2. All-round production, with automobiles as the leading products. As a result of pursuing economies of scale, a car company will produce all kinds of cars, including buses, trucks, cars, tractors and off-road vehicles, but cars are its leading products. Because of its high-level manufacturing technology and huge downstream enterprises, the quality of automobile products can represent the overall level of a country's industrial development. As a basic means of personal transportation, the automobile market will have a great development space in the next century. Compared with other automobile products, with the growth of per capita national income, the automobile market will expand the fastest. Therefore, for the mature international automobile industry, it is an inevitable choice to take cars as the leading products. In countries with developed automobile industry, the proportion of automobile ownership in the whole society is above 60%.
3. Oligopoly market structure. When the automobile industry is in the growth stage, in order to reduce costs and pursue economies of scale, the competition is increasingly fierce, and finally an oligopoly market structure is formed through bankruptcy, closure, alliance and merger, and the development of the industry enters a mature stage. At this stage, there are few survivors, but they have all achieved economies of scale. For example, in the 1920s, there were 80 automobile manufacturers in the United States, more than 150 in France, 40 in Britain and more than 30 in Italy. By the 1970s, there were only four American automobile companies: General Motors, Ford, Chrysler and American Automobile (after the merger of American automobile by Chrysler), while there were only 12 western European automobile companies.
4. Government participation. As a pillar industry of social economy, the automobile industry is supported by the government in both developed and developing countries. A country's industrial policy also has a far-reaching impact on the automobile industry. 1979, Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy, and the US government immediately passed the Chrysler Loan Guarantee Act in February of that year, and the government came forward to provide financial guarantee for the company. After obtaining loan assistance, Chrysler gradually stepped out of the predicament. 1982 earned 2.4 billion dollars and sold more than 2 million cars. This case has become a successful model for the government to support the automobile industry.
5. Transnational production. Due to the extensive division of labor and cooperation in the industry, generally speaking, more than 30% of the cost of an automobile factory is outsourced, including steel, aluminum, other metals, tires, brake pipes, battery devices, carburetors, spark plugs, oil pumps, wipers, locks, door handles and other parts. The automobile industry has gradually formed a pyramid structure with a few automobile assembly plants supported by many parts enterprises and a large number of downstream enterprises as the foundation. Manufacturers began to optimize the allocation of resources on a global scale and carry out transnational production. The performance of transnational production in China is that almost all our automobile products are branded as international automobile groups. For example, Volkswagen in Germany and GM in the United States invested in the production of Santana and Buick in SAIC; Germany produces Jetta and Audi in FAW; GM cooperates with FAW to produce Chevrolet vans and trucks; Citroen of France invested in Dongfeng to produce Fukang; France produces Guangzhou Peugeot in Guangzhou; Ford cooperates with jiangling motors to produce Transit light vehicles; American cars invest in Beijing to produce Beijing Cherokee; Suzuki invests in Changan Alto and other motorcycle factories and so on.
Second, the problems faced by China's automobile industry
1. The narrow market and contradictions among many manufacturers restrict the realization of economies of scale. 1995, China's automobile output exceeded 654.38+10,000 vehicles, of which FAW produced1820,000 vehicles, less than half of the scale economy standard. By the first half of 1998, none of China's automobile enterprises had reached the production standard of economies of scale in the automobile industry of developing countries (based on car production). According to the development plan of the automobile industry in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, Shanghai Volkswagen was the only manufacturer that could produce 400,000 vehicles on a large scale during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Other manufacturers, including FAW, Dongfeng, Tianjin, Chongqing Changan and other large groups, could not achieve economies of scale. On the one hand, because of the low level of production technology and technology in China's automobile industry, it has not formed enough ability to open up markets (including international markets) under the protection of high tariffs for a long time. More importantly, the narrow automobile market in China and the contradiction between many manufacturers restrict the realization of economies of scale. For more than 40 years, in order to pursue the excessive monopoly profits of the automobile industry under the protection of high tariffs, various places have set up factories to produce automobiles, thus forming a situation in which more than 100 manufacturers are in constant dispute today. This is an inevitable phenomenon in the growth stage of the automobile industry. With the further development of automobile industry, manufacturers need to achieve economies of scale, expand production and reduce costs in order to survive in the fierce competition. In the shadow of high tariffs for a long time. The automobile products of various manufacturers are not competitive in the international market, and the target market can only be designated as the domestic market. The problem is that the automobile market in China is a small market, and it will remain a small market for a long time to come. In recent years, China's automobile demand can only be met by the production of a large western automobile company. If domestic manufacturers reach economies of scale (the standard of developing countries), only 3-4 manufacturers are needed to meet the national automobile demand. However, there are 1 16 automobile automakers in China. Even excluding imports, the domestic automobile market is completely occupied by domestic manufacturers, so the annual output of each manufacturer is less than 1.
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