Neolithic culture in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. It was named after its discovery at Dawenkou site in Tai 'an, Shandong Province. Mainly distributed in Shandong Province and Huaibei area of Jiangsu Province. Including North New Culture and Longshan Culture. The main distribution areas are Shandong Province, northern Jiangsu Province, northern Anhui Province, and the vast areas in the lower reaches of Wenhe River, Sihe River, yi river River, Hezi River and Huaihe River in eastern Henan Province. It is a representative culture in the middle Neolithic period in this area. Typical sites that have been excavated include Dawenkou in Tai 'an, Shang Gang in Tengzhou, Xiahou in Qufu, Yedian in Zoucheng, Wang Yin in Yanzhou, Liu Ling in Pixian, Dadunzi, Chengzi in Zhucheng, Donghai Valley in Rizhao and Sanlihe in Jiaozhou.
Dawenkou culture began from about 4040 BC to 2240 BC and lasted for about 2000 years. According to the relationship between the base area and the characteristics of the relics, it can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late. There are argillaceous and sandy pottery, mainly red pottery in the early stage, and the proportion of gray and black increased in the late stage, resulting in white pottery and eggshell pottery. Hand-made pottery developed to the later round pottery, and the firing temperature was 900- 1000℃. There are ding, Jing, Jing, Dou, Zun, single-ear cup, special-shaped cup, turtleneck jar, back pot and so on. Many pottery surface films are shiny, and the patterns are scratches, chords, baskets, circles, triangles, carved holes and so on. Painted pottery is rare, but it is very distinctive. There are three colors: red, black and white, and the patterns are a little bit shaped, geometric and mosaic.
Dawenkou culture was first discovered in 1959, and was excavated, which was confirmed as the remains of the late Neolithic age. Archaeologists named Dawenkou site and its similar cultural remains Dawenkou culture. Later, many excavations were carried out in 1974, 1977 and 1978. The site is rich in connotation, including tombs, houses and pits. The unearthed household utensils mainly include pots, beans, pots, cans, bowls, plates, cups and other utensils, which are divided into painted pottery, red pottery, white pottery, gray pottery and black pottery, especially painted pottery utensils with fine and symmetrical patterns and regular geometric patterns. The production tools include beautifully polished stone axe, stone hairpin, stone chisel, bone grinder, etc. The fine grinding of bone needles can be comparable to today's needles. Burials are mainly back burial and direct burial, and there is a common custom of burying teeth, and some also bury pig heads and pig bones as symbols of wealth.
The discovery of Dawenkou culture not only found the origin of Longshan culture in Shandong, but also provided important clues for the study of primitive culture in Huanghuai basin and coastal areas of Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
Northern New Culture and Northern New Cultural Relics
As a new culture, the northern new culture was recognized from the excavation of the northern new site 1978 to 1979 in tengxian. It is an early cultural site of primitive society in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. According to the carbon-14 excavated at Beixin site, it is 7300-6300 years ago. Its discovery and establishment not only solved the origin of Dawenkou culture, but also provided important basis and clues for agriculture, handicraft industry and fishing and hunting production in the early primitive society of China. The agricultural characteristics of the northern new culture are the discovery of carbonized millet grains and a large number of grinding production tools. At the bottom of some pits, millet particles were found. These carbonized millet grains are one of the earliest crops found in northern China at present, which shows that agricultural production is the main source of their livelihood and an important guarantee for their livelihood. Millet is a drought-tolerant crop. From the aspects of geographical environment, soil quality and climate, the area where the northern new culture is located is very beneficial to ancient human habitation and ancient agricultural production. Because the precipitation in this area is concentrated in summer, unlike the annual average precipitation in the south, the residents of northern new culture naturally choose drought-tolerant and early-maturing millet as the main crop. Its discovery not only proves that China has developed primitive agriculture, but also proves that China is one of the earliest developed countries in the world. Found agricultural production tools, stone axes, shovels and knives; A hoe made of antlers, etc. Axes are mostly hammered, and the main plane is trapezoidal or rectangular, which is a tool for reclaiming wasteland and cutting down trees. Shovel, flat and thin in shape, has rectangular, trapezoidal, tongue-shaped, square corner and cross rectangle, and some blades have traces of use. It is a tool for digging and sowing. Stone knives are divided into two types: beating and grinding. Most of them are made of stone chips and are slightly rectangular. Some are slightly rectangular and half-moon, which may be used as harvesting tools. Deer horn hoes mainly grind one side of short branches into hypotenuse with a fork of deer horn, and one side of long branches is the handle. In addition, some will cut off a section of antlers and trim the upper part to install the handle. This kind of antlers hoe may be used for ditching or digging holes when planting, and it can also be used for intertillage and loosening soil. Stone mill, stone mill and stone mill are a set of food processing tools. The shape of the grinding disc is square, and some are similar to the short shape of the sole of the foot, all of which are ground. Some optical discs are bent and sunken due to long-term use. These tools are essential in the process of primitive production, thus laying a good foundation for the rapid development of primitive agriculture.
