Note: Shun 1, filial piety wins the world; Chen Kan's second and fifth generations live under the same roof; Lutz 8, Li Bai negative meters; Wang Xiang 10, fishing on the ice; Yong Dong 12, sold his body to bury his father; Pan Yue 14, abandoned the official; Ti Ying, 22, wrote to save his father; Shen Yunying 24, with both loyalty and filial piety. (Guo Juan buries his son, Lao Laizi entertains relatives)
Dear brother. The patriarchal clan system has the system of direct inheritance by the eldest son, which determines the status of the elder brother. You can make pears at the age of 4.
In ancient times, the country was 1, and filial piety must be loyalty to the monarch and patriotism. In interpersonal communication, it can also be "old and old, less and less, less and less".
Therefore, the Book of Filial Piety (Confucian classic 1) says: "Filial Piety is the foundation of virtue and the foundation of teaching", "Filial Piety is also the classics of heaven, the meaning of the earth, and the trip of people. The classics of heaven and earth, and the people, ... are formed by their teachings, and their politics are not strict. "
Modesty and courtesy
Li has two meanings, 1. Rite is the norm of people's identity behavior, that is, the so-called "ritual system", which is a concept corresponding to the western "legal system". The Book of Rites holds that in ancient times, the world was for the public and for the great harmony. At this time, there is no need for "ceremony"; In order to determine the relationship between monarch, monarch and minister, it is necessary to "ceremony" a well-off society, which is a society in which rituals are formulated and can be implemented and the world is restored to order.
Therefore, the purpose of formulating "ritual system" and "legal system" is the same, but the difference is that "legal system" adopts compulsory means and "ritual system" emphasizes consciousness, which leads to the second meaning of "ritual", that is, the "ritual" of standing. "Book of Rites Guan Yi" says: "The reason why mortals are human is courtesy and righteousness". Confucius said, "If you don't learn manners, you can't stand." . Today, what we call "politeness", "etiquette" and "comity" all belong to this meaning.
The textbook also uses "modesty" to explain "politeness" "Modesty" means modesty. When the ancients talked about modesty, they condescended to 1 minute in the position stipulated by the etiquette system. For example, in the story of Meeting the Prime Minister, Lin Xiangru was named Shangqing, ranking above Lian Po, because he retaliated Zhao from the wall and protected Zhao from humiliation. However, when Lian Po started a fight, he could bear it again. In the story of Liu Bei's "three visits to the thatched cottage", Liu Bei is a general with 1 army and an emperor of the Han family, but he can tolerate the rude behavior of Zhuge Liang, a scholar of 1. Such modesty has obvious utilitarian purpose, that is, the so-called "benevolent is invincible", which can eventually achieve great things. Therefore, Lao Tzu used the metaphor of the king of rivers and seas (the idiom is "open-minded as a valley") to give advice to people who want to be emperors. "Gan Gua" of Zhouyi said: "Modesty, gentlemen use Dachuan to remember." Caution, modesty, modesty again, a gentleman trudges through the dangerous river with this attitude, and can finally be safe. The cloud in the copula Qian Gua explains: "A humble person also respects his position." "Modesty" is to make a gentleman respectful and cautious to keep his position. The so-called "full loss, modest benefit", the foothold is also "benefit."
These all sound a bit like today's "larded school". Therefore, it is necessary to critically inherit the traditional ethics. Today we talk about modesty, not to use each other, but to establish 1 equal interpersonal relationships, that is, "harmony." It should be emphasized that "harmony" does not mean not to be principled. Confucius said, "Gentlemen are harmonious but different, while villains are at odds." The "communication" here refers to the vulgar relationship without principles.
3. Know the news honestly
"University" said: "The so-called honest people don't deceive themselves." Be sincere, don't deceive yourself and be willful; Be honest with others and should not use and cheat each other; Be loyal to the country, be loyal to the cause, don't be fickle and don't be ambiguous.
"Believers" keep their word, and "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom" are called "five invariants" in life. "Faith" is also the foundation of being a man. Confucius said, "People without faith don't know what they can do." "Xin" is a human expression from the perspective of word formation. "The Story of the Spring and Autumn Valley Liang" said: "If you don't believe in words, why should you say it?" Therefore, there are proverbs such as "1 promise a thousand dollars" and "1 keep your word". Chen Taiqiu and Friendship Period (Founder of Shi Shuo Xin Yu1);
Chen Taiqiu went on a trip with his friends. Taiqiu gave up before the middle of the day. After you go, forget it. Seven-year-old Fiona Fang is playing outside the door. Chen Taiqiu's friend asked Fiona Fang, "Is your father there?" ? "Hui Yuan replied," My father waited for you for a long time, and you left before you arrived. The friend got angry and said, "No humanity!" Walk with people, walk with people. "Fiona Fang said," if you and your family don't meet at noon, you will break your promise; It is impolite to scold your father. "Friends are ashamed.
