General situation of nationalities
Ethnic minorities in China. Mainly distributed in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other provinces. Guangxi has the most. 1990 population15.48 million. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Zhuang nationality is16178811. It uses Zhuang language and belongs to Zhuang-Dai language branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. "Zhuangjin" enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. There were folk characters composed of square characters in the Southern Song Dynasty. But it is not widely used, and it is mostly used for writing place names, compiling folk songs and taking notes. 1955 created and popularized Zhuang language based on Latin letters, and 1982 made some revisions.
Zhuang nationality, formed by a branch of Baiyue in ancient times, is the most populous nationality in China, with more than 1 54,800 people, including110,000 people in Yunnan, mainly living in Wenshan, and some in Honghe and Qujing. Before 1965 unified the names of Zhuang people, there were many self-names and other names of Zhuang people, and there were more than 40 kinds in Yunnan alone, mainly including "playing tricks on people", "sand people" and "Tuliao".
Limestone is widely distributed in Zhuang area, which is a world-famous karst area. Rocky Mountains have caves and underground rivers. This kind of terrain constitutes a scenic spot of "Guilin's landscape is the best in the world and Yangshuo's landscape is the best in the world". This coast is rich in all kinds of precious seafood, especially Nanzhu. Zhuang area has mild climate and abundant rainfall. Agriculture-oriented, planting rice, corn and potatoes. Fruit is also very rich, and the forest area is wide, rich in Liuzhou fir, silver fir, camphor wood and other precious wood. Notoginseng, gecko and fennel oil, which are well-known at home and abroad, are well-known specialties in Zhuang areas.
history
Zhuang nationality is an indigenous ethnic group in Lingnan with a long history. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was a branch of Baiyue, which was called Tongren and Dingding in the Southern Song Dynasty. Ming and Qing dynasties are equal to soil, and attachment is equal to sand.
Lingnan area has been inhabited by human beings since ancient times, which can be traced back to the late Paleolithic period. There are Liujiang people in Liujiang County and Gan predecessors, Qilinshan people in Laibin County and Lipu people in Lipu County. Ganyan people and Jiulengshan people in Du 'an county, Bailiandong people and Dule people in Liuzhou city, Baojiyan people in Guilin city, Mo Ding cave people in Tiandong county, Lingshan people in Lingshan and so on. The areas where these ancient humans lived happened to be the active areas of the ancestors of the Zhuang nationality, and also the areas where the Zhuang nationality lived in compact communities today. Based on this, we think that Zhuang is one of the descendants of these ancient humans, and Zhuang is an indigenous nation.
According to documents, people lived in Lingnan more than 3000 years ago. For example, when describing the tributes of various ethnic groups in southern China to the Zhou Dynasty, Wang Huipian pointed out: "Please offer pearls, tortoise shells, ivory, Wenxi, mushroom cranes and short dogs because of Deng, Guo, Damazi, Baipu and Jiujun in southern China." The "Oden" and "Guiguo" mentioned here were people from Lingnan area at that time. The article also mentioned the native products of the south, such as "passers-by, bamboo, vegetarian food, emerald of Cangwu, crooked ……" and so on. Most of the "passers-by" and "Cangwu" mentioned live in Guangxi today. "Guiguo" and "Shan Hai Jing" say: "Eight trees in Guilin are in the west of Panyu", and Guilin County is in Qin; "Passers-by" Zhu Qingshi once said in "Yi Zhou Shu Xun Shi": "The sound of the road is near Luo, and it is suspected that it is Luo Yue"; Cangwu, the Book of Rites says: "Cangwu crossed the land in Zhou Nan, and Chu and Wu started in the south, so there are Dongting and Cangwu. "These people are the ancestors of Zhuang nationality, one of the original residents in Lingnan area. These two tribes, Xi 'ou and Luo Yue, started from the Eastern Han Dynasty and gradually evolved into Wu Hu, Liao and Tong Ren.
