Generally speaking, the folk houses of various nationalities in Yunnan originated from nesting and cave dwelling. There are many records about nesting and burrowing in the ancient history of China.
Zhuangzi Day: "In ancient times, there were many beasts, so people lived in nests to avoid them. They gather oak and millet during the day and live in trees at dusk, so there are people who live in their nests on the day of life. " "Everything is done by everything done. "Five moths" said: "In ancient times ... wood was built into a nest to avoid group harm ... and there was another' nest clan' date ..."
Taiping Universe 16 1 was published in, and the custom in Hezhou, Lingnan Road is "build more trees as nests to avoid miasma". The ancestors of various nationalities in Yunnan entered the Neolithic Age about 2000 years ago after primitive caves or nests, and broke away from primitive caves and nests, establishing wooden houses, earth brown houses and bamboo houses.
Bamboo houses have a long history and developed from primitive nesting. The cultural sites around 1 150 BC discovered at Jianchuan estuary all have obvious traces of bamboo buildings.
In addition, from the cultural relics unearthed in Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake areas, it is found that houses are mostly made of "dry fence" or "dry well". The "bronze coffin" unearthed in the countryside of Xiangyun County is cast in the shape of a "dry fence" house.
According to historical records, before the Yuan Dynasty, Dai folk houses were all "dry-column" bamboo buildings. This dry-column residence is very suitable for the tropical and subtropical humid climate in southern Yunnan. People live upstairs, livestock are raised downstairs, and debris is piled up. The weather is cool, dry and very comfortable.
Gan Lan folk houses are still widely used in Dai, Jingpo, Wa, Jino, Bulang, Hani, De 'ang, Lahu and Lisu. Since the Yuan Dynasty, with the expansion of folk cultural exchanges, bamboo houses have changed.
Under the influence of Han nationality, Yi nationality and Hani nationality, some houses of Dai nationality have changed. For example, Dehong's "Dai Na" (Handai) transformed the Ganlan Bamboo House into a quadrangle with earth walls and grass roofs, while Yuanjiang and Xinping's "Dai Na" were transformed into earth palm houses under the influence of Yi and Hani nationalities. The "well dry" house, also called "wooden house", is made of logs in the shape of a well, which is tightly closed and suitable for ethnic groups living in high altitude areas.
The "Shangcang Map" unearthed in Shizhai Mountain, Jinning, Kunming, shows that at least during the Warring States period, the burning people in Dianchi Lake area had lived in the "well-dried" houses. From the beginning of A.D. to the13rd century, that is, from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, three kinds of folk houses with unique local ethnic styles were formed in Yunnan: the "earth palm house" with flat-topped wooden frame, the above-mentioned "dry column" bamboo house and the "well dry" wooden box house.
First, from Dadunzi in Yuanmou and baiyang village in Binchuan County, the residential style of Neolithic Age developed and formed. Two, three, Xiangyun County * * Nacun, Jinning Shizhai Mountain unearthed bronze artifacts have models.
These three kinds of residential buildings have a long history, and they have existed and developed continuously in various historical periods. In modern times and modern times, the flat-topped earthen palm houses with wooden frames have developed into earthen palm houses of Hani and Yi nationalities. Gan Lan style has developed into bamboo houses of Dai, Jingpo, De 'ang, Bulang and Jino. In mountainous areas with dense forests, people still use dry well houses.
During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, with a large number of Han Chinese from the mainland moving into Yunnan, economic and cultural exchanges deepened, and architectural styles and technologies from the mainland were continuously introduced into Yunnan. After Nanzhao, Buddhism prevailed, and Buddhist architecture had a far-reaching impact on local architecture in Yunnan.
Therefore, since the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yunnan's architectural culture has undergone tremendous changes, and the blending of mainland cultural styles and local traditions has produced new residential building technologies and characteristics, which have deepened with the development of the times. Among the mural tombs of the Eastern Jin Dynasty excavated by Houhaizi in Zhaotong, there is a house with a tile roof and a high eaves, which obviously imitates the Chinese architecture in the mainland.
