However, the development of prehistoric culture in Northeast China is not a line. It has been pointed out that the tea sea in western Liaoning-Xinglongwa Culture, Xinle culture in eastern Liaoning, Angangxi culture in Songnen Plain and Liu Xin culture in Sanjiang Plain may have their own origins. This puts forward the division of archaeological culture in Northeast China. It is generally believed that the geographical scope covered by the Northeast Cultural District is much larger than that of the Northeast, which is now divided into administrative divisions. It crosses Daxing 'anling Mountains in the west and connects with Mongolian grassland, and crosses Yanshan Mountains in the southwest to the north of North China Plain. The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan lead to the Shandong Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago in the south and southwest respectively, and the Heilongjiang River and the Wusuli River extend eastward to the Russian Far East. Its geographical scope includes Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, the eastern and southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the northern part of Hebei Province, Beijing and Tianjin, and the vast Northeast Asia.
There are many mountains and rivers, long coastline and changeable geographical environment in the ancient cultural area of Northeast China, so there are naturally many divisions of archaeological culture. The grand slam is divided into two areas [3]; Zhang Zhongpei is divided into eight districts, namely Liaoyan District, Liaodong District, Jichang District, Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain, Mudanjiang Suifenhe District, Tumen River District and Hunjiang Yalu River District. With the Shenyang-Harbin Railway as the boundary, Northeast China is generally divided into the eastern half facing the sea and the western half facing the mainland [14]. On the basis of Mr. Zhang's division, it can also be divided into east and northeast, west and northwest, south and middle. There are Changbai Mountain, Sanjiang Plain and the vast Heilongjiang River Basin in the east and northeast, with dense forests, which have maintained the economic form of fishing and hunting in past dynasties and represented the inherent cultural tradition in the northeast. The southern part belongs to the eastern end of the northern flora with the Yanshan Great Wall as the center of gravity, and the northern wing of the Bohai Rim region, which can also be called Liaoyan Cultural Area. The hilly valley here belongs to the transition zone from Mongolian grassland to North China Plain, and it is the earliest contact area between Northeast cultural area and agricultural area, while farming appeared earlier, and it is also the frontier zone of contact and exchange between Northeast cultural area and Central Plains culture. The western and northwestern parts of Northeast China lead from prairie to Mongolian grassland, so they have more contact with nomadic tribes in the northern grassland and develop animal husbandry earlier. The central part is the famous northeast plain, with mountains as the barrier and rivers such as Liaohe River and Songhua River running through it. It is a transitional area of economic form and a stage for the development and decline of ancient culture. In particular, the mountains and rivers in the northeast from northeast to southwest are the natural channels and hubs to communicate with the Yellow River Basin. The characteristics of this natural geographical situation make the development of ancient culture in Northeast China not only geographically homogeneous, but also separate several relatively independent cultural flora from these four blocks: Yannan District, Liaoxi District, Xialiaohe River Basin, Liaodong Mountain Area, Liaonan Peninsula Area and Changji Area, namely, the second Songhua River Basin, Songnen Plain Area, Sanjiang Plain Area, the right bank of Yalu River and Hunjiang River Basin, and the Mudanjiang River Basin of Suifenhe River. Each region has its own cultural development series, which is self-contained, has the same cultural center, forms the same regional characteristics, and is widely connected with the surrounding areas, especially the Central Plains and Northeast Asia.
Of course, the formation of archaeological cultural communities in Northeast China and the cultural relations inside and outside the region are not fixed, but constantly changing with the changes of history. For example, since the Bronze Age, the nomadic culture in the north and the farming culture in the Central Plains have greatly influenced the Northeast, or the fishing and hunting culture in the Northeast has greatly absorbed advanced cultural factors from the farming culture in the Central Plains and the nomadic culture in the north, so that the farming, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting patterns in the south, west and east have appeared in the Northeast, but the cultural tradition in the Northeast is still widely continued, and the lower culture in Xiajiadian is as high as the Yan culture in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is generally believed that agriculture replacing fishing and hunting culture is the main symbol of the transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic. Therefore, the fishing and hunting culture still maintained after the Neolithic Age is considered to be less advanced than the agricultural culture. In fact, in the process of historical development, especially in the process of prehistoric culture development, fishing and hunting culture has always coexisted with agriculture. In the Neolithic Age and even the Bronze Age in the northeast cultural area, fishing and hunting economy even remained dominant for a long time. Compared with farming culture, fishing and hunting culture shows some advantages in its development. In this regard, Su Zeng put forward three characteristics of fishing and hunting culture: it is a direct continuation of the cultural experience of millions of years in the Paleolithic Age. Mr. Su once said: "The wisdom of mankind is accumulated over millions of years, and 10,000 years is too short. There are few records of first names and surnames, and most of them are still unknown. " Refers to the cultural accumulation and inheritance since the Paleolithic Age. In this respect, fishing and hunting culture, because it directly continues the economic type of Paleolithic culture, will inevitably maintain and carry forward the cultural tradition of Paleolithic, which is essentially different from the revolutionary change of agricultural culture to Paleolithic and its cultural inheritance, and is a direct continuation of the accumulation of ready-made culture and its advantages for millions of years. 2. Fishing and hunting culture is still the main way of life, although it has the conditions to settle down, which is very different from the custom of sticking to one's homeland in farming culture, thus cultivating an open but not closed cultural mentality, which is highlighted by the great absorption and integration of advanced factors of various cultures, especially different economic types and different cultural traditions. Some cultural anthropologists suggest that fishermen and hunters are less conformist than agricultural society because of the different time to get food, and emphasize independence and self-reliance and encourage individual creative activities, which is also a very enlightening view.
