Example: Shang Yang Reform

The main contents are:

1 economic measures:

1) Abandoned minefields and buildings

According to historical records, Shang Yang "opened the frontier for the field and paid a flat tax". "The Warring States Policy" said that Shang Yang "broke away from the buildings and taught the people to fight". The so-called "building" refers to the irrigation channels in the middle of the "mine field" and the corresponding vertical and horizontal roads, which are called "buildings" vertically and "buildings" horizontally. "Fengjiang" is the boundary of the mine field sealed by the slave owners and nobles. "Opening the border and sealing the border" means withdrawing the border and sealing the state-owned land and abolishing the slave state-owned land. Legally abolished the minefield system. The law stipulates that people are allowed to open up wasteland, land can be bought and sold freely, and taxes are shared equally according to how much land each person occupies. This destroyed the relations of production of slavery and promoted the development of feudal economy.

2) Pay attention to agriculture and restrain business, and reward agriculture and weaving.

It is stipulated that those who produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from labor and tax, with agriculture as the "industry" and industry and commerce as the "last industry". The whole family was punished as an official slave because they abandoned their roots for the end, or idled and became poor. It also attracted landless farmers to open up wasteland in Qin. In order to encourage the small-scale peasant economy, it is also stipulated that every family with two sons must make a living independently after adulthood, or they will have to pay double taxes.

3) Unified measurement

Before Shang Yang's political reform, there was no unified measurement in all parts of Qin. In order to ensure the national tax revenue, it is required to manufacture standard weights and measures and implement them uniformly throughout the country. The standard scale of 1 is about 0.23m today, and the standard scale of 1 is about 0.2l today. Unified barrels, buckets, weights, scales, rulers and other weights and measures. Qin people are required to strictly implement it and must not violate it.

The significance of the unification of weights and measures: first, there are standardized measurement standards all over the country, which provide convenient conditions for people to engage in economic and cultural exchanges; Second, it has played a positive role in the unification of tax system and salary system; Third, it is conducive to eliminating the influence of separatist forces; Fourthly, it laid the foundation for the unified measurement of Qin Shihuang later.

2 "Reward military achievements and strengthen centralization"

1) encourage soldiers to implement a 20-level rank system.

It was ordered that "those who have meritorious military service should be rewarded, and those who fight privately should be punished according to the severity", rewarding meritorious military service and prohibiting private fighting. It is stipulated that titles should be awarded according to military service, and the imperial clan should not be included in the public book unless there is military service. That is, "those who make meritorious deeds show honor, and those who do not make meritorious deeds are rich but not glorious." According to "Hanshu" records: "For the sake of the law in Qin, I was given a first-class title and wanted to be an official for fifty stones." The so-called private struggle does not mean ordinary people fighting, but refers to "urban fighting." "Yi" refers to an ordinary town occupied by slave owners. Slave owners often fought for land and property. The purpose of the new law is to weaken the power of slave owners and strengthen feudal centralization. Because of the praise of the meritorious military service, Qin Jun's combat effectiveness has been greatly enhanced. In foreign wars, Qin's national strength was further enhanced, thus reversing the long-term passive backwardness. In 355 BC, Qin Xiaogong and Wei Huiwang joined forces in Du Ping, ending the passive situation of long-term nonalignment between Qin State and Central Plains governors and improving the status of Qin State. Qin also gradually occupied Bashu area with fertile land and high agricultural development level and northwest area rich in cattle and horses by force, and social production developed rapidly, laying a material foundation for Qin's reunification.

2) In addition to the "Shi Qing Shi Lu system", imperial clan nobles were encouraged to establish a military service system.

According to Records of the Historical Records, the State of Qin stipulated that "the imperial clan must have a theory of meritorious military service, and it is not allowed to follow. In the Ming Dynasty, the official rank and rank were different, the name of Tian Zhai was different, and the clothes of male and female servants were also different. Those who make meritorious deeds show their glory, and those who have no merit are rich. " That is, according to the size of military service, the status of nobles is determined. This rule dealt a heavy blow to the old nobles of slave owners, and thus aroused their disgust. "Historical Records" records: "Shang Jun entered Qin for ten years, and the imperial clan was rich and resentful." Any political reform in history is not only a re-selection of the general plan of governing the country, but also a re-adjustment of interest relations, which is also the real reason for the obstruction of reform.

3) Household registration system, the practice of sitting together.

In order to strengthen the feudal autocratic rule, residents are required to register their household registration. Use heavy penalties for misdemeanors. Li Kui's "Classic of Law" was promulgated and implemented, adding the law of sitting together. The main contents are: residents take five as "five" and ten as "ten", register according to the establishment and bring them into household registration, and supervise each other in an orderly manner. If one family is guilty, nine families will report it. If they don't report it, ten families will sit together for the same crime. Those who report "traitors" are rewarded with those who cut the enemy. The hotel can't receive people without official documents, otherwise the host will sit together.

4) county system.

Shang Yang's major reform is to "set small towns as counties" and "every 3 1 county" (some historical books think it is 4 1 county or 36 counties). The county has county magistrate, county magistrate, county commandant and other officials. By setting up a county, Shang Yang brought the political privilege of the Lord to the central government. This measure effectively cooperated with the policy of "abandoning mines for construction" and ensured the private ownership of land by political means. It consolidated the centralized feudal rule and weakened the local power of the rich and nobles.

5) Establish Qin law, and "burn poems and write laws".

Students are advised to read the textbook and fully understand the measure. It is concluded that what Shang Yang did was to eliminate the interference of retro thinking. The high-pressure policy of "burning poems" initiated by Shang Yang not only greatly suppressed people's thoughts, but also destroyed China's cultural classics.

Purpose and function:

Abolish the land system of slavery by law, open up a new world and affirm the legitimacy of feudal land ownership;

Break the privilege of slave owners' hereditary nobility, determine the feudal hierarchy, and develop and strengthen the political power of the landlord class;

Implement centralization and consolidate the rule of the landlord class over the working people;

Develop the feudal economy and strengthen the economic strength of the landlord class;

Facilitate tax collection and exchange, and strengthen centralization of authority;

Implement the dictatorship of the feudal ruling class in the superstructure field