There was no such house in Yunnan before the Western Han Dynasty. It can be seen that Yunnan architecture has made a breakthrough development after the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the wooden frame has developed from straight column, well dry type and dry column type to bucket span type, beam lifting type and bucket arch type. Although this kind of building has not appeared in large numbers, it is only built by rich people and local people, but its appearance in Yunnan shows the progress of building technology, because the use of bucket-span, beam-lifting and bucket-arch has great influence on material selection, design and bucket-arch.
The application of bricks in residential buildings is another manifestation of Yunnan's architectural technology progress after the Eastern Han Dynasty. In Zhaotong, Ludian, Daguan, Yanjin, Qujing, Lvliang, Chenggong, Jiangchuan, Yao 'an, Xiangyun and other places in Yunnan, many tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Jin Dynasty were excavated, including tombs, burial rooms, coupons (or quadrangular conical roofs), mostly made of bricks.
These bricks are blue bricks, printed bricks, printed bricks and portrait bricks, and they are all well burned. There are several patterns, such as diamonds and squares.
There are cows, carriages, figures and other images on the portrait brick. There is a carriage on the brick of Bainijing in Zhaotong, Yunnan, with four people walking together, some riding horses and some carrying weapons, which is vivid.
Bricks are printed with dates and inscriptions, gray and black, and convex faces are printed, most of which are positive characters and a few are negative characters. White tiles with lotus patterns and cirrus drops.
In Dali, Weishan, Yao 'an, Chuxiong and other places, such tiles with characters and patterns have been excavated for building houses. Weishan Yulong Tushan was the city site during the reign of Xi Nuluo, King of Nanzhao. These tiles were used to build houses in Tucheng, Rowen.
The tiles unearthed on Jinsuo Island in Dali were used by Nanzhao royal family to build villas on Jinsuo Island. There is the date of firing and the name of the craftsman on the tile, and some words and patterns are difficult to identify.
It can be seen that the traditional house with dry wells and no tiles has been changed and developed into a brick house in the mainland. Nanzhao and Dali used tiles to build houses. At that time, houses were basically tiled roofs.
During Nanzhao and Dali periods, the architecture of houses, palaces, temples, Buddhist temples and pagodas reached a considerable level. Nanzhao and Dali built and expanded some towns to meet the needs of politics, economy and military affairs. Especially during the reign of Ge Luofeng, Nanzhao Dehua Monument praised their achievements of "setting up dangers to prevent evil and building a solid city in the pass".
According to Zhuo Fan's Schumann in the Tang Dynasty, the important towns at that time were Taihe City (near Taihe Village today), Yangmaocheng (Dali today), Weilongcheng (Xiaguan today), Longchengkou (Shangguan today), Dali City (Xizhou today), Dengchuan City (Dengchuan An Deyu Village today) and Baiya City (Xiaguan today).
2. What is the distribution of quadrangles, dry fences and dry wells in China? Courtyard-style houses are characterized by the separation of houses that make up the courtyard, and the houses are connected or not connected by corridors. Every house is decorated with strong eaves, and the courtyard surrounded by the house is very large, with doors and windows facing the inner courtyard and thick walls wrapped outside.
The roof truss structure adopts lifting beam frame. This residential form can accept cool natural wind in summer and has spacious outdoor activity space; In winter, we can get enough sunshine and avoid the cold wind, so quadrangle style is a common form in northern China, which is prevalent in northeast, north and northwest China.
Among the quadrangles, Beijing quadrangle is the most regular and typical. The complete Beijing quadrangle consists of three courtyards, with inverted rooms, hanging flower doors, main hall, main room and back building arranged along the north-south central axis.
Every time you enter the hospital, there are east and west wings, and there are wings on both sides of the main hall. Around the courtyard, there are mountain corridors and calligraphy corridors to connect the houses.
The gate opens in the southeast corner. Large-sized houses have additional shaft houses, gardens and study rooms.