Market economy activities especially need the quality of honesty. 1 Whether the enterprise is honest or not has even become 1 intangible assets. China's accession to the WTO, the biggest problem is commercial credit, China's accession to the WTO, "the wolf is coming" is not terrible, I am afraid that some domestic enterprises are like lying shepherds.
4. Loyalty and patriotism
Loyalty and patriotism are 1 great virtues and festivals of the Chinese nation. There is Yue Fei in Hangzhou, and her mother-in-law tattooed "loyalty to the country". It really means that "a person has a loving mother and a dutiful son at home, a dutiful son at home and a loyal minister at home". Yu Qian, a native of Hangzhou, was born in Ming Yingzong. When the Walla clan unified 1 Mongolia, it attacked the Ming Dynasty. The British clan led an army of 500 thousand and was attacked at the civil fort. The whole army was wiped out, and Yingzong was captured by Vara. Valla soldiers arrived at the gates of Beijing. At a critical juncture, Yu Qian, the assistant minister of the Ministry of War at that time, let Yingzong's younger brother come out to preside over the court affairs for Jingtai Emperor. Yu Qian led the whole city's soldiers and civilians to defend Beijing and beat back Walla. Vala had to be sent back to Yingzong to make peace with the Ming Dynasty. After the restoration of the British Sect, money was harmed by the crime of "disobedience". Among Qian's poems, there is a famous poem "Lime Lyrics": "A thousand hammers hit the mountains, and the fire burns idle. I am not afraid of broken bones, I want to stay innocent in the world. " Zhangcangshui ...
To solve the two problems, 1 is a national contradiction and a national hero, and China and the Chinese nation are the products of gradual integration. In this process, all ethnic groups can have their own patriotic heroes and national heroes; 2. Be loyal to the monarch and patriotic. The ancient country was 1, so we can't ask the ancients to surpass their own times. Analysis of "foolish loyalty"
5. Self-denial and loyalty
China's traditional culture is 1 a kind of "home is the world" culture, and family is the basic element of this culture. Family interests are closely related to the whole "world". From 1, the so-called "self-cultivation, governing the country and leveling the world" and "heaven and earth are divided, home is divided and home is without me" are in this 65438+.
(Contrast: In the personality-centered society in the West, the order of writing envelopes and signing. )
This kind of culture inevitably requires self-denial, putting the interests of the world and family in the position of 1, and individual interests are subordinate to collective interests and national interests. "Those who betray their personal interests are for the public" (Han Fei said: "The ancients wrote books, but those who quit themselves called them.
Private, cheating on private is called public, and public and private are also opposites. This is a solid knowledge. "——
Eh), extreme times (such as Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties) advocated "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires", while Mao Zedong called for "selflessness", which Deng Xiaoping thought could not be used as a universal call. However, it should be possible to do public affairs first and private affairs first.
(Fan Zhongyan's "the joy of the world first, the joy of the world later" is the best interpretation of the distinction between public and private. )
In today's modern society, "self-denial" is still necessary. People are cultural animals, and there are primitive groups, clans, tribes, tribal alliances and countries in society, because a single individual cannot survive. Today, western society is more and more aware of this 1 point, and attaches importance to national interests, and even puts forward the concept of "global village", which is the biggest "public" in human history.
Although China is still building a well-off society in an all-round way today, we can't lose the ideal of "the world is for the public".
6. Self-cultivation and self-discipline
How can we achieve the realm of "self-denial"? The way is "self-cultivation". "University" said that "from the emperor to Shu Ren, one is to cultivate one's morality" (chapter 1); "The Doctrine of the Mean" says that "if you know how to cultivate yourself, you will know how to govern the country" (Chapter 2 102).
Li Ji University
Those who want to be obviously superior to the world in ancient times should rule their country first, and those who want to rule their country should rule their home first; If you want to reunite with your family, you should first repair your body; ..... after physical training, the family will be neat, and then the family will rule the country, and the country will be flat. From Tian Zi to Shu Ren, one is based on self-cultivation.
The methods of self-cultivation include: introspection, private prosecution, respecting Tao, gathering righteousness, nourishing qi and so on.
Be careful of yourself when you are alone.
Be strict with yourself when you are alone. Speaking of "cautious independence", it is natural to think of 1 story in the biography of Yang Zhen in the Later Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yang Zhen, known as "Confucius in Kansai", recommended Wang Mi, a talented person, to the court as the magistrate of Changyi County. Later, Wang Mi gave one hundred and twenty pieces of silver in the middle of the night in return. Yang Zhen refused to say, "How can this be?" Wang Mi said, "No one knows about it late at night." Yang Zhen was even more angry and said, "Heaven knows the earth, you know me, how can you say that no one knows!" " This is what people often call "cautious independence".
