The discovery of the human fossils of the Three Gorges in Longgupo, Damiao District, Wushan is a representative of this period, which fully proves that the Three Gorges area is one of the origins of ancient humans in Asia. To the Paleolithic and Neolithic, that is, from the Middle Pleistocene to the Holocene.
Early human activities in the Three Gorges area were quite active. In Zigui, Badong, Wushan, Fengjie, Yunyang, Zhongxian, Fengdu and other places where the reservoir area is located, the remains and relics of human activities at that time were found.
As early as 1959, archaeologists discovered the Neolithic site near Daxi Town, Dongkou, Qutang Gorge. From the end of the 22nd century BC 2 1 century to the 22nd century BC, the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties and the Warring States Period.
The Three Gorges area was once the land of Kyushu, Shenzhou and Jingzhou. This is an important area where Ba and Chu nationalities flourished in ancient times.
1600 years ago, Pakistani leaders established their capital in Jiangzhou (now Chongqing) and became the military and cultural center of Pakistan at that time. By the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, according to textual research, southwest Chu had extended to Xiangxi River basin in the east of Wuxia, and it had also become an important clan tribe in the Three Gorges area.
Therefore, there are a number of sites of Shang and Zhou Dynasties in this area, such as Shuping Tomb in Zigui, Niukou Tomb, Tiandengbao Tomb, Chu Tomb in Yunyang of Guling and Xiaotian Creek Tomb in Fuling. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, after the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 year BC), the unification was completed, and the county system was generally implemented.
In the fifth year of Yuan Feng in Han Dynasty (BC 106), the whole country was divided into thirteen secretariat departments, also known as thirteen states. This area belongs to Yizhouba and Badong counties, Jingzhou South and Yidu counties.
During this period, the local economy was prosperous and people's lives were stable. Most of the existing tombs can be traced back to this era. It also preserved the ground remains of the Han Dynasty tomb system in the Second Que of Zhongxian County.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, this area was once under the jurisdiction of Shu Han and Wu Dong, and still belonged to Yizhouba and Badong counties, and then to Jingzhou Jianping and Yidu counties. At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, Ba and Badong counties were placed under Liangzhou. In 304 AD, Li Xiong, the leader of the Ba nationality, was made King of Chengdu. In two years, he became an emperor, and his title became a hero.
In 338 AD, his nephew Li Shou changed his name to Han, and now he governs East Sichuan. In 347 AD, Huan Wen destroyed the Han Dynasty, and Moody established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. By the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were five counties in this area, namely Ba, Badong, Fuling, Jianping and Yidu.
The ruins of the Jin Dynasty, represented by Huaguang Tomb in Baxian County, are the best historical relics to understand that period. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, administrative divisions were chaotic.
In the Southern Dynasties, Liang Xiao was divided into five countries: Chu, Xin, Jing, Yi and Wan. In the Northern Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, there were seven states of Chu, Xin, Jing, Tuo, Tong, Kai and Linjiang; in the Northern Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, there were eight states, more than ten counties, and about twenty counties below.
The existing tombs, represented by Xiangbiya Tomb in Zhongxian County in the Southern Dynasties, are the remains of that period. From the first year to the third year of Huang Kai (AD 58 1~583), Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty changed the three-level system of state, county and county to the two-level system of state and county, and the state ruled the county.
The region consists of Xinxiang, Linxian, Chongqing, Beijing, Hunan, Shaanxi and Kaifeng. In the third year of Yang Di's great cause (AD 607), the county-level system was changed to set up Badong, Linjiang, Yiling and Fuling counties.
At present, Baiyanggou Tomb and Zhaiping Tomb in fengjie county are relics of Sui Dynasty. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, the state implemented a three-level system of roads, prefectures and counties. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (AD 733), Kaiyuan has 15 Road, which belongs to Lishan South Road and has jurisdiction over the safety supervision of Chongqing, Fucheng, Zhongzhong, Giant Panda Kaikai, Kuifan, Nangui, Shaanxi and Yunan.
The economy of the Tang Dynasty was prosperous, so a large number of cultural relics on the ground and underground began to appear during this period, represented by the dry water inscription of Baiheliang in Fuling. The Northern Song Dynasty abandoned Tao as Tao, and the Southern Song Dynasty succeeded it. This area belongs to Kuizhou.
There are Daning Prison, Yun 'an Army, Xianchun Mansion, Chongqing Mansion, and Zhili Kuizhou Road, as well as Fucheng, Guikai, Kuizhou Mansion, Badong appeasement department and Shishui appeasement department. This area preserved the big cities, early industrial sites (kiln sites, smelting sites) and ground stone carvings at that time.