The pottery of northern new culture is mainly yellowish brown pottery with sand and mud red pottery, with a small amount of black pottery. Sand-mixed pottery has low temperature and thick tire; Muddy pottery has high temperature and fine texture. All the pottery is made by hand and is still in the primitive stage. The unearthed objects are monotonous and simple in shape, mainly including ding, kettle, pot, bowl, pot and so on. These pottery were daily necessities of people at that time. Handicraft industries such as textile, sewing and bone making have also developed initially, and regular mat patterns are clearly printed on the bottom of two unearthed pottery fragments. The appearance of finely ground bone needles and ceramic spinning wheels makes it possible to weave, sew and wear wild fibers and animal plush yarns. Therefore, it can be said that the northern newcomers at that time had entered the dressing stage from the era of wrapping skins and leaves around their waists. In addition to agricultural production and labor, hunting, fishing and gathering are still indispensable means of survival for people in the northern new culture. Bone trowels, antlers spears, projectiles, bone fish darts, pottery nets, bone shuttles, and a considerable number of animal bones, fish bones and shells unearthed from the site were identified as pigs, cows, sika deer, roe deer, elephants, raccoons, badgers, chickens, turtles, herrings and mussels. These animals are all wild except pigs, which reflects this fact. To sum up, in the era of more than 7000 years ago, the natural climate and geographical environment were very different from now, and our ancestors were under such conditions. In this ancient land, it is a great thing to develop production with clumsy production tools and live a relatively stable settled life. After the discovery of Beixin site, it attracted the attention of all parties and was announced as a key cultural relics protection unit by Shandong Provincial People's Government on 199 1.
Beixin Cultural Site, located in the north of Zaozhuang City, is an early Neolithic village site more than 7,000 years ago.
Beixin Culture Site is located in Beixin Village, He Xue Ancient Road, Guanqiao, with flat terrain and fertile soil, which is an ideal area for ancient ancestors to engage in production activities.
1964, a cultural relics investigation team from the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences visited tengxian and found Beixin site. 1autumn of 1978 and1spring of 1979, Beixin site was excavated twice for 85 days. The excavation area is 2583 square meters, which has achieved very fruitful results. The carbon-bearing samples obtained from the excavation can be traced back to 7300 years ago by isotope C 14, which is the development stage of the ancient matriarchal society in China.
The economy in the northern new period is dominated by agriculture, and complete farm tools and millet grains have been unearthed from the site. From shovels, antlers, sharp horns for sowing, mussels for harvesting, stone mills for threshing, stone rollers, etc. It played a very important role in studying the agricultural production situation at that time. At the same time, judging from the unearthed pottery, its technology is relatively primitive, including sand pottery and argillaceous pottery, with piles, scratches, nails and so on. Handicraft industry is also sprouting in the northern new period. The skull of a domestic pig was also found at the scene, which refreshed the history of pig raising in China. Due to the unique cultural characteristics of Beixin cultural relics, it was named "Northern New Culture". 1982 was published to the whole world and incorporated into history textbooks.
The excavation of Beixin site and the naming of "Beixin Culture" are important discoveries in Haidai Cultural District and Neolithic Age, and are the source of Dawenkou culture development in Shandong Province. It has made Shandong prehistoric archaeology take a big step forward and has great historical significance.
After Li Wenhua.
[Edit this paragraph] Introduction
The post-Li culture was named after the first excavation of the post-Li site in Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province. This culture is mainly distributed in the piedmont zone on the north side of Taiyi Mountain System. After formal excavation, the sites mainly include Linzi Hou Li, Weifang Qianbuxia, Zhangdian Pengjiazhuang, Zhangqiu Xiaojingshan, Xihe, Zouping Sun Jia, Southwest Village and Changqing Yuezhuang. According to the determination of carbon 14, its age was about 8500-7500 years ago, and it lasted about 1000 years.
The remains mainly include houses, trenches, ash pits and tombs. These houses are semi-basement. The plane is square or rectangular, with multiple rounded corners. The area is generally 30-50 square meters, and the largest is more than 50 square meters. Some living quarters have been barbecued, and many kitchen sites and some utensils, such as pottery and stone tools, have been found. Rectangular pits and vertical holes are popular in tombs, arranged neatly. No burial tools were found in individual tombs. Most of the victims' heads face east and some face north. Burial multi-person upright limb burial. Most of them have no funerary objects, a few have clam shells, and some have pottery feet. The tomb is generally about 2 meters long and 0.6-0.8 meters wide. Pottery is mainly reddish brown pottery, followed by red, taupe, dark brown and blue taupe pottery. The production process is mud strip coiling, and the surface of the equipment is multi-faceted. The shape of the device is mainly the bottom spreader, and only a small number of flat bottom and foot winder are found. The utensils mainly include pots, pots, cans, pots, bowls, containers, cups, plates, lids, legs and so on.
Yueshi culture is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shandong Province. Located in the southeast of Yueshi Village, Town East, Dazeshan Town, pingdu city. Found in 1959. The site is about 70 meters long from north to south and 200 meters wide from east to west. A large number of stone tools, pottery, bones and mussels have been unearthed. The relics unearthed in Dongyue Stone Field are called "Yue culture" by archaeologists because of their unique shape and style, which further proves that it is an ancient culture created by Dongyi people, and provides important information for studying the whereabouts of Longshan culture and the history of Xia and Shang Dynasties. The site is located near Shi Cun, Dongyue, Daze Mountain, and was found on the shore during the construction of Ziyang Reservoir 1959. Archaeologists have unearthed a large number of stone tools, pottery, bones and mussels here, which has proved to be an ancient culture created by Dongyi people.