I. Mechanics
1 and 1638, Italian physicist Galileo used scientific reasoning to prove that heavy objects fall as fast as light objects in the dialogue between two new sciences. The experiment of two balls with different mass falling in the Leaning Tower of Pisa proved that his view was correct, and overturned the view of Aristotle, an ancient Greek scholar (that is, it is wrong for a ball with large mass to fall fast).
2./kloc-in the 0/7th century, Galileo pointed out through ideal experiments that an object moving on a horizontal plane would keep moving at this speed if there was no friction; It is concluded that force is the reason to change the motion of an object, which overturns Aristotle's view that force is the reason to maintain the motion of an object.
Descartes, a contemporary French physicist, further pointed out that if there is no other reason, the moving object will continue to move in a straight line at the same speed, neither stopping nor deviating from the original direction.
3.65438-0687, British scientist Newton put forward three laws of motion (Newton's three laws of motion) in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
4. Quantum mechanics and Einstein's special theory of relativity established at the beginning of 20th century show that classical mechanics is not suitable for microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects.
5. From 65438 to 0638, Galileo studied projectile motion in detail with the method of observation-hypothesis-mathematical reasoning in his book Dialogue between Two New Sciences.
6. According to daily observation and experience, people put forward "geocentric theory", represented by Ptolemy, an ancient Greek scientist; The Polish astronomer Copernicus put forward "Heliocentrism" and boldly refuted the geocentric theory.
In the 7th century and17th century, German astronomer Kepler put forward Kepler's three laws.
8. Newton officially published the law of gravity in 1687; 1798, British physicist Cavendish accurately measured the gravitational constant by using the torsion balance experimental device.
9. 1846, Adams, a student of Cambridge University in England, and Le Verrier, a French astronomer, calculated and observed Neptune by applying the law of universal gravitation. 1930, American astronomer Tang Bao discovered Pluto with the same calculation method.
10. The rocket invented by China in the Song Dynasty is the originator of modern rockets, with the same principle as modern rockets;
Russian scientist tsiolkovsky is known as the father of modern rockets. He first put forward the concepts of multistage rocket and inertial navigation.
1 1, 1957, 10 In June, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth satellite;
1 961April, the world's first manned spacecraft "Dongfang1"sent yuri gagarin into space for the first time.
Second, electromagnetism.
12 and 1785, French physicist Coulomb discovered the law of interaction between charges by torsion balance experiment, and measured the value of electrostatic constant k.
At the end of 13 and 16, Gilbert, an Englishman, was the first to study the phenomenon that friction is a charged object.
/kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, American Franklin put forward the concept of positive and negative charges.
1752, Franklin verified that lightning is a form of discharge through kite experiments in Philadelphia, unified the sky and earth electricity, and invented the lightning rod.
14 and 19 13 years, American physicist Millikan accurately measured the charge of simple charge e through oil drop experiments and won the Nobel Prize.
15 and 1837, the British physicist Faraday first introduced the concept of electric field and proposed to use electric field lines to represent electric fields.
16, 1826 German physicist Ohm (1787- 1854) obtained Ohm's law through experiments.
17, 19 1 1 Dutch scientist Anders found that when the temperature of most metals drops to a certain value, the resistance suddenly drops to zero-superconductivity.
18 and 19 centuries, Joule and Lengci independently discovered the law of thermal effect when current passes through a conductor, that is, Joule's law.
19 and 1820, Danish physicist Oster discovered that electric current can deflect the small magnetic needles around, which is called current magnetic effect.
20. French physicist Ampere found that two parallel wires with the same current attract each other, while wires with opposite currents repel each other, and summed up Ampere's rule (right-handed spiral rule) to judge the relationship between current and magnetic field and the left-handed rule to judge the direction of magnetic force applied to electrified wires in magnetic field.
2 1, the Dutch physicist Lorenz put forward the viewpoint that the moving charge produces a magnetic field, and the magnetic field has a force (Lorentz force) on the moving charge.
22. The mass spectrometer designed by Thomson's student Aston can be used to measure the mass of charged particles and analyze isotopes.