The four-level system of province, road, state and county was changed from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, and this area belongs to Kuizhou Road, Chongqing Road, Zhou Xia Road and Huguangxing Province in Sichuan Province. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty (A.D.1361~1371), Ming Yuzhen and his son established the Daxia regime in Sichuan, with Chongqing as their capital.
The marble Buddha in Chongqing is a historical relic at that time. The Ming dynasty abandoned the road with the government, province and state as counties.
Chongqing, Kuizhou and Yichang were established in this area, which was established in the first year of the Apocalypse (A.D. 162 1). Because of Qin Liangyu's meritorious service in resisting Yuan, he also set up Shizhu Xuanwei Department. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1640), the Daxi peasant regime was established in Sichuan, and Zhang and Daning were subordinate to it. Daning was unified by the Qing Dynasty in the third year (AD 1646).
Clear attack and clear system. A large number of existing ground buildings, temples, ancestral halls and houses are the remains of that period.
In the first year of the Republic of China (A.D. 19 1 1), the system of abandoned roads was abolished, and the government was under the jurisdiction of four provinces: the government, the state, the government and Zhili. In the 24th year of the Republic of China (AD 1935), Sichuan and Hubei provinces were established, and the system of administrative supervision areas was implemented.
This area belongs to the eighth and ninth administrative supervision areas in Sichuan Province and Yichang Administrative Supervision Area in Hubei Province. During the Anti-Japanese War, Chongqing was the national capital, and the preservation of a large number of relics reflected the historical facts of the anti-Japanese national salvation and revolutionary struggle at that time.
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) (A.D. 1949), in 1953, the original administrative region was abolished and Sichuan and Hubei provinces were established, and the administrative offices of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian and Yichang were established in this area. There are 22 cities and counties.
1. The terrain and environment reservoir area consists of hills, middle and low mountains and canyons, and the Three Gorges Gorge, which is deeply embedded in Wushan Mountains in the east, is about 160km long. The western section is the hilly area in the east of Sichuan Basin, with a length of about 450km.
Wushan mountain range is located on the eastern edge of the second step of China's topography, with an average elevation of 700 ~ 800 m. The Yangtze River passes through Wushan from west to east, forming the famous natural landscape of the Three Gorges and the natural passage between Sichuan and Hubei. The larger tributaries of the Yangtze River are also distributed in this section. Meixi River, Daning River, Xiangxi River and Shennong River are the main farming and living areas of prehistoric Ba and Chu ancestors.
There are 7 cities and counties in this section, namely Yichang, Zigui, Xingshan and Badong counties in Hubei, Wushan, Wuxi and fengjie county in Chongqing. The average elevation of the hilly area from fengjie county to Kuwei is 300~700m m, and this section of the Yangtze River is located at the bottom of the basin, with wide valleys as the main valley shape, supplemented by small canyons.
Wujiang River is the largest tributary of the Yangtze River in this reservoir area, and other larger tributaries are Yulin River, Longxi River, Pengxi River, Modaoxi River and Changtan River, which are distributed on both sides of the main stream in a dendritic manner. Because the geographical conditions of the valleys on both sides of the strait are superior.
2. Pengshui Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County is located in the southeast of Chongqing, Wuling Mountain and the lower reaches of Wujiang River. Hubei in the north and Guizhou in the south. The county governs 10 towns and 29 townships, with a total of 300 villages, communities and 630,000 people. There are Miao, Tujia, Mongolian, Hui, Gelao, Dong, Tibetan, Yi, Hani, Zhuang, Manchu1/ethnic minorities, and 200 1 ethnic minority population accounts for 59.5% of the county's total population. Qi Xin, an ethnic group, has made concerted efforts to develop its economy and strive for the development of its hometown.
Pengshui has a long history. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the oldest "Qianzhong Culture" in Bashu was born here. In the first year of Han Jianyuan (BC 140), Fuling County was located in today's Yushan Town, and Feixian County in Guizhou was located in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In the 13th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (AD 593), Pengshui County was established. Guizhou Middle Road was located here in the Tang Dynasty, and Guizhou was also located here. Pengshui became the political, military, economic and cultural center at the junction of Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei, and was the stronghold of the central government to imprison about 300,000 square kilometers of ethnic minorities in the central part of the southwest border, which lasted until the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Central Plains was in chaos, and Guizhou was immune to it, and its social economy developed side by side. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Miao people were repeatedly driven to develop industry, resulting in a sharp decline in population, barren land and economic depression. By the Qing dynasty, people were recruited to open up wasteland and the economy was restored and developed. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, "boats and boats came and went, commerce flourished, department stores gathered, and salt, tea, oil, lacquer and hemp were transported to all parts of the country, making" Peng Shui rich and a family close ". During the Republic of China, soldiers and bandits were frequent, and the people were hungry and cold. 1949 165438+1October16 Pengshui was liberated. Since then, the people have become masters of their own affairs, and all industries have prospered.