The name "Tong" appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zengbo Li, a rice planter, mentioned in Song Lizong's "Memorial" that there are "children" in Yishan. Zhu Fu, a poet in Song Dynasty, further pointed out that there are five kinds of "Neanderthals" in South China: Miao, Yao, Kou, Tong and Gelao. In the later dynasties, the name "Tong" was mostly used, but in the Ming Dynasty, the name "Tong" was cited more and more, but it was often accompanied by "Yao". By the Qing Dynasty, the name "Tong" had been quoted all over Guangxi. 1949 after in-depth investigation and ethnic identification, the people's government called Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan "Buzhuang", "Butu", "Bunong", "Bunuo", "Buyi" and "Bumin". Later, because the meaning of the word "Tong" was not clear enough, it was easy to be mispronounced. 1965 At the initiative of the Prime Minister, the word "Tong" was changed to "Zhuang" and the word "Tong" was changed to "Zhuang".
Although the name of Zhuang nationality has been handed down from generation to generation, its main source is: Europe-Europe-Luo -Xi- Europe-Luo-Yue-Wu-Hu-Li-Liao-Tong-Sha-Nong-Zhuang, which is in the same strain. (Refer to Huang Xianfan's General History of Zhuang Nationality. )
Yunnan Zhuang and Guangxi Zhuang are of the same origin and have a long history in China. As early as the third century BC, the Zhuang people living in Guangxi and Yunnan today had close contacts with the people of the Central Plains at that time. Historically, Zhuang people are good at planting rice with abundant water resources, while women are good at weaving and embroidery. The woven Zhuang cloth and brocade are famous for their exquisite patterns and bright colors, and the unique "batik" is also praised by people. In terms of clothing, there is not much difference between men and Han nationality, while women are colorful. They especially like to embroider patterns, figures, birds, animals and flowers on shoes, hats and chest bags with colorful silk threads.
prescribe a diet
Zhuang people in most areas are used to eating three meals during the solar eclipse, and Zhuang people in a few areas also eat four meals, that is, adding a small meal between lunch and dinner. Breakfast and Chinese food are relatively simple, usually porridge, dinner is dinner, dry rice is eaten more, and vegetables are more abundant. Rice and corn are abundant grains in Zhuang areas, which naturally become their staple food.
Daily vegetables include green vegetables, melon seedlings, melon leaves, Beijing cabbage (Chinese cabbage), Chinese cabbage, rape, mustard, lettuce, celery, spinach, kale, spinach, bitter gourd, even bean leaves, sweet potato leaves, pumpkin seedlings, pumpkin flowers and pea seedlings can also be vegetables. Boiling is the most common, as well as the habit of pickling vegetables, such as sauerkraut, sour bamboo shoots, salted radish, kohlrabi and so on. Add lard, salt and chopped green onion when cooking.
Zhuang people love to eat any kind of animal meat, such as pork, beef, mutton, chickens, ducks and geese. In some areas, they also like to eat dog meat. Pork is also cooked in whole pieces, then cut into square pieces, and then put the seasoning back into the pot. Zhuang people are used to making fresh chicken, duck, fish and vegetables into 70-80% maturity, and then frying the vegetables in a hot pot before cooking, so as to keep the dishes delicious.
Zhuang people like hunting and cooking game and insects, and they are very good at the diet of Panax notoginseng. Cooking with flowers, leaves, roots and whiskers of Panax notoginseng is very distinctive. Zhuang people are also good at roasting, frying, stewing, salting and marinating, addicted to alcohol, with spicy and sour tastes, and like to eat crispy dishes. The main specialties are: spicy blood, roasted meat, banker roast duck, salty liver, crispy fried bee, spiced bean worm, fried worm, skin liver, ginger rabbit meat, glistening fried frog and fried chicken.
Zhuang people also brew rice wine, sweet potato wine and cassava wine, which are not too high. Among them, yellow rice wine is the main drink for festivals and entertainments. Some yellow rice wines are called chicken gall and chicken offal wine, and chicken offal and pig liver wine. Drink the chicken offal wine and pork liver wine in one gulp, and chew the chicken offal and pork liver left in your mouth slowly, which can not only relieve the hangover, but also be eaten as a dish.
Typical food: There are many famous dishes and snacks of Zhuang nationality, mainly including horseshoe pole, raw fish, roast suckling pig, glutinous rice with flowers, Ningming Zhuang zongzi, champion firewood, white-cut dog meat, crispy chicken, braised cross-section dog and dragon pumping.
build
The houses of Zhuang people living near the dam area and towns are mostly brick-wood structures, with white exterior walls and decorative patterns painted on the eaves. Zhuang people living in remote mountainous areas, their village houses are mostly tile-roofed houses or straw houses with civil structures, and the architectural styles are generally semi-dry fence and all-ground style.