Note: There is controversy in academic circles. It is believed that "being cautious and independent" does not mean being cautious and self-disciplined when no one is around, but being cautious about inner cultivation. The rest of the heart is invisible, so it is called "independence". Although the heart is invisible, it will be expressed through words and deeds, so we must be cautious. That is, "The Doctrine of the Mean" says: "A gentleman should be careful not to see what he sees, for he is probably unheard of. Don't be invisible, don't be insignificant. Therefore, the gentleman is cautious and independent. " (Similar to "1 a flash of light" during the Cultural Revolution. )
The most representative of introspection is what Ceng Zi said: "I save myself: Are you cheating others?" Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "
Confucius, the private prosecutor, said, "He who tells from the inside without seeing anything" (The Analects of Confucius? Gongye Chang "). "Private prosecution" means remorse and introspection.
material
Mr. Qi Gong published "Two Cases of Private Prosecution" 1 0 in The Scholars 103 years ago (Zhonghua Book Company, 199 1), and talked about his works in the same period. In this article, he expressed his deep gratitude to Mr. Huang Yongnian who found this problem, and also apologized to the readers, and sincerely analyzed the reasons for his mistakes in 10.
It is actually very easy to regard the books written by calligraphers as those written by calligraphers. This is often the reason why the works of others are often mixed in the poems of predecessors compiled by ancient people. However, this is another mistake of 1, which is as hard to find as 1, and people who can find it may not pay attention to it. Mr. Huang Yongnian also told him privately that Mr. Qi Gong could expose his mistakes without writing this article. But he not only wrote exactly the same, but also said humorously but absolutely sincerely that his words were "the most sincere 1 private prosecution since 1957 and 1966".
7. See the truth clearly.
"Righteousness" and "benefit" (commonly called "view of righteousness and benefit") embody the value orientation of China's ethics. Confucius said, "See the sage Si Qi", and Xunzi said, "Righteousness before honor, righteousness before humiliation". Mencius' statement is most well known: "Fish, I want it; Bear's paw is what I want You can't have your cake and eat it. You can take the bear's paw instead of fish. Life is what I want; Righteousness is also what I want. 2 You can't have both, and you have to sacrifice your life for righteousness. "
Of course, the extreme situation of sacrificing one's life for righteousness does not always happen. In most cases, what we have to do is to "see the benefits and forget the righteousness" and "put righteousness first". Confucius said that "the gentleman is righteous and the villain is profitable", which does not mean that the gentleman does not need profit, but that the gentleman's handout is better understood, because the gentleman seeks profit on the premise of righteousness. The so-called gentleman loves money and takes it properly.
Discussion: Commodity economy society should talk about "profit" with confidence. Data: In the "discussion on the image of Hangzhou people", some people advocated using "righteousness" to despise the "interests" of Shanghai people. The key is to be "justified", that is, to take it properly.
8. Diligence and integrity
The Chinese nation is 1 hardworking people (omitted). The traditional virtue "frugality" is not a simple economic consideration, but a focus on personality cultivation. Zhuge Liang's book "Commandments" said: "A gentleman's trip is to cultivate one's morality by quietness and frugality. If you don't stay in the park, your ambition will be unclear. If you don't have peace, you will not be far away. "
Therefore, later generations concluded that the only way to cure diseases is to keep the word "frugality" in 1. 1 Cut it and use it. Simple, simple, quiet and happy. What's the matter? You know, all evil in the world comes from desire. If you are not frugal, you will be extravagant. If you are extravagant, you will want more. Being an official is greedy. If you live in your hometown, you will steal. If you don't worry, you will lose your life! I am used to extravagance and waste. Under the pressure of things, even if I want to be honest, it is difficult to be independent. So the ancients said, "frugality is the law of keeping clean."
9. Honest and generous
China has been a society of 1 agricultural economy for thousands of years. Honesty and generosity are the essence of farmers. We can't abandon this traditional virtue just because we have entered modern society. What modern people pursue is to return to this essence, because it is closest to nature and human nature.
"Honesty" means seeking truth from facts, telling the truth, being honest, studying honestly and working honestly. The same is true of the rise of the country and the world. You talk about subjugating the country and prospering the country with hard work.
"Honesty" is to oneself, and "generosity" is to people. The ancients summarized it as 1 "forgiveness". "Forgiveness" was first put forward by Confucius. Zi Gong asked, "Who has the word 1 that can be used for a lifetime?" Confucius replied, "Forgive him, but don't do to others what you want others to do to you" (The Analects of Wei Linggong). That is, put yourself in each other's shoes. Modern people often feel that interpersonal relationships are complicated and lack of understanding with each other, so they lose this forgiveness. (Note: The social background, ethical category and legal category of "1 unforgivable" in Luxun's Martial Arts. )
10. Be brave and persist. Confucius said, "The three armed forces can win the position of commander in chief, but ordinary men can't win the ambition.". Mencius said: "Wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent". Confucius is usually "gentle and courteous", but on the big issue of "benevolence", he is "doing his duty". Combining paying attention to inner cultivation with daring to love and hate, and taking action when necessary, is 1 kind of perfect personality.
Pick a key point to write. Yue Fei, Zhuge Liang and Wen Tianxiang can all make allusions.