The arrival of age of steam (P88-90) 1, Jenny Machine: 65438+In the 1960s, the weaver Hargreaves invented a hand-operated spinning machine called Jenny Machine. The invention of Jenny machine marked the beginning of the British industrial revolution. 2. Watt and Steam Engine: After 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was put into use in the textile field for the first time. The appearance of the improved steam engine marks that mankind has entered the "age of steam". 3. Steamboat: Made by Fulton, an American. 4. The birth of the train: British engineer Sun invented the train locomotive. 1825, the locomotive named Voyager was successfully tested in Britain. 5. Completion time of industrial revolution:1the first half of the 9th century. 6. The influence of the industrial revolution: The industrial revolution has created enormous productive forces and brought about great changes in the social outlook. After the industrial revolution, capitalism finally defeated feudalism, and the western capitalist countries that took the lead in completing the industrial revolution gradually established their rule over the world, and the world formed a situation in which the west was advanced and the east was backward. Nine, the birth of Marxism (nine P107-108)1,the three components of Marxism Marxist theory includes three components: Marxist philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism. 2. The Declaration of * * * ① Time: 1848 ② Drafter: Marx and Engels (program drafted for the Communist Youth League) ③ Role: The publication of the Declaration of * * * marked the birth of Marxism. Since then, under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement has entered a new historical period. X. American Civil War or American Civil War (1861-kloc-0/865) (ix on p11-165438)1. Root cause: North and South. 2. Lincoln: Lincoln's main activities in his life were leading the Civil War, promulgating the Emancipation Proclamation and the Homestead Act, liberating slaves and devoting himself to the abolition of slavery. Lincoln made great contributions to safeguarding national unity and liberating black slaves, and laid the foundation for American economic development. He is a famous president in American history. 3. The Emancipation Proclamation was promulgated in 1862. It was stipulated that from New Year's Day of 1863, slavery in rebel states was abolished and slaves were allowed to join the Union Army as free men. The publication of the declaration caused great repercussions throughout the country. The majority of blacks celebrated liberation and enthusiastically signed up for the army, so the northern army gained a strong source of soldiers. 4. Nature: the second bourgeois revolution. 5. Impact: After this war, the United States abolished slavery and cleared another big obstacle to the development of capitalism. This has created conditions for the rapid economic development in the future. Xi。 Russia abolished the reform of serfdom (IX P/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/7-/KOOC-0/8)/KOOC-0/,time:/KOOC-0/86/KOOC-0/year 2. Tsar: Alexander II III. Nature: bourgeois nature practiced by the tsar from top to bottom. 4. Impact: ① Abolishing serfdom is beneficial to the development of capitalism. Although the reform left a lot of feudal remnants, it accelerated the development of Russian capitalism. This is a major turning point in modern Russian history. Twelve. Meiji Restoration in Japan (IX P118-120)1. Content: ① Politics: "Abandoning vassals and establishing counties" and strengthening centralization. (2) Economically, land sales are allowed, western technology is introduced, and the development of modern industry is encouraged. ③ Social life: advocating "civilization", that is, learning from Europe and America and striving to develop education. 2. Nature: bourgeois reform 3. Significance: ① To gradually transform Japan from a closed feudal country into a capitalist country; Getting rid of the fate of semi-colonial countries is a major turning point in Japanese history. After Japan became powerful, it embarked on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion. Thirteen. Mankind has entered the "electrical age" (P124-127)1. The arrival of the "electrical age":1In the 1970s, human history entered the "electrical age". 2. "King of Invention" Edison: 1879 Successfully developed a durable carbon filament light bulb. "Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% sweat." 3. Car: Karl? Ben Ci successfully trial-produced cars in 1885, and was called "the father of cars". The extensive use of automobiles has enhanced people's production capacity, changed people's lifestyle, expanded people's activities and strengthened interpersonal communication. 4. Aircraft: 1903 12 The Wright brothers in the United States built an airplane and successfully tested it. Fourteen Two major military aggression groups (P/KOOC-0/3/KOOC-0/-/KOOC-0/34)/KOOC-0/. Formation time: the end of 20th century 19. 2. Causes: the development among imperialist countries is unbalanced. 3. "triple alliance" consists of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. 4. The "Three Kingdoms Agreement" consists of Britain, France and Russia. 5. Consequence: The two major military groups are frantically expanding to prepare for war, and a world war is imminent. Fifteen. World War I (1914-1918)1. Root cause: unbalanced development among imperialist countries. The Nature of War: Predatory Wars in Imperialist Countries III. Fuse: 19 14. 5. The influence of the war: ① The scale of World War I was unprecedented. The battlefield expanded from Europe to Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and more than 30 countries were involved in the war. This imperialist war has brought great suffering to people all over the world. More than 20,000 people were killed or injured in the participating countries, of which more than10 million died due to war, hunger and disease. XVI. Enlightenment thinker Voltaire (9 P 138) 1, 65438+France in the 8th century 2. Advocacy: Oppose feudal autocracy, advocate enlightened monarchy, and emphasize bourgeois freedom and equality. Seventeen. The influence of the Enlightenment (P 139) promoted people's ideological emancipation, provided strong support for the emerging bourgeoisie to replace the feudal aristocracy politically, and promoted social progress in Europe. Many works of enlightenment thinkers were introduced to China, Japan and other Asian countries, which promoted the ideological emancipation of these countries. 18. Newton's theoretical system of mechanics (IX on P 139) 1. Newton, a British scientist, is one of the founders of modern natural science. 2. Newton's main contribution to astronomy is that he discovered the law of universal gravitation in the second half of17th century; 3. The main contribution in mathematics is the creation of calculus; 4. In mechanics, Newton established a complete theoretical system of mechanics. Among them, the three laws of mechanics, also known as Newton's three laws, have the greatest influence on the development of modern natural science. Nineteen. Darwin and evolution (IX on P 140) 1. British scientist Darwin II. Works: Origin of Species III. Thought: He put forward the viewpoint of "evolution". It is pointed out that nature develops according to the principle of "natural selection, survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest". 4. Function: The publication of this book bases biology on complete science for the first time, and overturns creationism and species invariance. The publication of the Origin of Species dealt a heavy blow to the theocratic foundation of Europe and even the whole world. Twenty, Einstein and the Theory of Relativity (IX P 140) 1, a German-born scientist, was one of the great scientists in the 20th century. 2. The most important contribution in one's life: the theory of relativity put forward in the early 20th century. 3. Function: The establishment of the theory of relativity promoted the revolution of the whole physics theory and provided conditions for the invention of the atomic bomb and the application of atomic energy.