History of Sunday school

1945 (20th year of Showa) On August15th, the Japanese army surrendered. The U.S. military occupied Japan and changed Japan's autocratic imperial power system into a constitutional monarchy, and the emperor was preserved as a symbol of Japan.

1972 (47th year of Showa) In July, tanaka kakuei became Japanese Prime Minister and began to pursue "multilateral independence" diplomacy. In September of the same year, Tanaka visited China and signed the Sino-Japanese Joint Statement with Premier Zhou Enlai on September 29th, announcing the formal establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan. 1978 In August, China and Japan concluded the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship. Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping was invited to visit Japan and announced the official entry into force of the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship. Sino-Japanese relations have been normalized since then.

1989 (64th year of Showa, the first year of Heisei), is Hirohito sick? Crown Prince Akihito acceded to the throne and changed his title to "Heisei"

Other Japanese history:

The origin of Japan

About 1 century, there were more than 100 small countries in Japan (some of them established diplomatic relations with the Eastern Han Dynasty). Later, these small countries gradually unified.

In the 4th century A.D., relatively large countries were established in Kansai, and it is said that the ancestors of today's royal family finally unified these countries. At that time, Japan included western Honshu, northern Kyushu and Shikoku.

Therefore, it will take a long time for this country to be unified. Therefore, it is difficult to make an accurate judgment on the exact date of the birth of Japan. According to Records of Historical Records and Records of Japan, the first emperor Emperor Jimmu was founded in 660 BC and acceded to the throne. The date of his accession to the throne is equivalent to 1 1 in the current Gregorian calendar, so this day is designated as the "founding day".

ancient times

Wensheng times

Since the Pleistocene, human ancestors have lived on the Japanese archipelago, and the formation of Japanese race and Japanese prototype is considered to be the rope age from BC 1000 to the 3rd century BC. At that time, several people or a dozen people lived in a thatched house with a vertical pit, and made a living by hunting, fishing and gathering, which constituted a society with rich and poor and classes.

Yayoi era

In the 3rd century BC, rice cultivation and the use of metal utensils moved from Korea to northern Kyushu. Rice farming technology has brought epoch-making changes to Japanese society, expanded production, produced differences between the rich and the poor, and made rural communities tend to be politically collectivized. The beliefs, manners and customs brought by farming gradually spread, forming the embryonic form of Japanese culture.

The era of great tombs

In the middle of the 4th century AD, the Yamato regime unified the separatist small country. With the unification of the country, the ancient graves, represented by the round graves before and after, spread to various places. This period was the period when many knowledge and technologies from China were introduced into Japan. In the 4th century AD, the Yamato regime attracted a high degree of material civilization in the mainland. In the 5th century, foreigners (naturalized people) from the Korean peninsula brought iron making, pottery making, textile, metal technology and civil engineering. At the same time, China's Chinese characters are also used. In the 6th century, Confucianism was formally accepted and Buddhism was introduced to Japan.

Asuka period

During the Asuka period, which began in 600 AD and ended in 7 10 AD, he moved the capital to Pingchengjing, inherited the ancient grave era and opened the Nara era. This period was named after the political center was torii in Nara Prefecture (the then capital of Fujiwara), and the more important events were the reform and modernization of Shoto Kutaishi.

In the 7th century, Shoto Kutaishi devoted itself to political innovation, and took the "great innovation" as an opportunity to establish a centralized country with the emperor as the center. This practice followed the example of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, when it absorbed mainland culture more actively. By the end of the 9th century, more than 10 envoys had been sent to Sui and Tang Dynasties.

At the beginning of the 6th century, after the death of Emperor Bretsu, there was no heir to the throne. Great companion Kimura ushered in the male great king from Qian Yue to succeed to the throne. He was the emperor. At that time, the expansion of Silla and Koguryo forces on the Korean Peninsula threatened Baekje, which put Japan's peninsula management strategy of developing its forces in southern Korea in a dilemma. On the other hand, it has led to the influx of mainland immigrants.

At home, after the reunification of the country, the royal family constantly occupied the territory of local aristocrats, expanded their warehouses, and imposed the military burden of invading Korea on them, and the contradiction between the royal family and local aristocrats intensified. The war of aggression against Korea brought disaster to the people and triggered people's resistance. After the mid-6th century, the Ministry of People's System did not adapt to the development level of productive forces, and began to disintegrate, and the Ministry of People's System fled one after another. The struggle between the old and new forces in the imperial court is getting worse. At the beginning of the 6th century, Taipan, who held the real power of the imperial court, was attacked for advocating ceding four counties in Na Ren to Baekje, thus losing political power and being replaced by Wu Bu and Su Wo. Wu Bu's family is an aristocrat who holds military power in the imperial court and an old-fashioned force who maintains the original ruling style. Since the second half of the 5th century, the Su family has been in charge of finance in the imperial court, and its influence has gradually expanded. The Su family has a close relationship with mainland immigrants. At that time, the Su family was a progressive force that actively absorbed foreign ideas and cultures. When Baekje Sage presented Buddha statues and Confucian classics to the Japanese court, Suwo Mimu actively advocated worshipping Buddha, trying to replace the belief in stone gods with worshipping Buddha, so as to unify the national thinking and strengthen the imperial power. On the other hand, Wu advocated believing in the primitive stone gods in order to maintain the surname system and the people's system, and resolutely opposed the worship of Buddhism. The two factions launched a fierce struggle around the worship and exclusion of Buddhism.

