1. Politics: The feudal system and patriarchal clan system were destroyed, and the society was transformed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (slave society was transformed into feudal society).

2. Economy: The use of ironware and Niu Geng has improved and developed productivity (the root cause of reform and political reform).

3. Military (subjective force): The war for hegemony needs to "enrich Qiang Bing" (the direct driving force of political reform).

4. Thought: 1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, a hundred schools of thought contended and emancipated their minds.

2. Legalism becomes the ideological weapon of reform.

5. Favorable historical conditions:

(1) supported by Qin Xiaogong.

(2) The monarch's power is relatively concentrated and the conservative forces are relatively weak.

(3) Legalism was recognized by Qin people.

(4) The local folk customs are simple and chivalrous.

(5) Various countries' political reforms provided experiences and lessons for Shang Yang's political reform.

The root cause: the development of social productive forces

Second, the content of the reform:

Sasuke

Internal capacity

use

Economic reform of getting rich from agriculture

1, abandoned mine field, open-air building core

"Expand the territory", abolish the mining field system, recognize the private ownership of land in legal form, and allow land to be bought and sold. It protects the interests of the emerging landlord class and improves their enthusiasm for developing agriculture.

2. Emphasize agriculture and restrain business, and reward agriculture and weaving.

Encourage farmers to plow and weave hard, and those who produce more millet and silk can be rewarded with exemption from corvee. They believe that industry and commerce is the "last industry". Anyone who engages in industry and commerce or is trapped in poverty because of laziness will be punished, and the whole family, big or small, will be dedicated to the government as handmaiden. In the early feudal society, it played a positive role in the development of agriculture and social economy and the consolidation of the emerging landlord class regime.

3. Unified measurement

The standard weights and measures promulgated by the state require Qin people to strictly implement them and not violate them, which provides convenient conditions for people to engage in economic and cultural exchanges.

Reward the army and strengthen centralization.

1, reward soldiers and implement the "20-level title system"

It is stipulated that titles are awarded according to the degree of military service, and officials are selected from those who have military service titles. According to the rank of title, people occupy different numbers of farmland houses and handmaiden, and private fighting is strictly prohibited. Anyone who fights privately will be given different punishment according to the seriousness of the case.

2. Abolish the "hereditary inheritance system"

For those members of the imperial clan who have not made military achievements, we should get rid of the membership of the imperial clan and deprive them of their aristocratic status, so as to encourage the aristocratic clan to establish military achievements.

Strict household registration system and formulation of deskmate law

1. Residents are required to register for household registration, with five households and one household, and two households and one household. In Henouchi, every household pickets, rewards informers, and practices the method of sitting together. If one family breaks the law, all other families must report it, otherwise they will be punished equally.