Every house in the house has a fixed purpose, and the inverted house is the living room, the financial room and the concierge; The main hall is the living room for family discussion; The main house is for parents and elders; All sons and nephews live in the wing; The back room is warehouse storage, servant living and kitchen. This kind of residence is arranged according to the rank order of young and old, inside and outside, noble and low, and it is a kind of closed residence with strong patriarchal clan system.
There are still houses in quadrangle style: Jinzhong houses, with long and narrow courtyards from north to south; Most of the houses in southeastern Shanxi are two or three floors; In addition to the long and narrow courtyards, most of the wing rooms of Guanzhong residential buildings are in the form of slopes; Linxia * * * residence, its layout is relatively free, with a garden; Jilin Manchu residence, with a wide courtyard, the main room is mainly in the west and middle, and there are ten thousand kang on three sides; Zhuangke in Qinghai is a flat-topped quadrangle, and all the surrounding external walls are built with rammed earth. Bai folk houses, that is, the folk houses in Dali area, have two typical layouts: "three squares and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios"; Naxi folk houses are similar to Bai folk houses, but they absorb Tibetan architecture and have a front porch. Dry well houses are widely distributed in China with a long history. Now these houses are mainly reserved for use in rural areas.
Houses that have done well in different places have different structures and appearances. In the process of long-term use, residents have built houses with local characteristics, such as well-dry houses built in rural areas north of Altai Mountain in Xinjiang, which are mainly flat-topped, with mud on the walls, and the shape of wood can also be seen from the appearance. In Dayao, Yao 'an, Nanhua and other places in Yunnan, there are also houses that combine well drought with drought diaphragm.
In addition, in some villages in Guizhou, there are also dry houses. Dry houses with wells have been built in some forests on the northern and southern slopes of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province.
The owner of the dry well in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province is Erdaohe, from Erdaohe to Tianchi, and Changbai Korean Autonomous County is also dominated by dry well houses. There are two or three dry well houses in Changbai Mountain area, which are 3 meters wide and 6 meters deep. The inner and outer walls are covered with mud to keep out the wind.
It is very cold in Jilin every winter, and there are too many cold days all year round, so dry houses are mainly used to protect against the cold, so the walls are plastered with mud. The dry houses in the local wells are all double slopes, each with 9 purlins. The roof was plastered with mud and then covered with shingles. The roof is also made of shingles, and the walls around the house are made of battens.
When building a fire in a house or using a kang, use wooden boards as chimneys. The area of the dry well house in Changbai Mountain is relatively small, not as large as that in Yunnan, which is related to the climate.
Corn is mainly planted in rural areas of Jilin Province, and the storage of corn after autumn is also a big problem that farmers need to solve. They usually put corn in corn buildings, which is a combination of drying diaphragm and good drying structure. The downstairs is dry film, which ensures ventilation and moisture-proof, so it is dry film. Four pillars are used to support the well-done corn building above. This kind of corn building is spread all over the northeast countryside, and every household has built this kind of building.
Dry-well houses are widely used in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Japanese celebrities call it "school warehouse style", but they actually do a good job. In addition, dry well houses are widely distributed in Malaysia, mainly the combination of dry well houses and dry film houses, which are called "high-legged houses" by locals.
However, some universities and big cities in the United States also have well-dried houses. Whether this house style is the product of human co-creation or handed down from China needs further study. The main purpose of building "dry fence" is to prevent moisture. The roof with long ridges and short eaves and the underframe above the ground are designed to meet the needs of rainy areas. The dry-column-type pottery houses, pottery houses and grid-type pottery houses found in various places all represent moisture-proof architectural forms, especially granary buildings.
Until today, grid housing is still popular in Southeast Asia to meet the needs of humidity and rain. Dai folk houses using this kind of building are mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna and Ruili and Shefang Bazi in Dehong Prefecture.
The dry rail residence is made of bamboo and wood as the residential frame, and bamboo is used as purlin, purlin, floor, wall, ladder, fence, etc. All the components are tied with tenons and bamboo poles, which is a single building. Each house has its own courtyard, and each house is connected by paths. Straw rows or tiles are hung on the roof.