In 587, after the death of Ming Chengzu (reigned from 585 to 587), taking the issue of succession to the throne as an opportunity, Suwomazi, son of Suwomi, and Shouwu, son of the Ministry of Materials, launched a life-and-death struggle. Finally, Ma Zi won the battle to destroy the house, and the Wubu family perished. After defeating Wu Bu, Ma Su made King Shu Bu Emperor, namely Shen Chong (reigned from 587 to 592). Emperor Chongjun is not willing to be our girl's puppet. He once pointed to the offering of wild boar and said, "If you break this pig head, you will break the person I suspect." Sue, my daughter was shocked when she heard the news. In 592, Ma Su instigated Naoki of the Eastern Han Dynasty to stab the emperor. In order to monopolize the state affairs, in February of the same year, Ma Zi elected her niece as the first female emperor in Japanese history-Empress Tuiku (reigned from 592 to 628). The following year, in 593, the emperor appointed Prince Yasuhiro, the son of tomorrow's emperor, as the Crown Prince, "Remember the Regent, and have the opportunity to inform the Committee". Later, because of his wisdom and wise management, the world called him Shoto Kutaishi.

Shoto Kutaishi is the emperor's Di Zi of tomorrow. According to Japanese records, he is "naturally eloquent, strong and wise, so as not to be crippled by ten complaints" and has the qualities of an official. He studied Buddhism from the Korean monk Huici and Confucianism from Dr. Baekje, and was influenced by mainland ideology and culture since childhood.

At the beginning of Shoto Kutaishi's rule, the imperial court was in the midst of internal troubles and foreign invasion. The so-called foreign invasion, China ended its long-term division and established a unified feudal centralized state-Sui Dynasty; On the Korean peninsula, the increasingly powerful Silla occupied the Han River and Luodong River basins, and the relationship with Japan deteriorated sharply after the annexation of Na Ren, a stronghold of Japan in North Korea. The so-called domestic troubles and foreign invasion, the shortcomings of surnames and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the influence of the famous family represented by the Su family is too great to be lost, and the royal family's influence is too thin. Influenced by China's thought of respecting the king and unifying the whole country, Shoto Kutaishi tried to build an emperor-centered centralization of authority to save the social crisis, so he implemented a series of reforms.

Nara era

In 7 10, the Japanese capital Heichengjing (now Nara and its suburbs) ushered in a prosperous period of a country ruled by law. But at this time, the poverty of farmers, the increase of vagrants, and the substantial collapse of the commons citizenship system caused by the expansion of manor began to expose contradictions.

During this period, due to the state's efforts to protect Buddhism, Buddhist culture, especially Buddhist art, began to flourish. For example, the bird culture that created Japanese Buddhist culture in the early 7th century; The unique baifeng culture in the late 7th century; In the mid-8th century, under the influence of the culture in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Tian Ping culture embodied rich human emotions in a realistic way, and so on.

Compared with Buddhist art, the cultural pyramid of this period is a collection of leaves. In the 400 years before the middle of the 8th century, The Collection of Ye Wan collected about 4,500 songs of peace from civilians to emperors, which truly reflected the simple life feelings of ancient Japanese. In addition, Hongzhi (7 12), The Book of Japan (720) and China's poetry collection Huaifengzao (75 1) are all cultural heritages of this period.

peacetime

At the end of the 8th century, Japan moved its capital to Ping 'an (now the capital of Beijing), trying to rebuild the legal system. However, due to the collapse of the commons citizenship system, the country fell into financial difficulties. After sending the last batch of envoys to the Tang Dynasty in 894, it stopped, so it stopped absorbing a lot of mainland culture.

10 ~ 1 1 century, Fujiwara's monopoly regime was based on manor, and its power was the most powerful. However, due to local political chaos and public security chaos, the samurai group became stronger. By the end of 1 1 century, in order to confront Fujiwara, the "imperial government" was implemented (referring to the late Japanese heian period, when the emperor was in office, the French emperor acted as the emperor's authority). Thus, the samurai entered the central political circle.