Pengshui has excellent environment and abundant resources. The county has 92,000 hectares of arable land, 4,400 hectares of water, 3 1200 hectares of grassland and 0/88,000 hectares of forestry land. The forest coverage rate is 27.3%, and the standing stock is more than 2.42 million cubic meters. There are 20 rivers flowing all the year round, with a catchment area of more than 50 square kilometers and a flow length of 359.70 kilometers. The county's total water resources are 4865438+48 million cubic meters; There are abundant hydropower resources, with theoretical reserves of10.703 million kwh. Except Wujiang River, the exploitable capacity is 44 1 10,000 kWh. Wild animals 103 species, fish 69 species, livestock 13 species. There are coal, fluorite, barite, marble, high calcium limestone, salt, iron, potassium, copper and some rare metals, of which the total coal reserves are 260 million tons.
Pengshui is rich in tourism resources. The long historical and cultural accumulation has left a rich and colorful cultural landscape for more than 80 researchers to watch, and most of them are concentrated in Hanshan and Yushan towns. Green mountains, green waters and abundant animal and plant resources have created a complete natural landscape, and its scenic spots are mostly concentrated on the banks of Wujiang River, Yujiang River and Furong River. Landscape and human landscape set each other off and become interesting, which is of great development value.
3. The historical evolution of Yinjiang Town The Chinese nation has a vast territory. More than 2000 years ago, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the southeast coast was deserted everywhere, called Jiuyi, and the eastern part of Zhejiang was called Dongyi. Ningbo, on the coast of the East China Sea, was called "the land of golden clothes" in ancient times. According to textual research, "purple" is the abbreviation of loess, and the word "purple" is collectively called Yin.
According to legend, in order to expand his territory, Qin Shihuang ordered his general Wang Yin to drive mountains and fill the sea with a whip and died in the East China Sea. His body floated to the Yinjiang River in Yinxian with the tide, and he was buried at the bottom of the Yinjiang River forever. Therefore, the naming of Yinjiang and Yinxian is to commemorate Wang Yin, and it also belongs to "Dong Qiye's talk". Let's just listen to it. Ming Huang Zongxi's "Siming Mountain Records" volume five-line painting You Dan Mountain;
Qin Shihuang will have Wang Yin,
Flooding mountains and blocking the sea;
Buried underwater without filler,
No. Yinjiang is now seen.
Accordingly, Yinjiang, Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province is all due to Wang Yin, so the legend must be attached.
In the fourth year of Longan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, that is, in 400 AD, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (later Emperor Wu of the Southern Song Dynasty) defended the punishment. The address of the county seat is near Jinshandu, south of Cicheng and north of Qiyang.
In the five years of Longan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Song decided to move the capital to Zhang Ju County, and ordered Feng Shui Taoist priests to choose a site. A few months later, in Zhang Ju County, according to the peak potential of Siming Mountain, the dragon stork is the pulse, the lion phoenix is the obstacle (Lion Mountain and Phoenix Mountain to the east of Yinjiang Bridge), the tortoise snake is the aura (Guishan in Guicun and Snake Mountain in Xuan Ci Village, the tortoise proves longevity and the snake is like a dragon), and the official pool is the crystal bead. Divided into two streams as the latitude and longitude, Bird Mountain (namely Phoenix Mountain) as the companion, on the bank of the Yinjiang River, and across the river from Xiang Yan, a new county town, namely Yinjiang Town, will be built, which is located in the area of Yindong Village, a famous ancient city.
The Sui Dynasty combined Yinxian, Qixian and Yuyao into a chapter, and the county government was still located in Xiaoxi Town. Because there are mountains in the west corner of the town, it is called Tashan Town.
In the fourth year of Tang Wude, in 738 AD, Mingzhou was established, and the state and county governments set up a stream, which was an important town in the state.
In the sixth year of the Tang Dynasty, in 77 1 year, the county government of Jixian moved to Sanjiangkou, Ningbo, but the state government did not move.
In the first year of Tang Changqing, 82 1 year, xian county also ruled Xiaoxi, and moved to Sanjiangkou, Ningbo in the week. Xiaoxi Town was renamed Guangxi Town.
In the early Five Dynasties, in 909 AD, the county magistrate also moved to Sanjiangkou.