Ruili's pillar architecture embodies a high level. Ground buildings are mainly used in mangshi, Yingjiang and other places, which are earth-walled bungalows. Influenced by the Han nationality, they are no longer the inherent living form of the Dai people.
Earth barrier houses are the main residential form in the Red River Basin, which are widely distributed in the central and southeastern Yunnan. The earth palm house is flat-topped, with wooden beams, columns and earth walls, forming a cuboid or cube. Because of the terrain, two or three floors of earth buildings are built, with steps, patios and floors. Generally, there are more than a dozen rooms in the family, and grain can be sacrificed or farm tools can be piled up on the flat roof.
Earth palm house is easy to build, warm in winter and cool in summer, especially suitable for the climate of dry-hot valley. Menglian Daizu Ganlan Bamboo House.
Ganlan architecture, the architectural model of the Yangtze River basin and its south area, represented by Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province; Generally, wooden stakes or bamboo piles are erected above the ground to form an underframe, on which there are suspended floors supported by large and small beams, and houses are built with bamboo and thatch. The dry fence building is inhabited above and eaten below.
3. Detailed explanation of the ancient buildings in China, such as bucket-piercing, beam-lifting and dry well building:
The bucket type is also called vertical paste type. Characterize in that a row of columns is erec along that depth direction of the house according to the number of columns, each column is support by a purlin, the purlin is covered with cloth, and the roof load is directly transferred from the purlin to the columns. Each row of columns is traversed by purlins passing through the columns to form a wooden frame. Every two product structures are connected together by barrels and fibers to form a room space structure. Bucket Fang is used between the stigma of eaves column, which looks like a gap on the hanging beam frame; Mostly used in houses and smaller buildings. Therefore, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the south where I visited, a large number of houses with bucket structures in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were preserved.
Cross beam lifting type:
Main forms of ancient wooden structures in China. This kind of frame is characterized in that several stacked beams are erected along the depth direction of the house on the horizontal pavement on the column top or column net, and the beams are shortened layer by layer, with short columns or wooden blocks between the layers, and small columns or triangular braces are erected in the middle of the top beams to form a triangular roof truss. Between adjacent roof trusses, purlins and purlins are placed on the two ends of each floor beam and the small columns in the middle of the top floor beam to form the spatial skeleton of the double-slope house. The weight of the roof of the house is transferred to the foundation through rafters, purlins, beams and columns (when paved, it is transferred to columns).
Dry well type:
A building structure without columns and girders. In this structure, logs or rectangular and hexagonal wood are stacked in parallel on the upper floor, and the two ends of the wood cross at the corner to form four walls of the house, which are like wooden fences on ancient wells, and then short columns are erected on the left and right walls to form the house.
The shaft structure needs a lot of wood, which is greatly limited in absolute scale and opening doors and windows, so its universality is not as good as that of hanging beam frame and bucket frame. At present, there are only some houses built with this structure in the northeast forest area and southwest mountain area in China. The well-structured residence in Nanhua, Yunnan is an example of well-structured residence. It has a bungalow and a two-story building, both of which are rectangular in plan, with two rooms wide and a suspended gable roof. The roof practice is that the short columns at the top of the left and right side walls bear the ridge purlins, and the rafters are placed on the ridge purlins and dry wood at the top of the front and rear eaves walls. The depth of the house is only two rafters.
4. The difference between dry fence and dry well Dry fence and dry well are widely distributed in China with a long history. Now these houses are mainly reserved for use in rural areas.
Houses that have done well in different places have different structures and appearances. In the process of long-term use, residents have built houses with local characteristics, such as well-dry houses built in rural areas north of Altai Mountain in Xinjiang, which are mainly flat-topped, with mud on the walls, and the shape of wood can also be seen from the appearance. In Dayao, Yao 'an, Nanhua and other places in Yunnan, there are also houses that combine well drought with drought diaphragm.