1932, American physicist Lorenz invented the cyclotron, which can produce a large number of high-energy particles in the laboratory.
(The maximum kinetic energy only depends on the magnetic field and the D-box diameter, and the cycle of the circular motion of charged particles is the same as that of the high-frequency power supply. )
24. 183 1 year, the British physicist Faraday discovered the condition and law of current generated by magnetic field-the law of electromagnetic induction.
25, 1834, Russian physicist Lengci published the law that determines the direction of induced current-Lenz's law.
26. 1835, American scientist Henry discovered the phenomenon of self-inductance (the phenomenon that the circuit itself produces induced electromotive force due to current change), and the working principle of fluorescent lamp is one of its applications.
Third, heat.
27, 1827, British botanist Brown found that pollen grains suspended in water kept doing irregular motion-Brownian motion.
28. In 1850, Clausius put forward the qualitative expression of the second law of thermodynamics: heat cannot be transferred from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object without other effects, which is the so-called Clausius expression. The following year, Kelvin put forward another expression: it is impossible to obtain heat from a single heat source and convert it into useful work without other effects. This expression is called Kelvin expression.
29, 1848 Kelvin put forward the thermodynamic temperature scale, pointing out that absolute zero is the lower limit of temperature.
In the mid-30th and/kloc-0th centuries, the law of conservation of energy was finally determined by German doctor Meyer, British physicist Joel and German scholar Helmholtz.
2 1 and 1642, scientist torricelli proposed that the atmosphere would produce pressure and measured the value of atmospheric pressure.
Four years later, Pascal's research showed that with the increase of height, the atmospheric pressure decreased.
1654, in order to prove the existence of atmospheric pressure, a sensational experiment was carried out-the hemispheric experiment in Madeborg, Germany.
Fourth, wave science.
In the 22nd century and17th century, Huygens, a Dutch physicist, determined the periodic formula of a simple pendulum. A simple pendulum with a period of 2s is called a double pendulum.
23. 1690, Huygens, a Dutch physicist, put forward the law of mechanical wave fluctuation-Huygens principle.
24. The Austrian physicist Doppler (1803- 1853) first discovered the phenomenon that the observer feels the frequency change due to the relative motion between the wave source and the observer-Doppler effect.
Verb (short for verb) optics
25. 162 1 year, the Dutch mathematician Snell discovered the law between incident angle and refraction angle-the law of refraction.
26, 180 1 year, British physicist Thomas? Yang successfully observed the interference of light.
27, 18 18, French scientists Fresnel and Poisson calculated and experimentally observed the circular plate diffraction of light-Poisson bright spot.
28. 1864, the British physicist Maxwell published the paper "electromagnetic field dynamics theory", put forward the electromagnetic field theory, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, pointed out that light is electromagnetic waves, and laid the foundation for the electromagnetic theory of light.
29, 1887, German physicist Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments and determined that the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is equal to the speed of light.
30, 1894, Italian Marconi and Russian popov invented the wireless telegraph respectively, which opened a new chapter in radio communication.
3 1 and 1800, the British physicist Herschel discovered infrared rays;
180 1 year, German physicist Ritter discovered ultraviolet rays;
1895, the German physicist Roentgen discovered X-rays (Roentgen rays) and took the world's first X-ray human body photo for his wife's hand.
32, laser-known as the "light of the century" in the 20th century.
Six, wave-particle duality
33. 1900, the German physicist Planck put forward the energy quantum hypothesis to explain the law of thermal radiation of objects: when a substance emits or absorbs energy, the energy is not continuous (the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves are not continuous), but a copy, and each copy is the smallest energy unit, that is, the energy quantum E=hν, which brings physics into the quantum world;
Inspired by it, Einstein put forward the photon theory in 1905 and successfully explained the law of photoelectric effect, so he won the Nobel Prize in physics.
34, 1922, American physicist Compton confirmed the particle nature of light when he studied the scattering of X-rays by electrons in graphite.