Gan Lan, also known as Mulou and Diaojiaolou. Zhuang, Dong, Yao, Miao and Han all have it. Most of them are two floors. Upstairs is usually 3 days or 5 people. The lower floor is the wooden building column foot, which is composed of bamboo pieces and wooden boards. It can be used as a stable for livestock, and can also be used for stacking farm tools, firewood and sundries. Some also have attics and annex buildings. Generally, dry fences are surrounded by mountains and rivers, facing the fields, with broad prospects and good lighting. A stockade and a community, on the whole, are magnificent. In some villages, families are connected and integrated, just like a big family. The layout of the living room has its own characteristics. The trunk wall of Zhuang nationality in Longji Township, Longsheng County is centered on the shrine. Behind the shrine, there is a public house (centered on the hostess), and the left corner is the woman's house. There is a small door communicating with the public house. The housewife's room is in the right corner. The husband's room is outside the hall on the right. The guest room is in the left corner of the lobby, and the girls' room is next to the stairs in the right corner, which is convenient for them to communicate with boys. The biggest feature of this layout is that husband and wife live in separate rooms and follow ancient customs. At present, the internal structure of the main fence has changed slightly, but the basic pattern remains unchanged.
Dress
Zhuang men often wear double-breasted shirts with buttons tied tightly with cloth. Sew a small pocket on the chest to match the two large pockets on the abdomen, and fold the hem inward into a wide edge; Pants are short and wide, and some are leggings; A headscarf with embroidered patterns. Blue and black are the common hobbies of Zhuang women, who like to wear long skirts and short coats, blue embroidered handkerchiefs on their heads and delicate waists. Jackets are divided into double-breasted and offset. Right-handed shirt, collar, cuffs and hem are embroidered with colored lace; Wearing baggy black pants. There is also a black pleated skirt with colorful embroidery on it and colorful cloth stickers below. Wearing a cloth, embroidered waist, and wearing a black headscarf embroidered with patterns. Wear embroidered shoes and embroidered shoulder pads during festivals or fairs.
well-behaved
Zhuang nationality is a hospitable nation. In the past, guests who visited any Zhuang village were regarded as guests of the whole village. Often several families take turns to invite them to dinner, sometimes five or six at a time. Usually, we have the habit of visiting each other. For example, if a family kills pigs, we will invite everyone in the village to have a meal. Be sure to prepare wine for the guests at the table, which will be very grand. The custom of toasting is to have a drink. Actually, a white porcelain spoon is used instead of a cup.
When guests arrive home, they will try their best to give them the best accommodation, especially the elderly and new guests. When eating, you must wait for the oldest old man to sit down before eating; The younger generation must not eat the dishes that the elders have not touched; When serving tea and rice to elders and guests, you must hold it in your hands, not in front of the guests or behind your elders' backs. Those who finish eating first should say "enjoy your meal" to their elders and guests before leaving; The younger generation can't eat the whole table.
Respecting the old and loving the young is the traditional virtue of Zhuang nationality. Old people in Lu Yu should take the initiative to say hello and give way. Don't cross your legs, swear or cross over the old people. When killing a chicken, the head and nose of the chicken must respect the old man. The old people in Lu Yu You Yue should be called "Grandpa" for men and "Grandma" or "Old Lady" for women. When you meet a guest or a person with a heavy load, you should take the initiative to make way. If you encounter the burden of the elderly, you should take the initiative to help and send it to break up.
taboo
Zhuang people are taboo to kill on the first day of the first lunar month; Young women in some areas avoid eating beef and dog meat; For the first three days (some for the first seven days), women were forbidden to let outsiders in; Women who have not yet given birth to a full moon are forbidden to visit their homes. When you board the bamboo building of Zhuang people, you usually take off your shoes. It is forbidden for Zhuang people to wear hats and carry hoes or other farm tools into their homes, so they should put down their farm tools and take off their hats when they arrive at the door of Zhuang people's homes. Tanghuo and bathhouse are the most sacred places in the Zhuang family. It is forbidden to step on the tripod and stove on the Tang Huo with your feet. When young Zhuang people get married, pregnant women are forbidden to participate, especially pregnant women can't see the bride. Especially pregnant women can't enter the maternal home. If there is a pregnant woman at home, it is forbidden to hang sleeves, branches or knives on the door. If you accidentally break into the maternal home, you must give the baby a name and a set of clothes. A chicken or corresponding gift becomes a child's Platini and godmother.
