1, Liao

Liao Dynasty (9 16- 1 125) was a dynasty established by the Khitan nationality in the history of China, which spread to nine emperors and enjoyed the country for 209 years.

In 907 AD, Lu Ye Abaoji, the ancestor of Liao Dynasty, became the leader of the Qidan Tribal Alliance. Founded in 9 16 AD, the founding name is "Qidan", and its capital is in Beijing, near Huangfu (now Nanpolo City, Balinzuoqi, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia).

In 947, Emperor Taizong of Liao led his troops south to the Central Plains and captured Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). Ye Ludeguang ascended the throne in Bianjing and proclaimed himself emperor, changing his country name to "Daliao" and his year name to "Datong". In 983, it was renamed "Grand Khitan".

1007 Liao Shengzong moved the capital to Beijing Dadingfu (now Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). 1066 Yelv Hongji of Liao Daozong revived the country "Liao". 1 125 was destroyed by the state of Jin.

The Liao Dynasty successively formed the five capitals system. The five capitals are Shangxing Huanglin House (now Zuoqilin Town, Bahrain, Inner Mongolia), Zhongjing Dading House (now Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia), Tokyo Liaoyang House (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), Nanjing Xijin House (Beijing) and Xijing Datong House (now Datong City, Shanxi Province).

But only Shangjing and Kaifeng are capitals, and the others are provincial capitals. By the heyday after the Liao-Song Union, although the political roles of China and Beijing had been strengthened, the status of Beijing as the capital had not changed.

Liao was built by nomadic people in the north. His nomadic life, in which his migration was uncertain and his horses and chariots were his home, decided the emperor's hunting patrol system. Its political center is not in the capital, but all major political issues are decided at any time in Bona (the transliteration of Qidan's "walking in the office" and "walking in the palace"), which is the administrative center for handling government affairs. Due to the limitation of climate and natural conditions, there is a local complaint at four o'clock.

2. golden

Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), officially known as Daikin, was a feudal dynasty established by the Jurchen nationality in the history of China. It was passed down to ten emperors and enjoyed the country for 120 years.

In the fourth year of Tianqing (1 1 14), akuta unified the ministries of Jurchen and rose up against Liao. The following year, the capital was established in Huining House, Beijing (now Harbin, Heilongjiang), with the title of "Daikin" and Jianyuan "Shouguo". The Liao Dynasty perished in 1 125, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished in 1 127.

In the eighth year of Tianhui (1 130), Emperor Zhao Gou of the Southern Song Dynasty surrendered to Di Chin and became a vassal of the Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), Wan Yanliang, the king of Hailing, moved to Daxing House in Zhongdu (now Beijing).

During the reign of Jin Shizong and Jin Zhangzong, political culture reached its peak, but in the later period of Jin Zhangzong's rule, it turned from prosperity to decline. After Jin Xuanzong succeeded to the throne, his internal politics was corrupt, his people were poor, and he was invaded by outer Mongolia, so he was forced to move his capital to Kaifeng (now Kaifeng, Henan). 1234, Jin fell in Cai Zhou under the attack of the Southern Song Dynasty and Mongolia.

During the heyday of the Jin Dynasty, the ruling territory included the North China Plain north of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in Chinese mainland today, the Northeast of the Russian Federation and the Far East, with a vast territory. Jin was the first dynasty in history to propose "unifying China". ?

As a conquered dynasty, Jin had a powerful tribal system. At first, it adopted the aristocratic collegiate system, and after absorbing the system of Liao and Song Dynasties, it gradually moved from dual politics to a single Sino-French system.

Militarily, the system of fierce security and hegemony was adopted, and the elite fighters and firearms defeated neighboring countries one after another. Economically inherited from the Song Dynasty, ceramics and ironmaking flourished, and foreign trade monopoly also controlled the economic lifeline of Xixia.

The Jin dynasty was also rapidly sinicized in culture, and zaju and opera developed greatly in the Jin dynasty, which laid the foundation for the zaju of Yuan Dynasty.

3. Yuan

The Yuan Dynasty established by Mongols (127 1 year-1368) was the first unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of China. The capital metropolis (now Beijing) experienced five emperors and eleven emperors, which lasted for 98 years.

