① Content: Reform internal affairs, develop production and reform the military system;

Results: Qi was strong and established hegemony.

③ Nature: the reform of land and population system, and the reform of Qiang Bing, a rich country.

Enlightenment: The state's regulation of business should not only stay at the institutional level, but also go deep into the moral level. Just like Guanzi requires businessmen to be "honest". Guan Zi is well aware of the shortcomings of businessmen who are mercenary and forget righteousness. He should not only make the country rich and strong through commerce, but also prevent commercial shocks and destroy human relations.

2. In 356 BC, Shang Yang of Qin State reformed.

1) evaluation:

The law abolished the well field system and confirmed the feudal private ownership of land. Abolished the hereditary privilege of the slave owners and nobles, promoted the development of feudal economy and strengthened the centralization of the emerging landlord class;

(2) Qin gradually became powerful, which laid the foundation for the later unification of the six countries;

(3) Shang Yang's harsh punishment and high cultural pressure policies had a negative impact on the later Qin Dynasty;

The legalist thought advocated by Shang Yang became the dominant political thought of Qin State.

2) Nature: the fundamental change of social system.

3) Enlightenment:

If we want to make the society progress and the country rich and strong, we must have the courage to break through and make great achievements.

B, if the reform is successful, it is king to get the support of the supreme ruler.

C, if you want to get everyone's support, it is very important to keep your word, reward and punishment clearly, and not be afraid of power.

But there are also negative implications.

3. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty

1) objective: to conform to the trend of great ethnic integration in the north and consolidate the new reunification of the north.

2) Contents or measures: Move the capital to Luoyang and implement a series of "Sinicization" policies: use (speak/write) Chinese (Xianbei language is forbidden), wear Hanfu, change the Han surname, encourage Xianbei nobles to marry Han nobles, imitate the Han system (control and law), learn Chinese etiquette, respect Confucianism and Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and respect the elderly.

3) Historical significance: it has safeguarded the new regime of unifying the north, promoted the great integration of the northern nationalities, and accelerated the process of feudalization of the northern minorities.

4) Nature: Ethnic minorities learn the changes of advanced Han culture.

5) Enlightenment:

A. Reform must conform to the historical development trend and public opinion.

Any reform is not smooth sailing, and there are times when it falters.

C, advanced must overcome backwardness.

D, national integration and emperor xiaowen's reform are mutually causal.

4. Wang Anshi's political reform (Song Shenzong time 1069)

① Contents and functions:

I. Financial management measures

A, young crops law → protect farmers from usury and increase government revenue;

B, raising service law → reducing the burden of agricultural officials and ensuring production time;

C. Farmland Water Conservancy Law → Many water conservancy projects have been built in various places, and many wasteland has become fertile land;

D, the land tax law → increased the land tax revenue of feudal countries;

E, the market is changeable → it is conducive to stabilizing prices and commodity exchange and increasing national income;

B. Military measures

A, Garbo Law → Strengthen the control of the people, resist the Liao and Xixia attackers, and reduce military expenditure;

B, Sun Tzu's Art of War → Strengthen military training and enrich border guards;

C. Educational measures

First, reform the imperial examination system, abolish the Ming Classics, and make the Jinshi specialize in studying Classics and current affairs; Set up a legal department, test laws, judge cases, etc. ;

B, rectify imperial academy and rewrite textbooks with Confucian classics; Those who do well in the exam can be directly officials;

② Effectiveness

The government's fiscal revenue has greatly increased, many water conservancy projects have been built in various places, many wasteland has become fertile land, and military strength has increased, which has reversed the situation of poverty and weakness to a certain extent.

③ Causes of failure

One, improper employment, there have been some phenomena that endanger the people;

B, the new law violated the interests of big landlords and bureaucrats to a certain extent, and was strongly opposed by them;

C Song Shenzong's late vacillation and death made the reform lose its important support.

④ evaluation

A, the political reform was a main class reform movement in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty when class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were acute, which was objectively beneficial to social progress and development, but it was impossible to fundamentally get rid of the crisis of feudal rule in the Northern Song Dynasty;

B. Wang Anshi was able to make bold reforms in view of the accumulated disadvantages of the rule, which is worthy of recognition in the face of the crisis of feudal rule. Wang Anshi was an outstanding politician and reformer in ancient China.

⑤ Nature: internal adjustment of feudal dynasty and reform of ruling policy.

6. Enlightenment:

First, the success of reform must conform to the historical trend.

B, the reform should take into account the immediate and long-term interests, national interests and personal interests, and must strive for a broad social foundation.

C, reform should proceed from reality, scientific decision-making, step by step, to avoid quick success and lose sight of one thing.

D, the reform must cultivate a large number of talents, while paying attention to the integrity of official management and maintaining internal unity.

Reformers must wage a resolute struggle against conservative forces.

F, reformers should improve their self-cultivation and morality.

5. Zhang bian method: whip method (158 1 year).

Objective: to ease class contradictions, increase government revenue and save the ruling crisis;

② Contents:

First, the original land tax, corvee, miscellaneous tax and a silver;

B. Divide the service money collected by households in the field in the past, and divide it according to the number of people and fields;

Significance: It is a major reform of China's tax system, providing paid service silver has relatively reduced the burden on farmers, and farmers' personal dependence on the country has been relaxed; The method of levying taxes and silver meets the needs of the development of commodity economy and is conducive to the commercialization of agriculture and the growth of capitalism.

(4) Nature: the reform to adjust the internal ruling policy of the feudal dynasty.

⑤ Enlightenment:

First, reformers should have firm political courage, fearless and dedicated spirit of reform, and dare to reform their shortcomings for the benefit of the country.

B, any decree of the central government, if no one faithfully implements it, will be just a dead letter in the end: the implementation of the decree is very important.

C, we should know how to inherit the excellent traditional culture to serve the reform, strive for the support of most people for the reform, and minimize the resistance to change.

D, to achieve something, it is very important to find and cultivate loyal and reliable successors and executors.

E, examine a person in many ways, and strive to be comprehensive, objective, fair and impartial.

6, the main factors that determine the success or failure of the reform

Whether it conforms to the historical development trend and follows the law of social development;

(2) the strength contrast between the reformists and the opposition;

(3) the attitude of the supreme ruler;

(4) Whether the strategies and policies for reform and employment are appropriate;

(5) whether it is against the interests of the people.