In addition, in some villages in Guizhou, there are also dry houses. Dry houses with wells have been built in some forests on the northern and southern slopes of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province.
The owner of the dry well in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province is Erdaohe, from Erdaohe to Tianchi, and Changbai Korean Autonomous County is also dominated by dry well houses. There are two or three dry well houses in Changbai Mountain area, which are 3 meters wide and 6 meters deep. The inner and outer walls are covered with mud to keep out the wind.
It is very cold in Jilin every winter, and there are too many cold days all year round, so dry houses are mainly used to protect against the cold, so the walls are plastered with mud. The dry houses in the local wells are all double slopes, each with 9 purlins. The roof was plastered with mud and then covered with shingles. The roof is also made of shingles, and the walls around the house are made of battens.
When building a fire in a house or using a kang, use wooden boards as chimneys. The area of the dry well house in Changbai Mountain is relatively small, not as large as that in Yunnan, which is related to the climate.
Corn is mainly planted in rural areas of Jilin Province, and the storage of corn after autumn is also a big problem that farmers need to solve. They usually put corn in corn buildings, which is a combination of drying diaphragm and good drying structure. The downstairs is dry film, which ensures ventilation and moisture-proof, so it is dry film. Four pillars are used to support the well-done corn building above. This kind of corn building is spread all over the northeast countryside, and every household has built this kind of building.
Dry-well houses are widely used in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Japanese celebrities call it "school warehouse style", but they actually do a good job. In addition, dry well houses are widely distributed in Malaysia, mainly the combination of dry well houses and dry film houses, which are called "high-legged houses" by locals.
However, some universities and big cities in the United States also have well-dried houses. Whether this house style is the product of human co-creation or handed down from China needs further study.
5. Characteristics of ancient wooden buildings 1. In ancient China, wood, brick and tile were the main buildings, and wood structure was the main structural mode.
This structure is composed of columns, beams, purlins and other main components, and the joints between the components are matched with tenons and mortises to form an elastic frame. There are three different structural modes of ancient wooden frame in China: hanging beam, span bucket and shaft. The hanging beam type is called "hanging beam type" because the beam is placed on the column and hung on the beam. This structure is often used in palaces, temples, monasteries and other large buildings. The bucket-piercing type is called bucket-piercing type because rows of columns are connected through purlins to form bent frames, and then connected through purlins. Mostly used in houses and smaller buildings. The well stem type is made of cross-stacked wood, hence its name, because the space it encloses looks like a well. This structure is relatively primitive and simple, and it is rarely used except in a few forest areas. Wood structure has many advantages. First, the load-bearing and envelope structure are clearly defined, the weight of the roof is borne by the wooden frame, the outer wall plays the role of shielding the sun, heat insulation and cold protection, and the inner wall plays the role of dividing the indoor space. Because the wall is not load-bearing, this structure gives the building great flexibility. Secondly, it is conducive to earthquake prevention and resistance. Wood frame structure is very similar to today's frame structure. Due to the characteristics of wood and the certain expansion space of the bucket arch and mortise and tenon used in the frame structure, the damage of the earthquake to this frame can be reduced to some extent. "The wall falls but the house does not collapse" vividly expresses the characteristics of this structure.
2. The plane layout of buildings in China has a simple organization law.
It is to form a single building with the "house" as the unit, then form a courtyard with the single building, and then form various forms of groups with the courtyard as the unit. As far as single building is concerned, rectangular plane is the most common. In addition, there are geometric planes such as circle, square and cross. Generally speaking, the design of most important buildings is balanced and symmetrical. With the courtyard as the unit, along the vertical axis and the horizontal axis, with the help of the organic combination and contrast of building groups, the main building is particularly magnificent. Residential buildings and landscape gardens adopt a flexible layout of "being in harmony with people at the right time".
3. The ancient buildings in China have beautiful shapes.
In particular, the shape of the roof is the most prominent, mainly in the form of temple, rest mountain, hanging mountain, hard mountain, point, shed and so on.
