rule of wen and jing
Dynasty: Han dynasty
The rule of Wenjing was a prosperous time for Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi in the Western Han Dynasty for about 40 years, with stable politics and remarkable economic development.
Liu Heng is the fourth son of Liu Bang, and his mother is Ji Bo. In the 11th year of Emperor Gaudi (196), he was made acting king. In BC 180, after the death of Lv Hou, Zhu Lu made an insurrection. The prime minister, Qiu, Zhu, and other imperial clan ministers jointly ruled Zhu Lu and became emperor for 23 years. Liu Qi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, is the prince of Wendi, and his mother is Queen Dou. He ascended the throne in 157 BC and reigned in 16.
After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di and Lv Hou all devoted themselves to agricultural production and stabilized the feudal ruling order, and achieved remarkable results. After Emperor Wenjing ascended the throne one after another, on this basis, he took further measures to ease taxes and share interest with the people, which is called "the rule of Wenjing" in history.
guangwu zhongxing
Dynasty: Han dynasty
In the summer of the third year of Liu Xiu's comeback, he proclaimed himself in Chiaki Minami Pavilion (now Baixiang, Hebei Province). Change Yuan Jianwu, change Mao to Gaoyi, make Luoyang its capital the following year, and establish the Eastern Han regime. In the next four years, he commanded the army to suppress the peasant rebels such as Hongmei and razed the separatist forces in various places. During his reign, he ruled the world with judo and took a series of measures to restore and develop social production, thus alleviating the social crisis since the end of the Western Han Dynasty. From the second year to the fourteenth year of Jianwu (AD 26-38), six imperial edicts were issued to release handmaiden, stipulating that those who were sold as handmaiden during the war should not be Shu Ren, and those who were not released must have basic personal protection. In the eleventh year of Jianwu, three imperial edicts were issued, stipulating that those who killed handmaiden could not have their sentences reduced; Those who burn handmaiden shall be punished according to law; The maid who is free from burning is Shu Ren; Abolish the law that handmaiden shoots and kills people. Restore the lighter land tax system in the Western Han Dynasty, and implement thirty taxes and one tax. Demobilize local troops, abolish the system of changing military service, and organize troops to open fields. Simplify administration and reduce officials, and cut more than 400 counties. Release ex-prisoners as ordinary people and use them to farm fields in border counties. In the fifteenth year of Jianwu, it was ordered to reclaim farmland, check household registration and strengthen the feudal state's control over land and labor. Strengthen centralization, give generous rewards to heroes, but prohibit them from entering politics; Eliminate the three fairs and increase the power of the ministers in charge of documents around the emperor. The government affairs of the country are dominated by the emperor through the Shangshutai, and the local captains who master the army are abolished. Various measures in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty brought social stability, economic recovery and population growth. Therefore, during the reign of Liu Xiu, it was called "the glory of martial arts" in history.
Rule of opening the emperor
Year: Sui Dynasty
After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified China, he practiced frugality and took many measures to consolidate the political power. Because he realized that "the ancient emperors were not extravagant but could last forever", he advocated frugality from the beginning of Fuzheng, and the concubines in the palace did not make beautiful decorations. Generally, literati use cloth and silk, and ribbons only use bronze and iron horns instead of gold and jade. Wendi tried to use beard powder and knitted collar, but he looked everywhere in the palace and couldn't find it. This frugal practice correspondingly lightens the burden on the people and is conducive to the implementation of various measures. The measures taken by Emperor Wen are mainly as follows: politically, the first is to improve politics and reform the system. The central political system consists of five provinces (ministers, men, civil servants, secretaries and servants) and six departments (officials, ceremonies, soldiers, criminals, households and workers); The local political system was changed from state, county and county level to state and county level administration. At the same time, the system of officers and men in the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was adopted, including farmers and soldiers. Government soldiers farm in the farming season, train in their spare time, stay in the guards in turn, or temporarily dispatch. The second is to abolish the nine-product system and the gate system that have safeguarded the rights and interests of noble giants since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The appointment of officials is not limited to family status, but only on merit, and candidates are obtained through examinations. Wendi himself is committed to thrift, and he is a bureaucrat who is sorting out order. He once sent people to inspect fifty-two states in Hebei, dismissed more than 200 corrupt officials and laid off about three-tenths of the local redundant staff. He also simplified the criminal law, deleted the torture of the previous generation, and formulated the Sui Law to make the criminal law concise. "Take light instead of heavy, and turn death into a living." Economically, it imitates the Northern Wei Dynasty's land equalization system and implements the land equalization system. Dingnan divides 80 mu of land and Yongtian 20 mu. Women are divided into 40 acres. And tax relief, light tax, and the same interest with the people. If Ding is changed to 2 1 year-old, Shoutian will still be 18 year-old, and three years of service will be lost. It is also changed from 30 days to 20 days a year, and a silk horse (four feet) is reduced to two feet. In addition, Emperor Wendi ordered the reorganization of household registration, with five as the guarantee, five as the Lu and four as the clan. In the early days of the emperor's rule, there were more than 3.6 million households, rising from 500,000 to 8.7 million. In order to prepare for a rainy day, warehouses are widely set up, which are divided into official warehouses and voluntary warehouses. The official warehouse is used for grain transportation and storage, while the warehouse is used for relief. Wendi is also committed to construction, building a new capital and a big city in the southeast of Chang 'an. Dig a wide channel to lead Wei Shui from Daxing to Tongguan, which is convenient for water transportation in Kanto. In terms of academic culture, Emperor Wen strongly advocated culture and education and extensively searched for books. In view of the long-term war and the loss of official books, he sent a letter to Tianxia Book and presented a book. After a year or two, the books were ready and sorted out, with more than 30 thousand volumes. In order to recruit talented people, Wendi set up a class of borrowing soil and a class of scholar, which created the imperial examination system in later generations and promoted the development of education and literature. In order to enlighten the whole country and restore the orthodoxy of Chinese culture, Emperor Wendi issued decrees, formulated rituals and music, and improved the cultural quality of the whole country. Militarily, in view of the late Northern and Southern Dynasties, Turks invaded Northern Zhou and Northern Qi from time to time with their strong military strength. Therefore, after the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi sent troops to attack the Turks, and later adopted the strategy of alienating the Turks, so that the Turks were divided into two parts, east and west, and they fought each other, and Sui was able to eliminate the worries of the north. It is precisely because of the implementation of the above measures that during the first 20 years of Emperor Wen's rule, the Sui Dynasty was politically clear, its population increased, its wealth was rich, and its society was prosperous, which was called "the rule of opening the emperor" in history.