Xiaoxi Town, as a county government in history, has been governed by the state for more than 600 years. As an important town and town in eastern Zhejiang, it plays an important role in communicating material exchanges between mountainous areas and plains and prospering the economy of eastern Zhejiang. Therefore, Yinjiang Town is known as Xiaoxi Yinjiang Bridge.
In the Song Dynasty, Ningbo belonged to Qingyuan Road, and Yinjiang Town belonged to the county's thirty-five capitals.
In the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, Qingyuan Road was changed to Ningbo House.
In Qing Dynasty, Yinjiang Town was changed to Tong Yuan Town.
In the third year of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty, 19 1 1 was renamed as Yinjiang Town.
Due to the historical evolution and changes, it is difficult to find the original site of Yinjiang Town, Zhang Ju County during the Long 'an period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Perhaps because of the flood and other reasons, there is only one intriguing name-Gucheng Fan, which is near the current East Zhejiang Brewery.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Xiaoxi Town flourished again.
Before the Sui Dynasty, the ancient administrative institutions were set at four levels: county, county, pavilion and village. Each family's five facial features, namely, five facial features, ten officials inside, and being upright inside, are equivalent to the Baojia system before liberation. There are pavilions in more than ten miles, which is equivalent to the current township level, and its officials have pavilions; There are counties with more than ten pavilions, small counties with less than 10,000 households, whose chief is called the county magistrate, middle counties with more than 10,000 households and large counties with more than 20,000 households, whose chief is called the county magistrate. All large, medium and small counties are under the control of the magistrate.
Before the Tang Dynasty, there were two Zhejiang roads in Zhejiang Province. The junction of the southern part of the province and Fujian was called Minzhe Road, and the official positions were Zhejiang East Road and Zhejiang West Road. Its offices are located in Jinhua and Huiji respectively. Dong Zhe Road set up Xiaoxi Town in Yinjiang, which was later renamed Guangxi Town. Towns in the Tang Dynasty were not the same as those built now, but were established by the army. In our time, there were 19 towns under the jurisdiction of Dong Zhe Road, and the number of people in each town was different, generally around 1,000, which was equivalent to a brigade level now. In our time, there were about 30,000 troops under our jurisdiction. Due to the presence of the army, in order to adapt to the life and military supplies of thousands of people, dozens of people around Guangxi Town gradually moved closer to Guangxi Town for the main purpose of making a living, forming a big market, and then forming the present town.
4. The development course of Cenxi Since the reform and opening up, what is the development course of Cenxi? At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo established Nanyue State, and now the city belongs to Nanyue State.
In the sixth year of Ding Yuan in Han Dynasty (BC 165438+ BC 0 1), Mengling County of Cangwu County was established after Pingnan Yue. Today, most of the city is in Meng Ling County. In the fifth year of Nanliang (524), Yongye County was established in most areas of this city, and the county was ruled in Jiuxian Village, Zhu Jin Town.
In the third year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (583), the county was abandoned and changed to Yongye County. Once abandoned, it was restored in the 16th year of Ming Dynasty (596).
In the fifth year of Tang Wude (622), Yongye County was located in Nanyizhou, which was divided into three counties: Anyi (now east of the city), Longcheng (now west of the city) and Yicheng (now west of the city), and the state capital was located in Longcheng County. In the second year of Tang Zhide (757), Anyi County was changed to Yongye County, and Longcheng County was changed to Cenxi County, which was the beginning of the name of Cenxi County.
In the sixth year of Song Kaibao (973), the original three counties of Nanyizhou were merged into Cenxi County. Since then, the name and organizational system of Cenxi County have remained basically unchanged except for the change of affiliation.
195 1 and 1953, Nuodong and Sambo, which originally belonged to tengxian, were successively assigned to Cenxi. 1September, 1995, Cenxi withdrew from the county and set up a city (county-level city), which still belongs to Wuzhou area.
1April 1997, under the management of Wuzhou city. By 2002, people from the city had settled in Cen Town.
It has jurisdiction over Cencheng, Nuodong, Sincere Suggestions, Guiyi, Zhu Jin, Daye, Limu, Lin Long, Hydrology, Ji Tai, Du Nan, Tanrong, Ma Lu, Zhangmu, Sanbao, Tang Bo, Anping 1 town.
5. In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), the administrative office of Leibo Hall was set up, with Huanglang as the branch library, which was placed under the Dahan Sichuan Military Office.
In the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), it was renamed Leibo County, and 1930 was assigned to Leshan Commissioner's Office. 1950 was liberated in May, and on August 25th of the same year, the people of Leibo County were established and transferred to the Leshan Commissioner's Office.