Whether it is a temple or a mountain top, it is a big roof, which looks stable and harmonious. The straight lines and curves in the roof are ingeniously combined to form a slightly upturned cornice, which not only expands the lighting surface, but also helps to discharge rainwater and increases the aesthetic feeling of the building flying briskly.
4. The ancient buildings in China are richly decorated.
Including painting and sculpture. Painting has many functions such as decoration, symbol, protection and symbol. Paint pigment contains copper, which can not only prevent moisture and wind erosion, but also prevent insects and ants. The use of color is limited. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhu and Huang were defined as supreme colors. Color paintings mostly appear on beams, arches, indoor ceilings, algae wells and stigma, and the composition is closely combined with the shape of components, with exquisite drawing and rich colors. Liang Fang's colorful paintings in Ming and Qing Dynasties are the most striking. Color painting in Qing Dynasty can be divided into three categories, namely, seal color painting, spiral color painting and Soviet color painting.
Sculpture is an important part of ancient architectural art in China, including brick carving on the wall, stone carving on the railing of abutment, gold, silver, copper, iron and other architectural decorations. The sculpture theme is very rich, including animal and plant patterns, figures, drama scenes and historical legends.
5. The ancient architecture in China pays special attention to the harmony with the surrounding natural environment.
Building itself is the environment for people to live, work, entertain and socialize, so we should not only coordinate the internal components, but also pay special attention to the coordination with the surrounding natural environment. Designers in China pay great attention to the surrounding environment when designing. They should carefully investigate and study the surrounding mountains and rivers, geographical features, climatic conditions and forest vegetation, so as to adapt the layout, form and color of the building to the surrounding environment, thus forming a large environmental space.
6. Please briefly describe the history and characteristics of architecture (post-Medi English). Except for Indian houses, the earliest English houses in the United States were after the Middle Ages. This kind of building was first built by the British in the richest area on the northeast coast of the United States, and most of it was wood structure. They have been preserved for more than 300 years and their appearance is monotonous.
Its architectural features are: a, steep triangular roof with almost no decoration on the eaves; B, wooden doors, diagonal windows and conspicuous exquisite chimneys. It has two forms: two-story wooden house, central chimney (north); Two-story brick house with chimneys on both sides (south) American colonial revival American style was gradually formed based on the creative play of residential houses (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain) all over the American continent during the colonial period, and consumed a lot of building materials.
After the establishment of the national railway network, it is possible to build such houses on a large scale because of the convenient transportation of building materials. After more than 200 years of revival and development, this style has gradually stabilized and become the main form of American villas, emphasizing the residential function of buildings and ignoring the style characteristics.
Type A, double gabled facade (double-shot gugun); See fig. AB, l; See figure BC type, four-sided sloping roof type. As shown in Figure C, the history of Russian architecture began in10-13rd century. It was during this period that ancient cities-Kiev and Novgorod-produced a number of Russian architectural masterpieces, such as Kiev (1037) and Novgorod (1045- 108).
Russian architecture presents various styles: classicism (Pushkov Building in Moscow, Smolny College in Petersburg) and post classicism (Kazan Church in Petersburg, Navy Headquarters Building, Isagiev Church, Moscow Grand Theatre and Racecourse). The architectural design in the Soviet era was the most conceited, including seven Moscow "skyscrapers" in the Stalin era (11940s-1950s).
The largest and most striking building in contemporary Russia is still in Moscow, where new buildings are being built and old architectural relics are being restored, often completely copied. Thailand is a country where all people believe in Buddhism. Its geographical location is in Southeast Asia, and it belongs to a typical tropical climate. Its architecture is obviously influenced by religious beliefs and climate.
Influenced by Indian and China cultures, Thailand has a rich and complex cultural heritage, combined with its own understanding and innovation. This influence is particularly obvious in architectural creation. No matter in modern or ancient times, Thai architecture rises like a splendid palace in the countryside.
