Crete civilization: As early as around 3650 BC, the splendid Crete civilization (or Crete civilization) was bred in the Aegean region. Mycenaean civilization: Crete civilization was replaced by Mycenaean civilization in about16th century BC, and the center of civilization was transferred from Crete to mainland Greece.
Dark Age: Around 1200 BC, Dorians invaded and destroyed Mycenae civilization, and Greek history entered the dark age, or the middle period of ancient Greece. Antique Age: At the end of 9th century BC, maritime trade flourished again, and new city-states were established one after another. Golden Age: At the beginning of the 5th century BC, under the leadership of Athens and Sparta, the Greek city-state allied forces defeated Persia in two Greek-Persian wars. At this time, Greek civilization reached its peak.
Classical philosophy, science and technology, art and democratic politics are highly developed, which is called the "golden age". The Peloponnesian War ended the democracy in Athens, and the Greek city-states fell into melee.
Hellenistic period: At the end of the 4th century, King Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Greece, and ancient Greek culture spread to the vast areas from Egypt to the Indus Valley, which is called Hellenistic period.
Ancient Greece was not a unified political entity, but a general term. Due to the great influence of ancient Greek civilization in the Mediterranean world, its culture was absorbed by ancient Rome and brought to many places in Europe. Therefore, it is generally believed that ancient Greek civilization laid the foundation of western civilization.
I. Bronze Age
About 3,000 years ago, the Indo-European tribes who went south merged with the Indo-European people from Anatolia (Asia Minor) and the Pyrazi people in Greece, settled along the Aegean coast and became the ancestors of the Greeks. Greece entered the bronze age. There were three major civilizations in Greece in the Bronze Age: Minoan civilization in Crete, KiClardy civilization in Aegean Sea and Geras civilization in mainland Greece (also known as the Greek Bronze Age).
About BC 1600, another Indo-European came to Mycenae in southern Greece. In the following 500 years, they established Mycenae civilization, and Greece entered the era of Homer's epic. Around12nd century BC, Mycenae civilization was destroyed by Dorian invasion.
II. The Dark Ages/Central Greece
The dark age of Greece, from about 1200 BC to 800 BC, refers to the rise of the earliest Greek city-state in Greek history from the 12 century BC, when the supposed Dorians invaded and Mycenae civilization perished, to the 9th century BC. In the eighth century BC, Homer's epic and early Greek characters appeared. During this period, the population decreased, the magnificent buildings and tombs of Mycenae disappeared, and iron was introduced (probably by invaders).
Third, ancient times
Remarkable progress has been made in technology, science and technology and political philosophy.
Before the 8th century, the Greek city-states rose. The polis is the basic unit of politics, and the word politics is "the affairs of the polis".
The two most famous city-states are Sparta and Athens.
In the 7th century, legislator Lycurgus revised the legend of Sparta.
In the 6th century, Solon reformed Athens and expanded the rights of Athenian citizens.
The development of classical philosophy, drama and poetry.
The reintroduction of written language lost in the dark ages.
The Greek city-states established colonies along the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.
The famous ones are Syracuse, taranto and Naples.
776 years ago, the city-state held its first Olympic Games in Olympia.
Fourth, the classical era (peak period)
4. 1 Persian war
In 492 and 480 BC, the Persian Empire made two large-scale invasions on the Greek world, both of which were defeated.
In this process, the Tyrol League led by Athens was formed, which completely drove the Persian army out of Europe and liberated the whole territory of Ionia.
After Athens and Persia signed the Carias Peace Treaty in 449, the hostility between the two sides finally ended.
4.2 Democratic Reform in Athens
Famous people who formally completed democratic reform in Pericles' era and achieved unprecedented development in commerce, technology, philosophy, science and art: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Heraclitus, parmenides, democritus, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Sophocles, euripides, aristophanes, etc.
4.3 Peloponnesian War
43 1 By 404, the war between Tyrol League headed by Athens and Peloponnesian League headed by Sparta was called "Peloponnesian War". During this period, the two sides stopped fighting several times, and finally Sparta won and introduced oligarchy in Athens. Influence: It ended the classical era of Athens and the democratic era of Greece, and strongly influenced the Greek city-state. Almost all the Greek city-states took part in the war.