As a rice-growing nation, the Zhuang people like frogs very much. In some places, Zhuang people have a special "frog worship ceremony", so it is forbidden to kill frogs or eat frog meat in Zhuang areas. Whenever floods or other major disasters occur, the Zhuang people will hold ancestor worship activities and pray for the dragon's blessing for disaster relief. After the ceremony, a monument was erected at the entrance of the village, and outsiders were not allowed to enter the village.
Culture and art
Zhuang people are also famous for singing folk songs, which are euphemistic, rhyming and infectious. Folk songs include ancient songs telling history, "production songs" teaching life skills, "wine songs" and "love songs". Folk songs are mainly "bitter songs", such as "long-term workers' songs" and "women's bitter love songs" Zhuang people are also good at dancing, with a long history of "bronze drum dance", distinctive rhythm and vigorous dance steps.
Zhuang people are good at singing, and the annual folk song will be called Gewei. The third day of the third lunar month is the most grand. More than 10,000 people attended the large-scale song concert. Liu Sanjie, known as a singing fairy, is a typical representative of Zhuang singers. During the song festival, men and women held recreational activities such as throwing hydrangeas, touching eggs, eating five-color glutinous rice, singing Zhuang opera and holding material exchange. I wish you a bumper harvest. The Zhuang people had dances in the Tang Dynasty. On the cliffs of Ningming and Longzhou in Guangxi, there are many rock paintings painted by Zhuang ancestors. Zhuang people have been casting and using bronze drums for more than 2000 years. Zhuang brocade is a famous textile handicraft.
Xu Ge
Xu Ge is very popular in Zhuang area. The market period varies from place to place, but it is generally the most prosperous in spring and autumn. Spring is a period of time after the Spring Festival, which is the fourth day of the first month or the seventh day of the first month, February 19th, March 3rd, March 16th, etc. Autumn is a period after the Mid-Autumn Festival, such as August 15th or September 9th and October 10th. In addition, there are irregular song concerts, which are frequent and common. Regular song concerts are usually held three or two times a year, with tens of thousands of people attending the big ones and one or two thousand people attending the small ones. Irregular concerts are generally small, with 30 to 50 people, 10 to 20 people. The songs sung at the Expo are mainly the pursuit of beautiful love ideals by young men and women. Its contents are generally meeting songs, invitation songs, disc songs, new songs, love songs, oath songs, farewell songs and so on. Ge Wei usually lasts for one day, but also for two or three days in a row. In addition to young people, there are also young and middle-aged people attending the concert. Old people and children mainly "watch the war", appreciate and judge. Some old singers take part in activities, but they don't sing, but serve as consultants for young people. The song will be very lively. Besides young people singing, there are singers and businessmen. All kinds of daily necessities, silk products, food cakes, chickens, ducks, fish and vegetables are available. In fact, Ge Wei also has the nature of fairness.
A singing party/party
Gehui is different from Xu Ge and probably originated from Xu Ge. The duration of the concert is not necessarily, as long as it is necessary, it can be held at any time. The number of people attending the concert ranged from several thousand to thirty or twenty. The songs sung in the concert mainly express the Zhuang people's ideological passion for changing society and life and their yearning for future life. Its content generally begins with the opening song, and then goes to offering songs, competing songs, evaluating songs, harmony, learning songs, unity songs and so on. Generally speaking, all the people attending the concert are adults, and they have a certain understanding of current politics.