3. The essence of harmonious coexistence between fishermen and hunters and nature. The formation of religious sacrificial activities with the communication between man and God as the main content has developed, leading to the exclusive right to connect with God becoming the main road and feature of cross-human civilized society. Manchu is good at dealing with ethnic relations and finally unifying the whole country, which stems from the harmonious coexistence between fishing and hunting nationalities and nature.
Related to this understanding, some scholars have suggested that the transition from Paleolithic Age to Neolithic Age can also be realized through the improvement of fishing and hunting economy. Some people even think that fishing and hunting culture can also produce ancient civilization. Whether the ancient cultural area in western Liaoning belongs to the northeast cultural area is a key to understand the northeast cultural area. This is because: 1 Liaoxi Cultural District has developed synchronously with the Central Plains for a long time. Sometimes, for example, the "Hongshan Zhuwenbei" in the late Neolithic period even "stepped ahead" in the process of stepping into the threshold of civilization. If western Liaoning belongs to the northeast, it is necessary to re-evaluate the level of cultural and civilized development in the northeast. 2. Western Liaoning, an archaeological and cultural area, is different from administrative divisions, including the Haihe River basin south of Yanshan Mountain. If western Liaoning belongs to the northeast cultural area, it can be further confirmed that the southern boundary of the northeast reaches Beijing and Tianjin, northwest Hebei and other areas south of Yanshan.
3. Western Liaoning is divided into Yan-Liao cultural areas related to the Yellow River basin, which are more located at the southern end of the Great Wall, while western Liaoning and northern Liaoning are treated together, focusing on the relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry. If western Liaoning belongs to the northeast, it should be distinguished not only from the Central Plains, but also from the eastern and western parts of the Great Wall in the north. In fact, Hongshan Culture and Xiajiadian, the two most developed lower cultures in western Liaoning, both have the basic characteristics of the Northeast Cultural District. For example, in Hongshan Culture, there are relief sandy taupe pottery cylindrical cans, mud red pottery and painted pottery, grinding stone tools and making stone tools and microliths, and cultural connotations such as the existence of agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting. Among them, the development of relief cylindrical cans, microliths and even jade articles.
Although Xiajiadian's lower culture has more characteristics of Longshan period and Xia Shang culture, and has developed agriculture, it still strongly shows the regional characteristics of Northeast culture. For example, the cylindrical flat of Xiajiadian's lower culture, which is the most representative, has a credible clue to the cylindrical tank in the Neolithic Age in Northeast China, and there are often microliths that were rare or not seen in other areas at that time. There is a custom of building cities on high mountains, especially developed stone buildings. The environmental archaeological research in Chifeng area from prehistoric to bronze age shows that Chifeng area was a warm summer green broad-leaved forest area 8,000-6,000 years ago, and it gradually evolved into a forest grassland area until about 3,000 years ago, which also shows the consistency of natural ecology between western Liaoning and northeast China during the period from Hongshan Culture to Xiajiadian. In this way, from the dominant cultural factors in the cultural connotation diversity of Hongshan Culture and Xiajiadian, it can be seen that western Liaoning is first and foremost an organic part of the Northeast Cultural District and a broad background for the development of various ancient cultures in western Liaoning. At the same time, western Liaoning is the first frontier area in the Northeast Cultural Zone to contact with the ancient cultures of the Central Plains and the North. Due to the long-term absorption of advanced cultural factors in the surrounding areas, western Liaoning has long been in the forefront of Northeast China, but its cultural outlook has undergone great changes. In this way, the Yanshan area at the eastern end of the Great Wall in the north, that is, the western part of Liaoning Province, is regarded as an integral part of the northeast cultural area, so it should naturally be different from the western part centered on the south-central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which is also within the Great Wall. This is a guiding distinction in dealing with the ethnic and cultural relations in the Great Wall area at that time. As mentioned above, it has been confirmed that western Liaoning, with developed ancient culture, is an integral part of the Northeast Cultural Zone, so it is put on the agenda to reconsider the position and role of the Northeast in the origin and formation of Chinese culture and civilization, which is also the fundamental significance of the Northeast Cultural Zone. As far as we know, the Northeast Cultural Area, as one of the ancient cultural areas with different economic types and cultural traditions from the Central Plains Cultural Area and the Southeast Coastal Cultural Area, develops synchronously with the Central Plains Culture and the Southeast Coastal Culture and has frequent exchanges. It not only absorbs the advanced factors of the Central Plains and the southeast coastal cultural areas, but also positively influences the development process of China culture. The Tan Miaojia site group in Hongshan Culture, represented by Niuheliang, is not only a sign that western Liaoning took the lead in stepping into the threshold of civilization, but also a long-term continuation of many cultural factors by China traditional culture. In recent years, the research on the image of Dragon and Jade shows that these two essences of China traditional culture appeared earlier in Northeast China and became a series, which influenced the Central Plains. It can be seen that the Northeast Cultural Area is not a remote cultural area, nor is it a secondary civilized area that entered a civilized society under the influence of the Central Plains culture, but meets with the Central Plains area and the southeast coastal area in parallel. In some important stages of development, such as the origin of civilization and the formation of some important aspects, such as traditional cultural factors, Northeast China took the lead, thus becoming one of the three major regions that played a major role in the origin of Chinese culture and civilization.