Thucydides, a Greek historian, recorded this war in detail in the History of the Peloponnesian War, calling it "the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians", and the record ended in the winter of 465,438+065,438+0 years ago. Thucydides' analysis of the causes and background of the war played a pioneering role in European history. After Thucydides, Xenophon continued Thucydides' work in his History of Greece, recording the events after the first 4 1 1 year.
4.4 The end of the classical era
The victory of the Spartans did not last long, and the Greek city-states fell into melee. 335 years ago, King Alexander the Great of Macedonia leveled Thebes, and the Greek city-states except Sparta surrendered one after another, ending the classical era.
The Hellenistic Age of verb (abbreviation for verb)
5. 1 starting point
The Hellenistic era is generally considered to have started with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and ended with the conquest of Greece by the Roman Republic 146 years ago, or the demise of Ptolemy, the last succession kingdom in the previous 30 years.
5.2 Naming reasons
/kloc-after the 0/9th century, western historians believed that ancient Greek civilization dominated the civilization along the eastern Mediterranean, so this period was called the Hellenistic era.
5.3 Major countries
After the death of Alexander the Great, the successor war broke out. After the battle between his subordinates, only three kingdoms remained: Antioch, Seleucus and Ptolemy, which became the main countries in the Hellenistic era.
Antioch: (Inherited the territory of Macedonia) A dynasty mainly in the Hellenistic period of Macedonia. The members of the royal family were descendants of Antioch, the general under Alexander the Great. Antioch ruled Macedonia for more than a hundred years and was conquered by the Roman Republic.
Seleucid Empire: (called "Tiaozhi" in ancient China): Established by Seleucid I under Alexander the Great, it is a Hellenistic country centered on Syria, including Iran and Mesopotamia (including a part of early India). Conquered by Rome in the first 64 years.
Ptolemy Kingdom: (Inherited Egyptian territory) was founded by Ptolemy I Soter, general of Alexandria. After the industrial war, he became king in 305 BC and declared himself the Pharaoh of Egypt.
In its heyday, the kingdom included Egypt, Cyrene, southern Anatolia, southern Syria and some Aegean islands, reaching Nubia at its southernmost tip.
Alexandria was the capital of Ptolemy and an important civilization center and trade hub of the Hellenistic world at that time.
The Ptolemaic dynasty ruled Egypt until it was conquered by Rome in 30 BC, and Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt, committed suicide after defeat, which lasted for 274 years.
5.4 characteristics
Cultural activities have developed greatly, and the cultures of Greece, Egypt and West Asia began to influence each other. In addition, the promotion and support of the king in the Hellenistic era led to the close integration and exchange of these three cultures, which was a far-reaching event in the history of world culture. This period is considered to be a transitional period between the classical Greek era and Roman culture.
Compared with the classical Greek era, culture shows a declining trend. Colonial activities: A new wave of Greek colonial movement emerged, and colonial cities were mainly established in the Hellenistic kings of Egypt and West Asia.
The history of Macedonia Macedonia is located in the north of Greece and has always been regarded as a barbarian by the Greeks. Since the 4th century, Macedonia has gradually become an important country in northern Greece. 359 years ago, Philip II ascended the throne. Under Philip's rule, Macedonia became the leading military power in the Balkans. Facing the rise of Macedonia, Greece established an anti-Macedonian alliance headed by Athens. In the first 338 years, Macedonia defeated the Greek Coalition forces in Croatia and gained control over the whole of Greece.
Before 336, Philip was assassinated and his son Alexander acceded to the throne. After Alexander ascended the throne, he quickly put down the uprising of the Greek city-state and consolidated the political power. In the first 334 years, Alexander led a great army to cross the sea and crusade eastward, which started his conquest of the world. Alexander's greatest enemy is the powerful Persian Empire. Alexander defeated the Persian army in grani's Kush River and Isus successively, and seized Syria and Egypt from the Persians. In the first 33 1 year, he captured Babylon and the Persian Empire perished.
Alexander's expedition did not return until the Indus Valley. 323 years ago, Alexander died of illness, his huge empire fell apart, the classical era ended and the Hellenistic era began.
Conclusion of intransitive verbs
Although the Hellenistic era is over, its cultural heritage has been passed down to the Middle Ages.