Controlled by Guan Zhen.
Year: Tang Dynasty
After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, starting from the fundamental interests of the ruling class, taking the Sui Dynasty as a mirror, he paid close attention to people's hearts, feelings and public opinions, and closely United the surrounding ministers of civil and military affairs, and successively implemented a series of more enlightened policies: reducing exorbitant taxes and levies, and not excessively enslaving and oppressing farmers; Severely punish corrupt officials and reward meritorious personnel; Attach importance to the selection of scholars in imperial examinations and select ruling talents; Get rid of bad politics and make great efforts to govern; Be good at listening to different opinions, constantly improve the way of governance, and so on. In just a few years, remarkable achievements have been made, the economy and culture have been well restored and developed, and a good social atmosphere of "not picking up bones on the road and not closing the door at night" has emerged. Historians call this historical period "the rule of chastity".
kaiyuan flourishing age
Year: Tang Dynasty
After the death of Wu Zetian, a few years later, Tang Xuanzong acceded to the throne. The year number of Xuanzong in the early Tang Dynasty was "Kaiyuan" (AD 7 13-74 1).
The policies of the rulers in the Kaiyuan period promoted the further development of social economy. At that time, the land for reclamation was mostly "barren mountains and full of thunder" (Volume 7 of Yuan Ci Shan Zhi). According to Du You's "Tongdian", in the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan, Mount Tai was sealed, reaching thirteen grades, and Qing Dou reached five grades. From then on, there is nothing of value in the world. Two meters is no better than 20 articles, 32 on the surface and 2 10 on a silk horse. East to the Song Dynasty (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province), the border (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) and west to Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province, Jia Lulie's shop is full of guests and full of wine. Every store is rented by donkeys, which is dozens of miles at a time, called donkeys. South refers to Jingxiang (now Jiangling and Xiangfan, Hubei), north to Taiyuan and Xiangyang (now Beijing), west to Shuchuan (now Chengdu, Sichuan) and Fu Liang (now Wuwei, Gansu), all of which have business travel shops, which are thousands of miles apart and do not hold an inch. " It can be seen that grain and silk were abundant at that time, with low prices, prosperous business, smooth roads and safe travel. In the 20th century, there were 786 1236 households with a population of * * * * * * * *, and the initial household registration in Bitang increased by more than one and a half times.
During this period, the political situation was stable, the economy was prosperous, the culture was prosperous, and the national strength was prosperous, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history. This is the heyday of the Tang Dynasty.
Anti-inductive Shi Sheng
Year: Qing Dynasty
From the middle period of Kangxi, the Qing Dynasty appeared a relatively prosperous situation, and the national strength of the Qing Dynasty reached its peak during Yongzheng and Qianlong years. This period, which spanned over 130 years, was the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, so China historians called the period of Kang, Yong and Gan "the prosperous time of Kang and Gan".
"Prosperity of Kang Gan" is mainly reflected in population growth. In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), the national population exceeded 1 100 million, and in the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong (1790), it exceeded 300 million. Some people attribute this to the diligence of the Qing rulers; However, the main reason is that high-yield crops such as sweet potato and corn introduced in the late Ming Dynasty were popularized throughout the country.
During this period, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty closed their doors to the outside world, which prevented the western learning from spreading to the east in the late Ming Dynasty. A "literary prison" was launched internally. Therefore, some people think that it is the "prosperous period of Kanggan" that seriously hinders the development of China society and makes China lag behind the West, which is not commendable.
One view is that "The Prosperous Age of Kanggan" is deceptive, which is a statement that some historians in China ignore history and deceive themselves. During the Kangxi period, the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu signed after the war against Russia ceded territory. If it is a prosperous time, it is unthinkable to cut land. Coincidentally, during the Yongzheng period, which was also in the "prosperous period of Kanggan", the Treaty of Chaktu, which ceded territory, was also signed. What did these three emperors do during the reign of Kang Yong? Made waves of literary inquisition tragedies, Kanggan went to Jiangnan for extravagant play several times, and since Yongzheng, he used up the people's fat to build Yuanmingyuan. At the same time, with the rapid development of western science, technology and culture, on the eve of the Opium War, the British invaders were already using guns of the Ming Dynasty, but the Qing army was still using guns of the Ming Dynasty. It's really a shame that it's so prosperous. Tang Zhen, a civilian thinker in the Kangxi period, mentioned in his book "Hidden Book" that in the fifty years since Qing Xing, agriculture, industry, cities and public affairs have become increasingly poor and empty in the four seas. He saw with his own eyes that many women in Shanxi had no trousers to wear, but "there are many people in Wuzhong and many children in the north". When Mangane, the British envoy in Qianlong period, came to China, he recorded that there were many beggars on the streets of Beijing. Many people were unkempt and ragged, so he described the Qing Dynasty as a giant with clay feet, and the "China people" were gradually degenerating into a "semi-barbarian" era (see Mangane's Travels of China).