35. In 19 13, Danish physicist Bohr put forward his own atomic structure hypothesis, obtained the expression of hydrogen atomic energy level for the first time, successfully explained and predicted the radiation electromagnetic spectrum of hydrogen atoms, and laid the foundation for the development of quantum mechanics.
36. 1885 Balmer, a math teacher in Swiss middle school, summed up the wavelength law of hydrogen atom spectrum-Balmer system.
37, 1924, French physicist de Broglie boldly predicted that physical particles would fluctuate under certain conditions;
1927, American and British physicists obtained the diffraction patterns of electron beams on metal crystals. Compared with optical microscope, electron microscope is much less affected by diffraction phenomenon, which greatly improves the resolution, and proton microscope has higher resolution instinct.
Seven. Theory of relativity
38. Two dark clouds in the clear sky of physics: ① Michelson-Morey experiment-relativity (high-speed moving world),
② Thermal radiation experiment-quantum theory (micro-world);
39,65438+At the turn of the 9th and 20th centuries, there were three major discoveries in physics: the discovery of X-rays, the discovery of electrons and the discovery of radioactivity.
40, 1905, Einstein's special theory of relativity has two basic principles:
(1) principle of relativity-in different inertial reference systems, all physical laws are the same;
(2) The principle that the speed of light is constant-in different inertial reference systems, the speed of light in vacuum must be constant.
Other conclusions of special relativity:
(1) Relativity between time and space-length contraction and slow-moving clock (or time expansion).
② Relativistic velocity superposition: the speed of light is constant and has nothing to do with the speed of light source; The speed of all moving objects cannot exceed the speed of light, that is, the speed of light is the limit of the speed of matter.
③ Relativistic mass: The mass of an object in motion is greater than that at rest.
4 1, Einstein also put forward an important conclusion in the theory of relativity-the mass-energy equation: E=mc2.
Eight, atomic physics
42, 1858, German scientist Pluckel discovered a wonderful ray-cathode ray (high-speed electron flow).
43, 1897, Thomson discovered electrons through a cathode ray tube, pointing out that cathode rays are electron streams moving at high speed. It shows that atoms can be separated and have complex internal structure, and a jujube cake model of atoms is proposed. 1906, won the nobel prize in physics.
In 44 years1909-1911year, British physicist Rutherford and his assistant conducted the scattering experiment of α particles and put forward the nuclear structure model of atoms. According to the experimental results, the nuclear diameter is estimated to be10-15 m.
45, 1896, French physicist becquerel discovered the phenomenon of natural radiation, indicating that the nucleus has a complex internal structure.
Natural radiation phenomenon: there are two kinds of decay (α, β) and three kinds of rays (α, β, γ), among which γ ray is radiated when the new nucleus is in the excited state and jumps to the low energy level after decay. The decay rate has nothing to do with the physical and chemical state of atoms.
46, 19 19, Rutherford bombarded the nitrogen nucleus with alpha particles, which realized the artificial disintegration of the nucleus for the first time and discovered protons.
It is predicted that there is another particle in the nucleus-neutron.
47. 1932, chadwick, a Rutherford student, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering neutrons when α particles bombarded beryllium nuclei.
48, 1934 When Mr. and Mrs. Joliot-Curie bombarded aluminum foil with alpha particles, they found positrons and artificial radioisotopes.
49, 1896, at the suggestion of becquerel, Marie Curie discovered two new elements with stronger Radioactivity-Polonium (po) radium (ra).
50, 1939 12, when German physicist Hahn and his assistant Strassman bombarded the uranium nucleus with neutrons, the uranium nucleus split.
5 1 and 1942, under the leadership of Fermi, szilard and others, the United States built the first fission reactor (consisting of enriched uranium rods, control rods, moderators, cement protective layers, etc. ).
52, 1952 The United States exploded the world's first hydrogen bomb (fusion reaction, thermonuclear reaction). One possible way to artificially control nuclear fusion is to irradiate small nuclear fuel with high voltage generated by intense laser.
Particles can be divided into three categories: mediators-particles that transmit various interactions, such as photons;
Lepton-particles that do not participate in strong interactions, such as electrons and neutrinos;