(1) The nature of the Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was the second ideological emancipation in Europe after the Renaissance.

Movement is essentially a strategy for the bourgeoisie to seize political power from the feudal class and establish capitalist rule.

On mental preparation. The Enlightenment rose in Britain in the17th century, and France became.

The center of the Enlightenment reached its climax in the 1960s.

(2) The main reasons for the emergence and development of the Enlightenment: ① The economic base is the capitalist industry and commerce in Europe.

The overall development of the continent. ② The class foundation is the growth of bourgeois power. Feudal autocracy became capital.

The obstacles to the further development of the bourgeoisie, their urgent demand to change the rich and the powerless, are economically and politically hindered.

Under the current situation, in order to meet the arrival of the bourgeois revolution, they need new ideological and political theoretical weapons.

However, the development of science and technology has broken the theocracy and ignorance in people's hearts and promoted people's understanding.

Emancipating the mind and renewing ideas have enhanced people's confidence in realizing civilization and happiness on their own.

On the one hand, revival and religious reform broke through the shackles of theology, liberated people's minds and laid the foundation for the Enlightenment.

Ideological basis; On the other hand, it cannot satisfy the bourgeoisie's opposition to feudal autocracy and the establishment of capitalism.

System, the need of developing capitalist economy. ⑤ Feudal autocracy is decaying day by day, and feudal rule is in full swing.

Facing the crisis, coupled with the increasing corruption of the church, social contradictions have further intensified.

(3) Features: Emphasize rational thinking, advocate using rational sunshine to dispel the darkness of reality, and criticize despots.

Righteousness and ecclesiasticism require the elimination of kingship, the establishment of aristocratic privileges and ranks, and the pursuit of political democracy and equal rights.

And established a set of political ideas for capitalist society.

(4) Main theories: separation of powers, natural human rights, social contract and people's sovereignty.

(5) Impact: Fully prepared for the upcoming French Revolution; Research on Enlightenment Thought

The spread of this theory in Europe and America promoted the bourgeois revolution in Europe and America; Inspired people with lofty ideals in Asia.

Fight for the transformation of the old society.