marriage customs
The marriage of Zhuang people used to be arranged by their parents, but they were free to fall in love before marriage. Staying at home or "sitting at home" is popular now, and it is still practiced in some places. The house is the same as that of the local Han people in Otawa. In some areas, residents live on the second floor, people live upstairs and livestock are piled downstairs. In recent years, it has changed, and people and animals are separated. Most of the costumes are the same as those of the Han nationality, but there are still many places that still retain the characteristics of their own national costumes, and they are different from place to place. Men often wear Tang suits. Cloth used to be homemade. There used to be a custom of tattooing, but now it has changed. Diet, like to eat pickled sour food, sashimi as a delicacy. The staple food is rice and corn. On New Year's Day, rice is used to make various Zhuang women's powder cakes. Women have the custom of chewing betel nut. Be sure to send betel nuts when you get married. In addition to offering sacrifices to ancestors, there are also natural worship, such as offering sacrifices to mountain gods, water gods and sun gods. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were first introduced into the Zhuang area. Modern missionaries went to Zhuang towns to establish Christianity and Catholicism, but the influence was not great.
In Zhuang people's houses, when people meet old people on the road, they must take the initiative to greet them and step back to the side of the road to let them pass first. When the old man enters the room, he should be asked to sit in his seat. If someone sits cross-legged in front of the old man, it is considered disrespectful to the old man and will be condemned by everyone.
religion
The ancient Zhuang people did not form a unified religion, and their ancestors developed from nature worship to ancestor worship and polytheism. Zhuang people generally worship their ancestors, and the god wall of each main hall is dedicated to "heaven and earth are the teachers" and the ancestors' gods.
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were introduced and temples were established. 1858 was introduced into Catholicism, and 1862 was introduced into Christianity, but none of them spread. Every family has a shrine to their ancestors. In many areas, wizards and witches have divined divination.
historical?figure
In the long history of every nation, many great or far-reaching figures have emerged. "The types of men and women-people produced by a civilization precisely show the essence and personality of this civilization, that is, the soul of this civilization". (1) Zhuang nationality is no exception. Therefore, outstanding historical figures of Zhuang nationality always emerge in an endless stream: Luo Cheng (King Rongcheng), Liang Feng (King Zhennan), Pan Chang 'an (King Annan), Huang, A Nong (Nong's biological mother, "Wang Ya"), Nong (who once built "Dali Kingdom" and "Southern Gate"), his wife (anti-Japanese hero) and Zheng Xianfu (scholar of Qing Dynasty).
Holidays and festivals
The traditional festivals of Zhuang nationality mainly include "Long Duan" (Zhuang language, meaning to drive the dam). According to legend, this festival has a history of more than 700 years. It was originally to commemorate the story of the national hero Nong (Zhuang) who rose up against the Song Dynasty in April 1052. Now, Longduan Street has developed into a traditional festival for people of Zhuang, Yao, Miao, Yi and Han nationalities in Funing County to exchange materials and celebrate together. Other festivals of Zhuang nationality are the same as those of Han nationality.
Zhuang nationality spring festival
The Spring Festival of Zhuang nationality lasts for ***3 days from New Year's Eve to the first and second days of the first month, but the fourth and fifth days are still considered as the Spring Festival period. This is the biggest festival of the year. Generally, preparations begin on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month. Every household is engaged in cleaning, sewing clothes and trousers, buying new year's goods, putting up couplets, making cakes, killing pigs and making zongzi. The Spring Festival is also a time for reunion. Anyone who works outside will usually go home for a reunion dinner before the 30 th of the year. During the Spring Festival, in addition to visiting relatives and friends, young men and women often participate in cultural and sports activities, such as singing duet, playing top, dancing, ball games and performances. New Year's Eve
Everyone kills chickens and ducks, steamed braised pork, powdered lean meat, barbecued pork and so on. In the eight-course dinner, "white chopped chicken" is indispensable. Families with elderly people will stew pig's trotters and whole chickens. Rice needs to be cooked a lot and saved for the next day, which symbolizes wealth.
New Year's Eve
Every family should stay up until midnight, when chickens crow and firecrackers explode, saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new. In the past, some places called setting off firecrackers "recruiting cattle essence" (Zhuang language called "Ou Hunhuai"), which means that cattle essence is still scattered in the ground, and cattle essence is recruited back. At the beginning of the new year, the cow has to work hard for the host family again. At the beginning of "recruiting cattle", some people beat gongs and drums, played flutes and flutes, and the whole village was filled with a happy atmosphere. The dealer makes zongzi in the New Year, but never eats zongzi on New Year's Eve.
The first and second days of the first month.