Even in the active development period of Thai society today, this ability to absorb, compromise, harmoniously integrate with foreign cultures and create unique Thai expressions is still very obvious. At the same time, Thailand is developing into a newly industrialized country. On the other hand, its religious and artistic expressions are still supported by traditional culture.
Therefore, although different building structures may adopt the modern technology of the 20th century, those symbolic things are still traditional. 1, Historical evolution and characteristics of ancient architecture in China: 1) Opening period: primitive society-Han Dynasty; Features: China's wood structure construction technology has been gradually improved.
People have mastered the technology of tamping soil, burning bricks and building stone buildings. 2) Development period: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Features: The output, quality and wood framing technology of bricks and tiles are improved.
A large number of Buddhist buildings have been built. 3) Maturity: Sui and Tang Dynasties; Features: The application of brick is more extensive, the firing of glass is more advanced, and the comparison of building components tends to be finalized gradually.
4) Great transformation period: Song Dynasty; Features: The specifications of buildings in Song Dynasty are generally smaller than those in Tang Dynasty, but they are more beautiful, gorgeous and varied, with various complex forms such as halls, attics and platforms. 5) Development period: Yuan Dynasty; Features: A large number of Tibetan Buddhist temples and worship temples have been built.
The architectural art of Tibetan Buddhism and religion has influenced the whole country. 6) Peak period: Ming and Qing Dynasties; Features: The output of bricks has greatly increased, and the quantity and quality of glazed tiles have surpassed that of any previous dynasty.
Official buildings have been highly standardized and modeled. 2. Representatives and characteristics of existing ancient wooden structures.
1) Some buildings of nanzenji and Beijuji Temple in Wutai Mountain: built in the Tang Dynasty; Features: The roof slope of the single building is gentle, the eaves are far-reaching, the proportion of bucket arches is large, the columns are thick, and the style is solemn and simple. 2) Notre Dame de Jinci in Taiyuan, Shanxi, Jing Qing Temple in Quanzhou, Fujian, longxing temple in Zhengding, Hebei, and Guobao Temple in Ningbo, Zhejiang: built in the Song Dynasty; Features: the roof slope is increased, the eaves are not as far-reaching as the previous generation, and the doors and windows of important buildings mostly use diamond partition fans, and the architectural style tends to be soft.
3) Dule Temple in Jixian County, Tianjin, Shanhua Temple in Datong, Shanxi and Huayan Temple: built in Liao; Features: Close to the style of Tang Dynasty, original "column dropping method". 4) Yongle Palace in Ruicheng and Guangsheng Temple in Hong Tong: built in Yuan Dynasty; Features: "column lowering method" is widely used, and the beam frame structure is newly created. Many parts are made of natural bending materials and slightly cut.
5) Beijing Forbidden City and Shenyang Forbidden City: built in Ming and Qing Dynasties; Features: the cornice is shallow, and the proportion of bucket arch is reduced. Except for small buildings, important buildings do not use the "column drop method". 3. Three building documents; Architectural French Style in Song Dynasty, Garden Metallurgy in Ming Dynasty, Industrial and Commercial Engineering Practice.
4. Modelling and basic components of ancient buildings in China; Platform: common platform, higher platform, higher platform and highest platform; Function: Supporting the building, preventing moisture and corrosion, and making up for the shortage of small single buildings in ancient China. Roof: wooden column, bay, cross beam and bucket arch; Roof: hall, inclined, suspended, hard, pyramid-shaped roof and roof.
5. Classification, characteristics and grades of colored paintings; Printing color painting: the middle picture is composed of various dragon and phoenix patterns, supplemented by flower patterns. Drain powder and paste gold.
The highest level. Rotating color painting: the picture rotates like a scroll with petals, and sometimes dragons and phoenixes can be painted.
The level is second only to that of the seal. Su-style color painting: it is about landscapes, people's stories, flowers, birds, insects and fish.
The grade is lower than the first two. 6. The characteristics of ancient architecture in China.
1) Building materials: wood. Construction engineering application certification! Wealth value double search gives priority to exclusive display of peer communication. 2) Structural mode: frame structure.