Rhine", a famous river in Europe.
Americium -Am- americium
Translate into "America"
Wei Wei
Translate into "France"
Californium-californium
Translated into "California", the name of the American state.
Germanium germanium Germany
Translate into "Germany"
Europium-europium-europium
Translate into "Europe"
Many elements are related to names:
Samarium. Samarium.
Translated as "Chamarre Ski", Russian mineralogist.
Americium -Fm-Fremium
Fermi, American physicist.
Ru-Md- Mendeleev
Translated as "Mendeleev"
Actinide -No- actinide
Translate into "Nobel"
Technetium -Lr- technetium
Translated as "Lawrence", inventor of cyclotron.
mend (crockery) with clamps
Translated as "Curie" is to commemorate the Curie couple.
Polonium-Einstein
Translated into "Einstein"
Chenglun -Rg- roentgen
Translate into "roentgen"
Madame Curie
Many elements are related to the name of God:
Vanadium alloy
Translated, it is "Vanadius", the goddess in Greek mythology.
Promethium -Pm- promethium
Translated as "Prometheus", the hero of stealing fire in Greek mythology.
Thorium-thorium-thorium
The translation is "Toure", the legendary Thor in Northern Europe.
Tantalum-tantalum-tantalum
Translated as "Dantalus", a hero in Greek mythology.
Niobium-niobium-niobium
The translation is "Nio Maid", the daughter of Dantalus.
Palladium palladium palladium
Translated as "ballas", the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology.
Prometheus
Many elements are related to stars-celestial bodies:
Tellurium-tellurium-tellurium
Translated as "Earth"
Selenium, selenium and selenium
Translated as "the moon"
Helium-helium-helium
Translated as "the sun"
Cerium, cerium and cerium
Translated into "Ceres"
Uranium uranium
Translated as "Uranus"
Neptunium -Np- neptunium
Translated into "Neptune"
Plutonium-plutonium-plutonium
Translated as "Pluto"
Named according to the characteristics of the element:
Gold-gold-gold
Translated as "brilliant"
Silver silver silver
Translated as "bright"
Tin tin tin
The translation is "hard"
Sulfur-sulfur-sulfur
Translated as "bright yellow"
Boron boron
Translated as "flux"
Pr-pr-pr
Translated into "primary actinides"
Beryllium alloy
Translate into "sweet"
Chrome chrome chrome
Translate into "color"
Cobalt cobalt
Translated as "devil"
Cadmium-cadmium-cadmium
Translate into the name of a cadmium-containing mineral
Bismuth-bismuth-bismuth
Translated into "white material"
Phosphorus phosphorus phosphorus
Translated as "luminous object"
Rubidium-rubidium strontium
Translated as "dark red"
Cesium, cesium, cesium
Translated into "sky blue"
Zinc-zinc-zinc
Translated as "white thin layer"
Radium-radium-radium
Translated as "thunder"
Argon-argon-argon
Translated as "inactive"
Iodine iodine
Translate into "purple"
Nitrogen-nitrogen-nitrogen
Unable to sustain life.
Chlorine-chlorine-chlorine
Translate into "green"
Hydrogen-hydrogen-hydrogen
Translated as "the source of water"
Oxygen-oxygen-oxygen
Translated as "the source of acid"
Potassium-potassium-potassium
An alkaline substance in seaweed ash
Tungsten, tungsten and tungsten
Translated into "wolf foam"
Carbon carbon carbon
Translated as "coal"
Silicon silicon silicon
Translated into "stone"
There are many rules for naming the periodic table in Chinese. For example, gaseous elements at room temperature are represented by the prefix "gas"; Liquid element "bromine" is used beside beech, and "mercury" also has "water"; Solid elements are mostly metallic elements, represented by "samarium" (containing gold), and nonmetallic elements are represented by "stone". The new edition of IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) 20 16 element naming guide stipulates: "The naming of all new elements must reflect history and maintain chemical consistency, that is, the elements belonging to group 1- 16 end with' -ium'; Elements belonging to 17 family, ending with' -ine'; Elements belonging to 18 series end with "-on". There are also the following rules: according to the numbers of the element ordinal number, the Latin abbreviations corresponding to the numbers are arranged in order, and the first letter of each numerical abbreviation is added at the beginning of the element symbol. Latin abbreviations for 0-9 are as follows:
0 nil 1 un 2 bi 3 tri 4 quad 5 pent
6 hex 7 sept 8 oct 9 enn
For example, the element 1 12 is unbium (UN+UN+BI+UM), and the element 127 is unbium (un+bi+sept+um).
