Cao Xueqin has an open mind and a wide range of hobbies. He has studied epigraphy, poetry, painting, gardening, Chinese medicine, darning, craft and diet. With perseverance and years of hardships, he finally created a great work with great ideological and artistic quality-A Dream of Red Mansions. In his later years, Cao Xueqin moved to the western suburbs of Beijing.
In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762), his youngest son died prematurely, and he fell into excessive sadness and grief and was bedridden. In the 28th year of Qianlong (1763), he died of poverty on New Year's Eve (12 February).
Cao Xueqin's greatest contribution lies in his literary creation. A Dream of Red Mansions created by him is large in scale, rigorous in structure, complicated in plot and vivid in description, and has shaped many typical artistic images of characters. It is the pinnacle of China's ancient novels and occupies an important position in the history of world literature.
Cao Xueqin left a valuable cultural heritage and spiritual wealth for the Chinese nation and the people of the world, which not only had a far-reaching impact on the creation of later writers, but also produced a large number of excellent derivative works in the fields of painting, film and television, animation, online games and so on. Academic circles and society have studied and discussed the author, version, text and skills of A Dream of Red Mansions, and even formed a special knowledge-A Dream of Red Mansions.
2, Zu Chongzhi (429-500), the word Wen Yuan. Jiankang (now Nanjing) was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Zu Chongzhi studied natural science all his life, mainly contributing to mathematics, astronomical calendar and mechanical manufacturing. On the basis of exploring the accurate method of pi pioneered by Liu Hui, he first calculated the "pi" to the seventh place after the decimal point, that is, between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. His "ancestral rate" has made great contributions to mathematical research. It was not until the 6th century A.D./KLOC-that the Arab mathematician Al Cassie broke this record.
The Daming Calendar written by him was the most scientific and progressive calendar at that time, which provided a correct method for future astronomical research. His main works are In the Frontier, Composition, Explaining Words, Li Yi and so on.
Zu Chongzhi calculated the true value of pi (π) between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, which is equivalent to being accurate to the seventh decimal place and simplified to 3.141. Therefore, Zu Chongzhi was ranked first in the world record association world.
Zu Chongzhi also gave two fractional forms of pi: 22/7 (approximate rate) and 355/ 1 13 (density rate), in which the density rate is accurate to the seventh decimal place. Zu Chongzhi's accurate calculation of pi is a great contribution to China and even the world. Later generations named him "Zu Chongzhi Pi".
3. Deng Tingzhen (1776- 1846), a word, has been named Miao Jixiang's old man, the old man. Han nationality, Nanjing native, national hero.
Born in Yue Ming Bay, Xishan, Dongting, Suzhou, he was an official of the Qing Dynasty and one of the famous Opium Wars. He was a scholar in Jiaqing for six years, served as a calligrapher, and was good at editing poems and served as the governor of Yunnan, Guizhou, Zhejiang and Guangdong. He cooperated with Lin Zexu to ban opium and repel the provocation of British ships. After moving to Fujian and Zhejiang, he settled in Guangdong to deal with bad things and defend Yili. Released and transferred to Shaanxi Governor. Many works have been handed down, such as Shi Yanzhai's Poem Copy.
In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839 March 10), Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou and began to ban smoking. Deng Tingzhen actively supported and worked closely with Lin Zexu, and became a close collaborator of Lin Zexu in promoting smoking ban in Guangdong.
In a short time, they arrested opium dealers in the mainland, raided kiln entrances, cracked down on the expulsion of armed opium barges, and personally supervised the collection of more than 20,000 boxes and 2 million kilograms of opium in Humen. It was destroyed at Humen Beach from April 22nd to May15th (June 3rd to 25th), which declared the justice of smoking ban in China to the whole world. In the coastal defense construction of Humen, Deng Tingzhen often accompanied Lin Zexu to study in Haikou, put forward constructive suggestions and cooperated tacitly.
4. Tao Hongjing (AD 456-536) was born in Liling, Danyang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) in the Southern Dynasties and lived in seclusion in Huayang. A famous physician, alchemist and writer, he is called "Prime Minister in the Mountain". He is the author of Notes on Materia Medica, Collected Prescriptions of Then and Huang Bai, The Picture of Two Cows, Collected Pottery of Huayang in Seclusion, etc.
Tao Hongjing has made in-depth research in medicine, alchemy, astronomy, geography, military science, sword casting, Confucian classics, literature and art, Taoist rituals and so on. And his contribution to pharmacology is the greatest, which is related to alchemy.