The fourth is about the connections and differences between Northeast China, Central Plains and North China.
Northeast China, especially western Liaoning, occupies an important position in the history of Chinese civilization development, which is closely related to the fact that fishing and hunting culture can absorb advanced cultural factors from different economic types and different cultural traditions. This mainly refers to the relationship with farming culture in the Central Plains and nomadic culture in the north.
The relationship between the Northeast culture and the Central Plains culture is mainly manifested in the absorption and collision of Yangshao culture in Hongshan Culture around 6000 years ago. As early as Hongshan Culture's discovery, the academic circles noticed the dual characteristics of this culture, namely, the North-South nature. The discovery and research in recent years prove that since its formation, Hongshan Culture has absorbed many advanced factors of Yangshao culture, such as simplified rose-patterned painted pottery, clay red pottery bowls and pots, thus developing dragon-scale painted pottery with its own characteristics. In the upper reaches of Sanggan River in their contact zone, the * * * birth phenomenon of painted pottery in late Hongshan Culture and ditch pottery in Yangshao culture temple was also found. As Mr. Su elaborated on the main functions, approaches, contact points and consequences of the contact between the two cultures: "One branch of Yangshao culture originated in Guanzhong Basin, that is, the Miaodigou type characterized by mature rose-patterned painted pottery pots, and the other branch of Hongshan Culture originated in the western Liaoning corridor in the Xiliaohe and Dalinghe basins in northern Yanshan, that is, the Hongshan Hou type characterized by dragon-patterned painted pottery (including scales) and pottery pots." They finally met in the northwest of Hebei Province, and then overlapped in the upper reaches of Daling River in western Liaoning, resulting in a new cultural group characterized by painted pottery with dragon flower patterns. He further inferred the special significance of this cultural exchange between North and South to the origin of Chinese civilization and traditional culture: "This is a cultural group composed of two economic types and two cultures. The activity center of this group is neither in the pastoral area of the northern grassland nor far from the Guanzhong basin, which is dominated by agriculture, but in the crisscross zone between the northern Yanshan Mountains and the upper reaches of Daling River and Laoha River, which is suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry. The advantage of natural conditions here is probably like the so-called' fault in the ground, fault in the field' recorded in ancient literature about Jizhou, the first state of Kyushu. In other words, what matters is not the fertile soil, but the prosperity brought by various economic supplements, which can make the first dawn of civilization illuminate the land of China. The front of the altar is like the dome of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, and the back is like the square foundation of the Hall of Prayer for the New Year in Beijing. The colored plastic statues in the temple are inlaid with jade, which is consistent with the traditional colored plastic technology in China, and the structure of the house is similar to that of the later emperors' tombs. The combination of dragons and flowers will naturally remind people of today's self-proclaimed' China people' and' descendants of dragons', which happened at a historical turning point 5,000 years ago or 5,000-6,000 years ago. It is a miracle that they spread light widely and lasted for a long time.
It can be seen that the combination of Yangshao culture and Hongshan Culture is a very successful combination, although it is a combination of two different economic types and different cultural traditions in the Central Plains and Northeast China. In Hongshan Culture, factors with Yangshao cultural characteristics are integrated with local cultural factors and become an organic part of Hongshan Culture. The form of communication changed from absorption to collision, which made Hongshan Culture's later society mutate and made Hongshan Culture "one step ahead" in the origin of Chinese civilization; It is very important to trace the cultural tradition of China back to the dawn of civilization 5,000 years ago by taking the combination of flowers and dragons as the symbol of cultural exchange between North and South. Therefore, "once Yangshao and Hongshan are further combined, China's cultural history will be completely renewed", which has become a major event affecting the historical process of China 5,000 years ago.
