In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), after the British and French allied forces captured Beijing, they occupied Yuanmingyuan. China's defenders were outnumbered, and Wenfeng, the chief minister of Yuanmingyuan, committed suicide by throwing himself into Fuhai. Chang Ai, who lived in the garden, was scared to death.

With the support of British Prime Minister Pa Max Don, British leader Elgin ordered the burning of Yuanmingyuan. 3,500 British and French troops rushed into Yuanmingyuan and set fire to it. The fire didn't go out for three days.

Yuanmingyuan and its nearby Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Jingyi Garden, Changchun Garden and Haidian Town were all burned into ruins. In Anyou Palace, nearly 300 eunuchs, maids-in-waiting, and craftsmen were buried in the sea of fire. Turn this world-famous garden into ruins.

2. Sign treaty of nanking.

Treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty in modern history of China. The agreement was signed on August 29th 1842 (July 24th, Daoguang 22nd) by Jiao Ying, an imperial envoy of the Qing government, and Pu Dinghui, a British representative, aboard the British ship "Gao Huali" anchored on Xiaguan River in Nanjing, marking the end of the first opium war.

Treaty of nanking, a total of 13, which requires China:

(1) ceded Hong Kong Island;

(2) Compensation for British opium prices, commercial debts and military expenses totaling 21000000 silver dollars;

(3) There are five trading ports, and Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai are open as trading ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls;

(4) agreed tariffs, British businessmen should pay import and export goods tax and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to be immune;

⑤ Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China.

In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops.

The signing of treaty of nanking made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Politically, the integrity of China's territory and sovereignty was destroyed and it began to lose its political independence.

Economically, due to the economic invasion of foreign capitalism after the war, the self-sufficient economic structure of small-scale peasant economy and cottage industry in China gradually disintegrated, and China's economy gradually became a vassal of world capitalism.

3. Sign treaty of shimonoseki.

Treaty of shimonoseki is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the Meiji government of Japan in Shimonoseki (now Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture) on April 1895 and June 17 (March 23rd, 21st year of Guangxu) respectively.

According to the provisions of the treaty, China ceded Liaodong Peninsula (failed due to triple interference), Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands, and Penghu Islands to Japan, and paid Japan 200 million taels of silver. China has also opened Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japanese to invest and set up factories in trading ports in China.

Treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious unequal treaty after treaty of nanking. The imperialist countries invoked the one-sided most-favored-nation treatment and obtained all the privileges granted to Japan by China in treaty of shimonoseki except the compensation for ceding land. It brought serious harm to modern China society, greatly accelerated the process of semi-colonization of China and deepened the national crisis.

4. Sign the "Xin Chou Treaty"

The Xin Chou Treaty, also known as the Xin Chou Peace Treaty and the Beijing Protocol, is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the governments of Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, Italy, Austria, Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium after the Boxer Rebellion failed and Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing. ?

The treaty was signed in the 27th year of Guangxu (190 1) on July 25th, the year of Xin Chou, hence the name Xin Chou Treaty. Because the signing date of the treaty is September 7 in the solar calendar, there is a saying of "1997 national humiliation".

The Xin Chou Treaty is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of compensation and the most serious loss of sovereignty in China's modern history. The treaty provides that:

① The total compensation price and interest in China is 980 million taels of silver (the details are 450 million taels of silver, which will be paid off in 39 years, and the total principal and interest is about 980 million taels);

(2) Beijing Dongjiaominxiang is designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and China people are not allowed to live on the border;

(3) The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement;

(4) The Qing government dismantled the fortified fort along the Dagukou-Beijing railway in Tianjin and allowed foreign powers to send troops to important places along the Beijing-Shanhaiguan railway.

The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" not only brought a heavy burden to the people of China, but also damaged national sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become the tool for imperialism to rule China (that is, "the court of foreigners").

On the other hand, Russia is using other treaties to acquire the territory of northeast China. On the other hand, Britain and the United States put commercial interests first, hoping to keep China open, and are uneasy about Japanese and Russian ambitions. The final agreement did not require the Qing government to cede land, but only demanded huge compensation.

5. Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.

1900 On May 28th, eight major countries led by the British Empire, the United States of America, the Third Republic of France, the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the Japanese Empire, the Italian Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire invaded the Qing Empire.

1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion became the fuse of Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China. Eight-Nation Alliance used this as an excuse to carve up and plunder the Qing Empire in the name of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion.

The total number of troops invading China is about 50 thousand, which is well-equipped and powerful. 1900, 14 August, Beijing completely fell, and wherever Eight-Nation Alliance went, he killed, set fire to, raped and plundered!

There are countless treasures stolen and looted from the Forbidden City, Zhongnanhai and the Summer Palace! Among them, the famous Yuanmingyuan, after the British and French allied forces, was looted again and eventually became a ruin.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of nanking

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Treaty of Love and Ugliness

Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of shimonoseki

Baidu encyclopedia-burning Yuanmingyuan