1206, Genghis Khan Temujin unified Mobei, established Great Mongolia, and began to expand abroad, successively attacking and destroying Western Liao, Xixia, Huala, Eastern Xia, Jin and other countries. After the death of Mongolian Khan, the dispute between Alibaba brothers and Kublai Khan was triggered, which led to the division of Mongolia.

1260, Kublai Khan, established the "great unity" of the Yuan Dynasty. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan changed his title to "Dayuan" in the Book of Changes, and moved the capital to Yanjing the following year, calling it Dadu.

1279 (in the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan Army wiped out the Southern Song Dynasty in the naval battle of Yashan, ending the long-term war situation. After that, the Yuan Dynasty continued to expand to the outside world, but when it went to sea to conquer Japan and Southeast Asian countries, it suffered repeated defeats and wars, such as the Yuan-Japan War, the Yuan-Vietnam War, the Yuan-Burma War and the Yuan Claw War. There were frequent coups in the mid-Yuan Dynasty, and politics was never on the right track.

In the later period, political corruption, powerful ministers in power, and increasingly serious ethnic and class contradictions led to the peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor to establish the Ming Dynasty, and then the Northern Expedition expelled the Yuan court to capture Beijing. Since then, Yuan Ting retired to Mobei, known as Beiyuan in history. 1402, Chen Yuangui and Li Chi usurped power to establish Tatar, and the Northern Yuan Dynasty perished.

The Yuan Dynasty abolished Shangshu Province and Menxia Province, but retained Zhongshu Province, Privy Council and Yushitai, which were in charge of politics, army and prison. The provincial system was implemented in local areas, which was the first in China.

The Yuan Dynasty also practiced various policies, casting system, expulsion system, craftsman system, no membership system, human sacrifice, curfew, sea ban and many other drawbacks. Interrupted the process of reform in Tang and Song Dynasties and profoundly reshaped the history of China after Song Dynasty. The commodity economy and overseas trade flourished in Yuan Dynasty, but the overall productivity was not as good as that in Song Dynasty. Culturally, Yuan Qu, Sanqu and other cultural forms appeared in this period.

4. Ming dynasty

The Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644) was the last feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in the history of China. 1368 was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and it lasted for 276 years after 12 emperor 16 emperor.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Yingtianfu was designated as the capital, and 142 1 moved to Shuntianfu (now Beijing), and Yingtianfu was renamed Nanjing. Because the Ming emperor surnamed Zhu, it was also called Zhu.

1644, Li Zicheng went to Beijing, Ming hanged himself in Jingshan Park, and Ming died. Subsequently, Manchu entered the Central Plains, and Emperor Zhu Youlang was killed in 1662. 1683, the Qing army occupied Taiwan Province province, and Zheng Ming ended.

The Ming Dynasty was the prosperous time of China after the Zhou Dynasty, the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. Known as "governing the Tang and Song Dynasties" and "Far Han and Tang Dynasties". Daming, without the affinity of Han and Tang dynasties and the coins of Song Dynasty, was admired by later generations because the emperor ruled the country and the monarch died.

5. Qing dynasty

The Qing Dynasty was the second unified regime established by ethnic minorities in the history of China and the last feudal monarchy in China, which had a far-reaching impact on the history of China. 16 16 years, Nuerhachi, the leader of the Jurchen Department of Jianzhou, established the late Jin Dynasty. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Qing.

1644 entered the customs, moved the capital to Beijing, and gradually unified the whole country. In the early Qing Dynasty, a unified multi-ethnic country was consolidated, which basically laid the territory of our country, and at the same time, absolute monarchy reached its peak. 1840 After the Opium War, it entered modern times, was invaded by foreign powers, and its sovereignty was seriously lost.

19 1 1 year, the revolution of 1911 broke out and the Qing dynasty collapsed, ending the feudal monarchy in China for more than two thousand years. 19 12 February, the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate. Since the foundation of the late Jin Dynasty, there have been twelve emperors in the Qing Dynasty. Since then, China has entered a democratic period.

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