1956, which was assigned to Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture; 1958, wagang county set up three districts, namely wagang, mohong and kahalo; 1960, wagang county was revoked and transferred to leibo county. In 2000, Leibo County administered 4 towns and 45 townships: Jincheng Town, Wenshui Town, Huanglang Town, Xining Town, Nantian Township, Haiwan Township, Paha Township, Shanshubao Township, Qingkou Township, Yongsheng Township, Shunhe Township, Huilongchang Township, Xiluomi Township, Baitieba Township, Dukou Township, Mahu Township, Zhongtian Township and Gu Mi Township. Yuanbaoshan, Dayandong, Yanjiao, Mohong, Pingtou, Kejue, Shangtianba, Jiboliangzi, Dapingzi, Xiaogou, Lei Chi, Migu, Che Yi, Bagu, Xi Gu, Shanlinggang, Changhe and Gudui.
According to the data of the fifth census, the total population of the county is 207,873. Among them: Jincheng Town 9748, Xining Town 13223, Wenshui Town 9652, Huanglang Town 70 1 1, Nantian Township 7 1 1, Haiwan Township 5970, Shanshubao Township 3505 and Qingkou Township. Baitieba Township 38 13, Shunhe Township 1956, Dukou Township 7 136, Huilongchang Township 5054, Mahu Township 6 190, Zhongtian Township 5279, Gu Mi Township 60 18, Ganzi. Lanbazi Township 2335, Shatuo Township 2373, Shanlinggang Township 4736, Changhe Township 2246, Gudui Township 25 17, Bazhai Township 4526, Milla Township 155 1, Songshu Township 30 16 and Quyi Township 3526. Wuguan Township 44 1 1, Shangtianba Township 329 1, Dapingzi Township 1497, Jiboliangzi Township 253, Xiaogou Township 996, Mohong Township 300 1, Kejue Township/kloc-0. Che Yi Township 3240, Si Township 1705, Kaharo Township 5638, Yuanbaoshan Township 7 124, Dayandong Township 198 1, Yanjiao Township 348 1. Now there are Yi, Tibetan, Qiang, Miao, Mongolian, Tujia, Lisu, Manchu, Yao, Dong, Naxi, Buyi, Bai, Zhuang and Dai.
In 2004, Leibo County administered four towns (Jincheng, Xining, Huanglang and Wenshui) and 45 townships (Nantian, Paha, Haiwan, Qingkou, Yongsheng, Shunhe, Ferry, Shatuo, Osmanthus fragrans, Changhe, Gudui, Bazhai, Wuguan, Quyi, Songshu, Milla and Mama).
6. The historical story about the bridge-the story of Fairy Bridge.
According to the older generation, there is no fairy bridge. Around the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Xiang Dakun, the leader of Tujia uprising, divided the volunteers into three ways after his defeat in Baizhan Gorge. A route assists the Huanglong real person to lead the evacuation to Sinanyu; The second route is led by Dakun himself to evacuate from Suoxi to Shentang Bay; On the third road, Miss Jinhua and General Chen Qiang were responsible for protecting the sick and wounded and their subordinates, and headed for Monkey Slope under Tianzi Peak. When the soldiers arrived at Wangye Cave, a deep canyon blocked the way forward. In this case, General Chen Qiang decided to lead the troops to the enemy, and Miss Jinhua stayed to take care of the sick and wounded and his men. Miss Jinhua fell asleep with fatigue. I dreamed that a black-faced general, dressed in armor, with a sword at his waist and a sharp axe, violently chopped at her, scaring Miss Jinhua to wake up. Rubbing her sleepy eyes, she saw a huge stone standing firmly between the two stone peaks in front of her eyes, and the abyss became a thoroughfare. In the moonlight, I saw the long sword of the black-faced general shining around! Miss Jinhua was very surprised. She ordered the wounded and her men to evacuate from the bridge at once, and picked up a long sword and rushed at the swarming officers and men. With a flick of the sword, the enemy's head fell to the ground. Then the sword was earned from the hand and turned into a transparent white python, and the scales on the white python became countless small pythons. Python with a small python, head held high, red tongue, with the enemy group. Scared the officers and men to abandon their armor and flee.
Up to now, there are still old people pointing to the graceful girl stone on the observation deck at the western end of Xianren Bridge, saying that Miss Jinhua is watching the white python chasing the officers and men. The emperor's scaly brook at the foot of the mountain was made by that long sword. Now, the white snake on Tian Zi Mountain is the descendant of that white python. The boulder between the two peaks that General Black-faced cut down with a sharp axe is now the "Fairy Bridge". It seems that there are still traces of chopping on the neat bridge deck.