The primitive society period is divided into two stages: the primitive group period and the clan commune period;

(1) During the primitive group period, human social organizations were loosely organized by blood relationship. Their main activity is to work together, resist wildlife and natural disasters, and spend together. Their life is simple and there is no political system at all.

(2) During the clan commune period, due to the progress of human beings and the needs of production and life, the political system gradually began to appear. During the matriarchal clan period of the clan commune, the political system was characterized by the fact that women were in a dominant position in the commune, the lineage was counted from the matriarchal line, and the common wealth system was implemented, and the property was inherited by the matriarchal line.

From the historical development to the patriarchal clan commune, the political system has made great progress: men are in the dominant position in the commune, and the lineage is counted from the paternal line, and public ownership of property is implemented, and property is inherited by the paternal line.

During this period, the famous military democratic system and abdication system appeared. With the development of productive forces, the relations of production are also progressing, and the common property ownership in primitive society began to be destroyed, resulting in private ownership, thus the Chinese nation entered a higher social period-the slave society period.

2. Slave society

Zen hereditary

The abdication system (1) refers to the system of democratic election of leaders by tribal alliances at the end of primitive society in China.

(2) The hereditary system of the throne means that in a class society, the throne (or throne) can be passed down from generation to generation (the hereditary system lasted until the Qing Dynasty and lasted for nearly 4,000 years).

(3) It is a historical progress that the hereditary system of the throne replaces the abdication system; Because the hereditary system of the throne is the result of the development of productive forces, private ownership and class opposition.

Xia and Shang dynasties

The central administrative system in Xia and Shang dynasties: including the formation of hereditary system of the throne; The establishment of Xiang, Qing and history.

patriarchal clan system

(1) The patriarchal clan system of the Western Zhou royal family was a political system opposite to the feudal system. It evolved directly from the patriarchal clan system in primitive society, and has the method of defining the internal clan system to determine and consolidate the position of paternal parents in this clan, thus ensuring the stability of kingship.

(2) The main features of the patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: the biggest feature of the patriarchal clan system is the eldest son inheritance system. It stipulates the relative difference between big sects and small sects. Third, the patriarchal clan system is reflected in the political system by the enfeoffment system.

(3) the role of patriarchal clan system: the patriarchal clan system ensures the political monopoly and privileged position of the nobility, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.

(4) The influence of patriarchal clan system on China society today: ① Positive influence: it is conducive to national unity, social stability and the reunification of the motherland, such as "respecting ancestors" and "recognizing ancestors and returning to the ancestors"; ② Negative effects: It is easy to form local separatist forces and sectarian forces, such as "cronyism" and "sectarianism".

3. Feudal society

(1) Qin dynasty:

① Establishment: From the Qin Dynasty, the emperor became the title of the supreme ruler in ancient China, which was used by feudal dynasties. The national military and political power belongs to the emperor, and the main officials of the central and local governments are also appointed and removed by the emperor. Certificates for mobilizing troops were controlled and issued by the emperor.

② Features: The emperor system initiated by Qin Shihuang, on the one hand, shows that power cannot be transferred by hereditary throne, on the other hand, shows that status cannot be surpassed by imperial power. This is an important feature of China's ancient autocratic system.

Establish a relatively complete central official system-the system of three public officials and nine officials: the main central official positions in the Qin Dynasty cooperated and contained each other in status, responsibility and rights, and the military and political power was in the hands of the emperor. But for military and political decision-making, it is generally the prime minister, the suggestion and Zhu Qingxian who discuss it and finally the emperor makes a ruling. To some extent, this has reduced the decision-making mistakes on major issues under the autocratic monarchy.

(2) Han Dynasty: In the early Han Dynasty, the prime minister held a high position in decision-making, judicial and administrative power. In order to strengthen the imperial power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reused his aides and made them ministers. And participate in military affairs to weaken relative power.

(3) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: First, Shangshu province (administration) held real power, then Zhongshu province (drafting and issuing imperial edicts) and Menxia province (reviewing decrees), and gradually formed a three-province system.

(4) Sui and Tang Dynasties: the book, the door and the book of ministers in the three central provinces of the Tang Dynasty were responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation; During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Shangshu Province had six departments: officials (assessment and appointment of officials), households (household registration tax), etiquette (etiquette), soldiers (military and political affairs), punishment (criminal law) and engineering (engineering).

The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, and their powers are decentralized. The three provinces contained and supervised each other, which weakened the relative power and ensured the exclusive respect of imperial power. The system of "three provinces and six departments" is a great creation of China's ancient political system, which was basically followed by successive dynasties.

(5) Northern Song Dynasty: Zhongshumen was the highest administrative organ, and the Chief Executive exercised the functions and powers of prime minister. Add advisers, Tang envoys and third secretaries to divide the executive power, military power and financial power of the prime minister.

(6) Yuan Dynasty: Zhongshu Province was the highest administrative body, and the Chief Executive exercised the functions and powers of prime minister. Relative rights have been strengthened. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, the prime minister became more and more powerful, and sometimes even controlled the succession of the throne.

(7) Abolish the prime minister system: The prime minister's power in Yuan Dynasty was too heavy, which led to unstable imperial power and frequent civil strife. Ming Taizu followed the Yuan Dynasty system in the early Ming Dynasty and thought that the prime minister system hindered the high concentration of imperial power and would lead to social unrest. 1376, Ming Taizu abolished the Ministry of Finance in the Bank and established "three departments", which were subordinate to the relevant departments of the central government respectively, so that local power was centralized in the central government.

1380, Zhu Yuanzhang killed Hu for treason; Abolish the Chinese book province and the prime minister, manage the national government affairs in six departments and report directly to the emperor. Influence, is conducive to prevent authoritarian regime, consolidate the rule; Contribute to the unification and consolidation of multi-ethnic countries; China's prime minister system of 1000 years since the Qin Dynasty was abolished.

Ming Taizu, as an adviser to the squire, set up the Diange University to help him deal with all kinds of government affairs. These college students seldom participate in politics, and all major events are still presided over by Ming Taizu himself. During the Emperor's reign of the Ming Dynasty, imperial academy officials were selected as university students in the palace, entered the Wenyuan Pavilion in the palace, served the emperor, and began to participate in the decision-making of confidential affairs, resulting in the emergence of the "Cabinet".

(8) Qing Dynasty

Military Department Setup: In the early Qing Dynasty, the central institutions generally adopted the Ming Dynasty system with six cabinets. However, the highest decision-making and central organization is the Council of Ministers, whose power is above the cabinet and six ministries, which greatly restricts the imperial power.

Emperor Kangxi established the south study room, which made the cabinet, the meeting and the south study room stand in three pillars and strengthened the imperial power. In Yong Zhengdi, in order to deal with the northwest military affairs, a military department was set up, and the military affairs minister was summoned by the emperor every day and knelt down to take notes. Military affairs are entirely decided by the emperor, and the role of the Minister of Military Affairs is only to upload and issue orders.

In this way, local military and political leaders actually obey the emperor's orders directly. The establishment of the military department has improved administrative efficiency and can quickly handle various documents; The national military and political power was completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor, the absolute monarchy was strengthened, and the centralization was further consolidated; It is the product of the high expansion of imperial power, and marks the peak of centralization of feudal monarchy in China.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-political system