Heian period is the characteristic of China culture. Influenced by the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century, the culture of forbearance and Zhenguan in esotericism and Sinology is still very prosperous. However, after the direct communication with the mainland was cut off after the 10 century, Japan's unique aristocratic culture came into being. His representative works include The First Collection of Poetry, A Collection of Ancient and Modern Harmony Songs (65438+early 20th century), The Tale of Genji, the world's oldest novel (165438+early 20th century) and Essays on Pillow Grass (around AD 1000).

History of Japanese Warring States Period

Medieval (12 ~16th century)

Kamakura era

At the end of 12, the Yuan Dynasty won the title of the first generation general who conquered foreign countries, and established a shogunate in Kamakura, from which the samurai regime was born, resulting in the opposition between martial politics and public politics (referring to court officials and nobles). /kloc-in the late third century, the samurai rule of the shogunate began to face difficulties, and the kamakura shogunate gradually embarked on the road of extinction.

Culturally, based on the aristocratic culture in the past, it absorbed the Zen culture introduced into Japan in the Song Dynasty and cultivated a vivid, realistic, simple and unique martial arts culture. In terms of religion, Kamakura Buddhism was founded by famous monks such as Fran, Qinluan and Rilian, and gained the faith of all walks of life. Zen Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the12nd century, and was valued by the Kanto samurai, and new trends appeared in the art field. In literature, the novel "The Story of Heiping Family" (the original was born at the beginning of13rd century), which is an outstanding representative of ancient Japanese military stories.

Muromachi era

/kloc-In the first half of the 4th century, after the conquering foreign general Ashikaga Yoshimitsu stabilized the Muromachi shogunate in Kyoto, the Wu family overwhelmed the government politically and culturally for more than two centuries. Because the Muromachi shogunate was established by gathering powerful names, the ruling ability of the shogunate itself was relatively weak. In January of the first year of Ren Ying (1467), Ren Ying's rebellion broke out, and famous soldiers from all over the country rose in succession. Muromachi shogunate was on the verge of collapse, and Japan entered the Warring States period. In the name of the warring States period, it became a powerful independent regime that ruled the local land and people.

In terms of culture, both aristocratic culture and martial artist culture are influenced by Zen. /kloc-At the end of 0/4th century, Beishan culture represented by Jingu Temple and Dongshan culture represented by Yinta Temple were very developed. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Portuguese and Spanish came to Japan and introduced guns and Christianity. It was an era of active culture.

Modern times (16 ~1mid-9th century)

Sentani

(Late Muromachi and Anshi and Taoshan Times)

After the Ren Ying Uprising, great names in various parts of Japan rose in succession, and wars raged, making people miserable. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, there appeared a lean man who was determined to unify Japan by force and end troubled times. He is Nobutaka Oda. In the third year of Lu Yong (1560), Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto's 40,000 troops with 2,000 men in a narrow wooden barrel and became famous at one fell swoop. Later, we gradually unified Zhang Wei and Feng Jingen, and prepared to attack Yin Shan and Yang Shan. During this period, Nobunaga built the magnificent Antu City. So nobunaga's era is called "An Cheng era".

In the tenth year of Tianzheng (1582), the change of Benneng Temple broke out and Nobuka died. Yukio Hatoyama is an important official of Oda. He defeated Akechi Mitsuhide and Shibata Katsuie successively and established his successor status. After that, Japan was gradually unified through the Four Kingdoms Conquest, the Kyushu Conquest and the Battle of Odahara. Later, he was named "Toyotomi's Family" by the Emperor and was awarded the post of "Guan Bai". Toyotomi Hideyoshi's era is called "Taoshan Age".

In the third year of Qing Dynasty (1598), Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in the Taoshan Castle. Feng Chen's family is divided into two factions: near the river (western army) and Wei Zhang (eastern army). As one of the five elders of the Toyotomi regime, Tokugawa Ieyasu launched the Guanyuan War in the fifth year of Qing Dynasty (1600), defeated the western army and established the Tokugawa regime. In the eighth year of Changqing (1603), the Tokugawa shogunate was established and the Warring States period ended.

Edo era

In the eighth year of Keinaga (1603), Tokugawa Ieyasu was made a foreign general and established a shogunate regime in Edo (now Tokyo). After that, the Tokugawa family ruled the country for more than 260 years. This period is called the edo period. Tokugawa shogunate strictly controlled emperors, nobles, temples and shrines, and tried its best to rule farmers who supported the wooden model system. In the 9th year of Yuanhe (1623), Guang Jia, the third generation general of Tokugawa family, came to power and ordered the country to be locked up. Foreigners are forbidden to come to Japan, and Japanese people are also forbidden to travel overseas, except Nagasaki and its border sites, which are open as foreign ports. Due to behind closed doors, Mufan system ushered in a stable period. However, with the development of industry and commodity economy, the management system of farmers' self-sufficiency collapsed, and the mufan system began to shake from the18th century.