When it comes to naming the periodic table of elements, one person has to be mentioned, that is Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty (132810/0/0/0/0/2/24/6 1398). As a great historical figure, what is the relationship between Zhu Yuanzhang and the periodic table of elements? According to historical records, Zhu Yuanzhang is a principled man, and the names of future generations must be strict. Zhu Yuanzhang once made a rule that the names of future generations must be given by two names, and the words should be handed down in full accordance with their own crosses. Therefore, the talented Zhu Yuanzhang made up a twenty-cross inheritance order for each son. For example, Zhu Biao's pulse said: "Yunwen follows the ancestral teachings, Wu Qin's army wins, and when it meets the Tao, the teacher makes good use of it"; Judy's pulse is: "When I see you with a high banner, you are always generous, kind and elegant, and Emperor Jianjing comes first." Later, he also wrote it into Ming Taizu Xun, warning future generations to strictly abide by the group training. With the increase of children and grandchildren, Zhu Yuanzhang named them according to the five elements of wood, fire, earth and water, that is, the third word of the name of future generations must have five elements to be orderly. For example, children are next to wooden characters, so grandchildren are next to fire characters, great-grandchildren are next to earth characters, and so on. Zhu Yuanzhang had countless children and grandchildren in his life. Even though he was brilliant, he didn't live up to his name in the end, and then he began to make words! Such as Zhu, Zhu, Zhu Cu Cr, Zhu Cu Nb, Zhu Xiaotai, Zhu Cd, etc.
Huh? Wait, why are these names so similar to elements? But the periodic table was invented in19th century! Actually, this is just a coincidence. Later, Xu Shou, a famous scientist in Qing Dynasty, introduced the periodic table of elements and translated it into Chinese characters by transliteration, which happened to collide with the names created by Zhu Yuanzhang's descendants.
The Chinese names of various elements in the periodic table are very complicated and difficult to read correctly. The class representative will help you summarize a wave!
Pronunciation of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements
1 hydrogen (q and ng) 2 helium (hài)3 lithium (lǐ)4 beryllium (pí)5 boron (péng)6 carbon (tàn)7 nitrogen (dàn)8 oxygen (yǐ ng) 9 fluorine (fú) 10. 30 zinc (xρn)3 1 gallium (jiā)32 germanium (zhě)33 arsenic (shēn)34 selenium (xρ)35 bromine (Xiρ)36Kr(kè)37 rubidium (rú). 47 silver (yín)48 cadmium (gé)49 indium (yοon)50 tin (xο)565 438+0 antimony (tο)52 tellurium (dο)53 iodine (Diοn)54 xenon (xiān)55 cesium (. 65 terbium 66 dysprosium 67 holmium 68 erbium 69 thulium 70 ytterbium 7 1 lutetium bismuth 84 dysprosium (p?)85 dysprosium (ài)86 radon (d?ng)87 ytterbium (f
Although almost all the elements can be pronounced in half, there are still many uncommon words that are easily confused, so the representative of chemistry class will bring you the interpretation of uncommon words in the periodic table of elements, which will be announced in the next issue:
Rare gas:
2 helium (hài) 10 neon (nǐ i) 18 argon (yà) 36Kr (kè) 54 xenon (xiān) 86 radon (dū ng).
Platinum group elements:
44 ruthenium (Li o)45 rhodium (l o)46 palladium (b)76 osmium (é)77 iridium (y)78 platinum (bó)
Lanthanide elements:
57 La (lá n) 58 Ce (shü n) 59 PR (pǔ) 60 Nd (nǐ) 61HO (pǒ) 62 SM (shā n) 63 EU (yǒ u) 64 gadolinium.
Actinides:
89 actinides (ā)90 thorium (tǔ)9 1 praseodymium (pú)92 uranium (yóu)93 neptunium (ná)94 plutonium (b?)95 americium (méi)96 plutonium.
Editor: Ma Ruize
Proofreading: Qin Shumin