One of Tao Hongjing's contributions to chemistry is to record the flame analysis method of potassium nitrate: "In the past, someone got something similar in color to mirabilite, which seemed to catch snow instead of ice. If it burns strongly, purple smoke will rise, and it will turn to ash and boil endlessly, such as nitrate. " The so-called "purple smoke" is a unique property of potassium salt. This record in Tao Hongjing is the earliest record of potassium salt identification in the history of world chemistry.
5. Xu Xi, an outstanding painter in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, was born in Jinling (now Nanjing) and Zhong Ling (now Jiangxi Jinxian). Born in "Jiangnan Famous Family". Born in the reign of Guangqi, he returned to Song in the last year of Kaibao (AD 975) and died soon. As an official all his life, Guo called him "Chu Shi in the south of the Yangtze River". Shen Kuo said that he was "Jiangnan Buyi". He is generous and broad-minded, ambitious, and good at painting flowers, bamboo forests and trees, cicadas, butterflies and insects, just like nature.
Xu Xi's paintings were highly valued in the Southern Tang Dynasty and appreciated by the late master Li Yu. In the Song Dynasty, it also enjoyed a high reputation. When Song Taizong saw the pomegranate painted by Xu Xi, he thought that "I only know the beauty of flowers and fruits, but I don't appreciate others". Both he and Huang Quan represent the new level of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties and have an important historical position. However, people in the Song Dynasty rated Huang Quan as a genius, Zhao Chang as a genius, and he did his best, so he was called "the masterpiece of the south of the Yangtze River".
Xu Xi's works have long been lost. The Snow Bamboo Map, Yutang Fu Guitu, and Young Pigeon Medicine Seedling Map, which are now spread to Xu Xi, are not original works, so we can only appreciate their styles and paintings. The painting "Yutang Fu Guitu" depicts magnolia, begonia and peony, with complex stamens and a pheasant at the bottom. The inscription is "Jinling Xu Xi", which is difficult to read.
6. Li Yu (August, 93715-August, 978 13), the sixth son of Li Jing, Yuan Zong of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was born in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and his ancestral home was Pengcheng (now Jiangsu).
In the second year of Jianlong in the Northern Song Dynasty (96 1), Li Yu succeeded to the throne, respected the orthodoxy of the Song Dynasty, and paid tribute at the age of 20 to protect peace. In October of the fourth year of Kaibao (97 1), Song Taizu destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty, and Li Yu was renamed as "Jiangnan Master" except surnamed tang. The following year, the ritual system was derogatory, and the kiss in the Imperial Palace in Jinling was cancelled to show respect for Song Ting.
In the eighth year of Kaibao (975), Li Yubing was defeated by the Song Dynasty, captured to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), made a general, and ordered him to disobey orders. On July 7th, the third year of Taiping and Xingguo (978), Li Yu died in Bianjing, and was posthumously awarded a surname and a prince of Wu. The world called it Li Houzhu, Queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty.
Li Yu is proficient in calligraphy, painting, melody and poetry, especially in ci. Li Yu's ci has inherited the tradition of Huajian poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and has been influenced by Li Jing and Feng Yansi. Its language is bright, vivid, sincere and distinctive. After the national subjugation, his ci was characterized by a wide range of themes and profound meanings, and it was unique among the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty, which had a far-reaching influence on the later ci circles.
Li Yu is versatile, good at painting, good at poetry and lyrics, and has a good understanding of rhythm, especially the achievements of lyrics.
There are more than 30 Li Yu's ci poems, which can be divided into two periods in content: the former mainly reflects court life and love between men and women, and its style is beautiful and soft. Although he didn't break away from the habits of Huajian School, he has more artistic generalization power than Huajian School poets in the description of characters and scenes, and some words also show heavy sadness (such as Qing Ping Le Bielai Spring Half).
The late ci reflects the pain of national subjugation, which is sad and desolate, with far-reaching artistic conception and great artistic appeal.
Li Yu is not only good at poetry, but also accomplished in painting and calligraphy. Li Yu once researched the origin of the dialing method, and summarized it into eight skills: promise, hook, expose, resist, refuse, guide and send. Li Yu is good at running script, with vigorous lines, like cold pine and frost bamboo, and is known as "Jin Cuodao" in the world; He also likes to write big characters, with silks as his pen, which is known as "clamping books". Li Yu once took out the calligraphy works hidden in the secret room of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and ordered Xu Xuan to carve them into "Sheng Yuan Tie", which was carefully rated as "the ancestor of Fa Tie".