The relationship between the Northeast and the Central Plains can be traced back to the middle Neolithic period 7000-8000 years ago, that is, in the culture of magnetic mountain culture and Peiligang in the North China Plain, cylindrical pottery with the characteristics of Neolithic culture in Northeast China often appeared. The continuation of this relationship after Hongshan Culture shows that Xiaoheyan culture and Xiajiadian lower culture continue to be deeply rooted in Yannan area, and they are in contact with the Central Plains culture in Juma River basin respectively [23] Weiyingzi culture in western Liaoning and Zhang Jiayuan culture in Yannan area in Shang and Zhou Dynasties have many cultural factors in common, and they were all regarded as local indigenous culture [Sichuan] before the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, or they contained "Tuyan" culture; Northeast machete bronze dagger, a unique cultural factor, also constantly appears in the distribution area of Yan culture in Southern Yan, and often coexists with typical Yan cultural factors. Especially in the Warring States period, although Yan has become one of the nationalities, it still shows inextricably linked with Northeast China. In addition to the unique "swallow flat" mentioned above, it is not unrelated to the cylindrical flat of Xiajiadian lower culture in the early bronze age of Northeast China. The most interesting thing is that during the Warring States period, Yan also used a large number of delicious patterns that had disappeared in other countries at that time as palace tiles, and there were ancient in the northeast and western Liaoning.
Regarding the relationship between Northeast China and North China, it has always been emphasized that the difference between them is basic: the dividing line between the two regions is about Daxinganling, which shows different economic types. The northeast region is dominated by fishing and hunting, while the northern region is dominated by nomadism. This difference, as mentioned above, naturally includes the differences between the Yanshan area at the eastern end of the Great Wall and the areas in the north of Hebei and the north of Shanxi to Inner Mongolia in the west, because they belong to the northeast and the north.
A further understanding of the differences between the Northeast and the North can be explained by the differences in the forms of their cultural relations with the Central Plains. The cultural relationship between the northern region and the central plains region has long been the advance and retreat and alternation of farming culture and nomadic culture. Typical Yangshao culture, Longshan culture and Shang culture have all appeared in the central and southern Inner Mongolia west of the Great Wall, and have existed or replaced the local culture. Northeast China, on the other hand, mainly absorbs foreign factors and integrates with its own culture, thus strongly showing the stability of its own cultural development. Therefore, there is no typical Yangshao culture and Longshan culture in western Liaoning, but a large number of Yangshao cultural factors (mainly the shape and pattern of painted pottery) are absorbed into their own cultural characteristics in Hongshan Culture, and Long Lin is drawn with Yangshao cultural painted pottery techniques. Similarly, there is no typical and representative Longshan culture in western Liaoning. Longshan culture in western Liaoning is the earliest period of Xiajiadian lower culture, which is different from Yangshao culture, Longshan culture, Shang culture and nomadic culture in central and southern Inner Mongolia. The reason for the difference is that nomadic culture and fishing and hunting culture have different attitudes towards advanced culture. This advantage of Northeast China in cultural relations can also be illustrated by the differences between Yangshao culture in the Central Plains and Hongshan Culture and Darukou culture in western Liaoning, which is exactly what Mr. Su analyzed: Although the distance between Dahankou culture and Yangshao culture is closer to Hongshan Culture, the painted pottery of Yangshao culture is unique in Dahankou culture, but it is just "imported" and has not taken root, while in Hongshan Culture, it is integrated with one of the local cultural factors.
It is very helpful to deepen the understanding of the relationship between the northeast and the north. Because the cultural exchanges between the northeast and the north are extremely frequent. For example, there are geometric patterns composed of triangles and squares in painted pottery in Hongshan Culture, and there are also geometric patterns in Hetao area of Inner Mongolia, which may also be related to the developed geometric painted pottery in Central and Western Asia; The decorative rope-patterned cylindrical cans of Xiaoheyan culture have appeared many times in Miaozigou culture where cylindrical vessels are underdeveloped. It is considered that the substitution of rope-patterned cylindrical cans in Xiaoheyan culture is influenced by Miaozigou culture. The sudden emergence of Xiajiadian's lower culture "Three Guarantees" should come from the central and southern Inner Mongolia [27]. Since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the nomadic culture in central and southern Inner Mongolia has shown an obvious eastward expansion trend, and the high lace of Weiyingzi culture may be related to Zhukaigou culture! 2 "I;" "Northern Bronzes" rapidly pushed eastward, and typical northern bronzes appeared in western Liaoning and even Liaodong around Shang and Zhou Dynasties, until the Yalu River mouth [Zhou].