First, Britain launched the Opium War (1840-1842 August)

1. The background of the British Opium War (reasons): ① Britain completed the industrial revolution and became a big capitalist country; (2) The closed-door policy of Qing Dynasty and the crisis of self-sufficient economy; The anti-smoking movement became the fuse of the Opium War.

The root cause: Britain plundered raw materials in order to expand foreign markets, promote industrial products (turning China into its raw material origin and commodity dumping market).

●2. Lin Zexu destroyed opium in Humen:1From June 3 to 25, 939, Lin Zexu (Daoguang of Qing Dynasty) destroyed opium in Humen, Guangzhou. Lin Zexu is a great national hero. Revelation: Stay away from drugs and cherish life.

International Anti-Drug Day: June 26th (Note: P2 destroyed opium in Humen)

3. Historical significance of Lin Zexu's destruction of opium in Humen: Lin Zexu's destruction of opium in Humen was a great victory of China's anti-smoking movement. It has dealt a blow to the arrogance of foreign invaders and demonstrated the determination of the people of China to safeguard national dignity.

4. The time and course of Britain's Opium War: ①● 1840. In June, the British fleet blocked the Pearl River estuary and carried out armed provocation, and the Opium War broke out. ② 184 1 year, the British occupied Hong Kong Island; (3)1842 In August, British ships invaded Nanjing River, and the Qing government made peace with the British army.

(Anti-British Heroes in the Opium War: Guan Tianpei and Chen Huacheng, Scale Anti-British Struggle: Sanyuanli People Anti-British)

5. treaty of nanking: 1842 In August, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the treaty of nanking. This is the first unequal treaty in modern China. 1843, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Annex of treaty of nanking.

● Main contents: ① China ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain; (2) Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars; (3) Opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; (4) The taxes payable by British businessmen in importing and exporting goods in China shall be determined by both sides. (mnemonic method: cutting ports, paying silver dollars, opening ports and negotiating tariffs)

6. The influence of the Opium War on modern society in China: ① The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, marking the beginning of modern history in China. (2) The main social contradiction has changed: from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class to the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the people, with the former becoming the most important contradiction; (3) The nature of the revolution has changed: the people of China started the struggle against foreign aggression and its feudal rulers; The history of China has entered the period of the old democratic revolution.

Reasons for failure: political corruption, economic backwardness and backward military technology. Lesson: If you fall behind, you will be defeated.

Second, the Second Opium War (1856— 1860)

1. Reasons for the Second Opium War: Britain and China further opened their markets in order to gain more aggressive rights and interests.

2. Process: 1856 British troops shelled Guangzhou and the war began. The following year, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou. 1958, Russia, the United States, Britain and France forced the Qing government to sign the Tianjin Treaty respectively. ● 1860, British and French forces invaded Beijing and burned the Yuanmingyuan. It has caused irreparable losses to China culture and trampled and destroyed world civilization. In late June of 65438+10, Britain and France forced the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty, and the Opium War ended. (● Ruins of Yuanmingyuan)

Revelation: This is a catastrophe in the history of human civilization. It fully exposed the brutal nature of the invaders and strongly refuted the fallacy that Europeans are "civilized people" and China people are "barbarians".

●3. By the 1980s of 19, Russia occupied more than1500,000 square kilometers in northern China. Russia occupied most of China's territory in modern times. (Among them, the "Love Faint Treaty" occupied more than 600,000 square kilometers of territory in northern China)

4. Impact: After the Second Opium War, China lost more territory and sovereignty, and its foreign aggression expanded to the coastal provinces and went deep into the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has further deepened.

5. The Taiping Army fought against the foreign guns: Li Xiucheng led the Taiping Army to defeat the foreign guns in Qingpu, 1862 killed Hua 'er in Cixi, Zhejiang, and later defeated the foreign guns led by Gao Deng many times.

Third, the left recovery of Xinjiang and the Sino-Japanese War.

● (1) Zuo Tang Zong recovered Xinjiang.

In 1960s, 1, 19, Akuta, a vast country in Central Asia, invaded Xinjiang, 197 1, and Russia invaded Ili, and the northwest border of China was in danger.

2. 1878, left Xinjiang recovered except Yili. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884. The first governor was Liu Jintang.

3. Understanding: The left recaptured Xinjiang, shattered the plot of Britain and Russia to split China, consolidated the northwest frontier defense of the motherland, safeguarded the reunification of the motherland, and made great contributions to history. He is a national hero of our country.

4. "The general has not returned to the Western Expedition, and Huxiang disciples are full of Tianshan Mountains. Newly planted willows for three thousand miles, winning the spring breeze. " He praised Zuo's achievements in restoring and developing Xinjiang. He is also a local representative of the Westernization School.

(2) Sino-Japanese War (1894- 1895)

1, Sino-Japanese War: 1894 (the year of Sino-Japanese War), Japan deliberately provoked the Sino-Japanese War.

2. Battle of the Yellow Sea:1In September, 894, the Japanese fleet and beiyang fleet fought fiercely in the Yellow Sea, and beiyang fleet suffered heavy losses, which also caused heavy losses to the enemy.

●3. Deng Shichang's main story: In the Yellow Sea War, Deng Shichang, the captain of Zhiyuan Ship, led the whole ship to kill the enemy and sacrificed heroically. He was not afraid of rape, fought bravely and sacrificed bravely. He was a national hero of our country.

4. treaty of shimonoseki, China and Japan: 1895 The Qing government sent Li Hongzhang to Japan to make peace and signed the treaty of shimonoseki.

● Main contents of treaty of shimonoseki: ① Land cutting: cutting Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands; ② Indemnity: 200 million taels of silver; 3 commercial ports: Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou, Hangzhou; (4) Allow Japan to set up factories at trading ports.

Influence: After the signing of the treaty, the ambition of imperialist powers to invade China was stimulated. The economic aggression of imperialist powers has intensified, which has set off a frenzy to carve up China. The United States put forward the "open door" policy, claiming that the interests are shared and * * * plunders China. The degree of semi-colonialism in China has greatly deepened.

6. Enlightenment: The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was provoked by Japan to implement its foreign expansion policy, and the corruption, incompetence and backwardness of the Qing government were the main reasons for China's repeated defeats and wars. The failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the shock and stimulation brought to the Chinese nation by treaty of shimonoseki contributed to the rise of the Chinese nation. Only through continuous reform, self-improvement and self-reliance can our motherland stand among the nations and be respected by the world.

Four. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China (65438+June 0900- 190 1).

1. reason: suppression of the boxer anti-imperialist patriotic movement. The Boxer Rebellion originated in Shandong, and its nature is anti-imperialist and patriotic. )

● 2. Time: 65438+June 0900 ●3. Country: Britain, USA, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria (Austria-Hungary).

The struggle against the G8;

1. The main battles of the Boxer Rebellion against Eight-Nation Alliance are: ① the battle of Langfang; ② the battle of Dagukou; ③ the battle of defending Tianjin.

4. Evaluation of the Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion showed the heroic fighting spirit of the people of China and played a certain role in preventing imperialism from dividing up China. However, the boxer's ignorance, superstition and general xenophobia also left a profound lesson.

4. Results: 190 1 China was defeated, and Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France and Germany forced the Qing government to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty".

● The main contents of the "Xin Chou Treaty": ① Indemnity of 450 million taels of silver, secured by customs duties and other taxes; (2) prohibiting people from participating in anti-imperialist activities; (3) demolish Dagu Fort and allow imperialist countries to send troops to Beijing along Shanhaiguan Railway; (4) Dongjiaomin Lane in Beijing is designated as "embassy boundary", and China people are not allowed to live.