The common people culture is the characteristic of this period. /kloc-From the late 7th century to the early 8th century, Luyuan culture was a samurai and merchant culture centered on Kyoto and Osaka (the Kanto natives in Japan called Kyoto and Osaka the top). Doll net glass, kabuki, ukiyo-e, literati painting and so on present a rich and colorful merchant culture.

Modern Japanese history

Modern times (1from the late 9th century to the present)

Meiji era

At the end of the edo shogunate, natural disasters continued, and the Tokugawa era was corrupt, making people miserable. Moreover, the financial difficulties of the shogunate made most of the middle and lower samurai more and more dissatisfied with the shogunate. At the same time, western capitalist powers knocked on the door of Japan, which has not been locked for more than 200 years.

Under the double pressure of internal troubles and foreign invasion, the Japanese gradually realized that only by overthrowing the Tokugawa era and learning from capitalist countries is Japan's way to prosperity. So a vigorous closing movement began. Samoan and Changzhou warriors played an important role in this movement to overthrow the Tokugawa era. 1868 1.3, a defector representing the interests of the bourgeoisie and the emerging landlord class, successfully staged a coup under the leadership of Kubo Junyi, Saigō Takamori and Hiroshi, known as the "three outstanding reformers", forcing Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the Tokugawa shogunate15th generation general, to hand over the political power, and the newly acceded Meiji Emperor promulgated "Wang This is the Meiji Restoration in Japanese history. Japan has since embarked on the capitalist road.

1868 (the second year of Meiji), Emperor Meiji moved the capital to Edo and changed its name to Tokyo. After that, a series of major reforms were carried out in politics, economy, culture, education and diplomacy. Japan's national strength is getting stronger and stronger. Later, China and beiyang fleet were defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Russo-Japanese War, and the Russian Pacific Fleet and Baltic Fleet were wiped out. Japan has become one of the imperialist powers.

Taisho Showa Times

Compared with the historical progress made in Meiji era, Emperor Taishō is called "the unfortunate Great Truth". Emperor Taishi was in office for 15 years, and his political achievements were not as good as those of Emperor Meiji. And he was trapped by encephalopathy all his life, and finally he was forced to give up his right to rest and was regent by Prince Hirohito.

1926, Hirohito ascended the throne, with the year number "Showa", namely Hirohito. For people in China, South Korea, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, the first 30 years of the Showa era were dark. At this time, the Japanese government was committed to aggression and expansion. 193 1 year (6 years in Showa), "Nine? The 18th Incident broke out and the Japanese army occupied the northeast of China. 1937 (Showa 12) On July 7, 2007, the Japanese army provoked the Lugouqiao Incident and launched a full-scale war of aggression against China. 194 1 year (showa 16), the Japanese attacked pearl harbor and the Pacific war broke out. During this period, it not only brought profound disasters to the people in China, Korea, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, but also brought painful difficulties to the Japanese people. This is the darkest period in the history of Japan and Sino-Japanese relations.

1989 (64th year of Showa, the first year of Heisei), is Hirohito sick? Crown Prince Akihito acceded to the throne and changed his title to "Heisei"

Japanese historical stage

Prehistoric times in Japan

Old Stone Age

Ancient Japan

At the time of writing, it was about the pre-Qin period of China.

The Yayoi period (3rd century BC-3rd century BC) is about the Han Dynasty.

The era of ancient tombs (the second half of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century-the first half of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century) is about the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Asuka period (end of 6th century -7 10) is about the early Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Nara period of Tang dynasty (7 10-784)

During the Heian period (794- 1 184), the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty.

Medieval Japan

Kamakura Period (1 192- 1334) Song and Yuan Dynasties

Southern and Northern Dynasties (1334- 1392) Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Note: After the palace coup in Japanese history, the former emperor went to a place not far from Beijing to set up another court for a short time.

Muromachi Period (1392- 1573) (Zuoguo Period) Ming Dynasty, Note: Japanese generals who conquered foreign countries in this period were awarded the title of "King of Japan" by the Ming Dynasty.

Modern Japanese history

The period of Antu Taoshan (1573- 1598) was the Ming Dynasty, that is, the so-called "Zhifeng period", that is, the period of Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Edo period (1603- 1868) late Ming and early Qing dynasties

(viii) Modern Japan-Modern Japan

Meiji (1868-191year) was the reign of Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong.

Dazheng (19 1 1 year-1926) was in the period of northern warlords.

Showa (1926- 1989) People's Republic of China (PRC) (China) National Government

Heisei (1989-) is the third generation of * * * till now.

300-592 A.D. Yamato Times

592-7 10 Asuka period.

7 1 1-794 Nara Period

794- 1 192 peacetime.

1 192- 1333 kamakura shogunate era

A.D. 1333- 1392 Southern and Northern Dynasties