All tourists must eat zongzi. Zongzi of Zhuang nationality is a noble food. There are big and small zongzi, the big one is one or two Jin, the small one is two or three Liang, and there is another kind called "Feng Mo" (extra-large zongzi), one or two Jin. The main raw material of zongzi is glutinous rice, but it should have stuffing. The stuffing is peeled mung beans and semi-fat pig skin mixed with sauce, which is placed in the heart of Zongzi. After cooking, its taste is necessary.
Gyroscope joint
In places where Zhuang people live in compact communities in Guangxi, a famous sports activity-Gyro Festival is held every year. The time lasts for more than half a month from two or three days before New Year's Eve to the 16th day of the first month. Gyroscope, called "Le Jiang" in Zhuang language, is big and small, light and heavy. Some are as big as Hetian pomelo and weigh about a catty, some are as small as goose eggs, and some are 232. To make a gyro, you must choose good quality hardwood. Its head should be smooth. When you "hit", use two or three feet of hemp rope to wrap it around several times until you feel fit, then hold the end of the hemp rope with the ring finger and little finger of your right hand and spin it to the ground quickly, and the gyro will "whir". A good quality coat, coupled with clever rotation technology, will take seven or eight minutes to fall off. It is even more lively to top the competition, and the winner is honored as the "top king". It is said that it has been more than 300 years since the rise of gyro play.
Longduan steet
Longduan Festival is a traditional festival of Zhuang people in Funing County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. "Long Duan" is a transliteration of Zhuang language, which means meeting in a wide and flat place. According to legend, in the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to resist the cruel oppression and exploitation of feudal rulers, farmers led the Zhuang people in Guangxi to rise up and win one after another, established the "Nantian" and claimed to be the "Southern King", and conquered Nanning, Qinzhou and Guangzhou, which had great influence. Later, the insurgents lost and retreated to Funing. In order to quell the peasant uprising and weaken the rebel forces, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty dismissed the Zhuang people to Guizhou and other places. Before leaving, the Zhuang people gathered in succession, saying goodbye and urging the villagers to reunite again next year. Since then, every year in the third month of the lunar calendar, Zhuang people who have been living in other places will go home to reunite with their relatives and friends. With the passage of time, the "dragon section" festival was formed. The Dragon Boat Festival begins on March 25th of the lunar calendar and lasts for three days. As the host village before the festival, pigs and cows were slaughtered, a stage was set up on the dam, and accommodation arrangements for receiving guests were made. At that time, the girls will wear collarless cardigans, batik skirts with silver rows and embroidered lace patterns at the corners, gorgeous chest bags and embroidered shoes, and all the flowers will be beautiful. Brave young people meet girls and sing and dance until sunset. Those who are still interested can continue to sing with the girl into the village.
Chi lijie
Chili Festival is a special festival for Zhuang people in Longzhou County and Pingxiang City of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. "Eating" means "celebrating" in Zhuang language. Zhuang people have a tradition of celebrating the Spring Festival. However, on the occasion of the Spring Festival of 1894, French invaders invaded our border. In order to attack the invaders, young people went to the battlefield to kill the enemy bravely and defend their homeland. On the thirtieth day of the first month, the soldiers who went to war returned home in triumph. The villagers killed chickens and slaughtered sheep, made glutinous rice cakes, entertained them warmly, celebrated victory and made up for the Spring Festival. Since then, eating knots have gradually formed. During the festival, people dance lions, play dragon lanterns, sing and dance, which is very lively.
Bai Ya Festival
Zhuang people in Zhenning and Suowu of Guangxi slaughter a cow, a pig, two chickens and forty-eight fish every April, and go to Bai Ya Mountain to pay homage to Zhuang woman Bai Ya. On that day, men, women and children were present, and the etiquette was very grand. According to legend, Bai Ya is the leader of a Zhuang village. She led the Zhuang people to fight against the officers and men and was killed after failure. They buried her at the top of a high mountain and called it Bai Ya Mountain. Every year, on the day of Bai Ya's death, the Zhuang people kill cows and pigs to commemorate her. This annual commemoration has never stopped, and over time, it has formed a festival-Bai Ya Festival.
Note 1: Quoted from Gu Hongming: Preface to China People's Spirit, Hainan Publishing House, 1996.