China
Witchcraft comes from Shun Di tribe. It is said that in Shun Di, it produces salt for people to satisfy their lives. Shun asked one of his sons to be a county magistrate in Wuxian County, hence the name. Wuxian people hold a green snake in their right hand and a red dragon in their left hand, which is located in the wild. Together with witches, they are called the Top Ten Witches, namely the Witch of Hope, the Witch of Peng, the Witch of Gu, the Witch of Zhen, the Witch of Bar mitzvah, the Witch of Arrival, the Witch of Xie and the Witch of Luo. Wuxian Kingdom is located in the south of Anyi City. It is said that there is a salt pond that receives salt water. Water flows from the thin mountain in the southeast, flows to the northwest, and passes through Wuxian Mountain in the north. Wuxian Mountain is in the south of Anyi County.
The history of Luyan Salt in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province has a long history. The original name of "Lu" in Yuncheng is "Lu", that is, "saline soil" that produces salt, and later it was renamed "Lu" because of homophonic. "Lu", now Yuncheng, is located in the west of Gu 'an Post.
Legend has it that Shun's son became the leader of Wuxian County. Leading wuxian to produce salt. Because the local Wuxian people have mastered the technology of making salt from brine, they cooked the brine and precipitated the salt into crystals, which outsiders think is "transformation". In addition, in the process of salt making, people in Wuxian held various sacrificial activities, hoping that the south wind would bring them a good climate and be beneficial to the analysis of salt. Their sacrifices have all kinds of performances, accompanied by all kinds of words of wishing and praying. Finally, each process is started until white crystalline salt is produced.
This whole process, in other tribes, is regarded as a kind of magic, so people call this technology of turning soil into salt "witchcraft". This is the origin of the word "witchcraft".
Now people all know that "witchcraft" means "magic" In fact, witchcraft first refers to the salt-making technology of Wuxian people. This salt-making technology, called "witchcraft", is actually "wizard's salt-making technology" Today's wizards are named after this.
the west
Tracing back to the source of witchcraft is hopeless, but many scholars who are interested in it have never given up their efforts. In the industry, there are three recognized theories about the origin of witchcraft: the theory of natural existence born with the appearance of human beings; Animism; Psychological theory accompanying human emotion and spirit. However, at the latest about 80,000 years ago, when Neanderthals began to bury the dead and possessed the consciousness and belief of the soul, human beings had already believed in witchcraft.
French sociologist Durkheim (1858- 19 17) believes that witchcraft originated from human religious consciousness.
German sociologist Max Weber (1864- 1920) believes that the pre-animist belief originated in the period when there were no words.
Livingstone (1908 ~ 2009), a French anthropologist, believes that witchcraft is a normal mind trying to understand the universe it faces, but unable to grasp it, thus producing morbid thinking and explanation to enrich its reality.
Witch hunting: From12nd century to14th century, it reached its peak. At that time, Christianity had been introduced to Europe for some time, and it became the mainstream religion in Europe. In order to consolidate its power, it ended the policy of tolerating paganism and started the policy of exclusion, that is, hunting witches.
/kloc-in the 4th century, Germany also published a book on dealing with and distinguishing witches-malleus maleficarum. But the accuracy and authenticity of the description are debatable.
classify
From the nature of witchcraft, witchcraft can be divided into black witchcraft and white witchcraft. Black witchcraft refers to witchcraft used when framing others; White witchcraft is used when praying for good luck, so it is also called auspicious witchcraft.
Judging from the means of witchcraft, witchcraft can be divided into two categories, one is imitation witchcraft and the other is contact witchcraft.
Imitate witchcraft
A witchcraft method that uses something similar as a substitute to seek good luck or cause disaster. If you hate someone, take a human form and write down that person's birthday, or burn it, or splash water, or stab it with a knife and let that person die. In nature, this belongs to black witchcraft. Another example is that children often fall into wells. In order to avoid disaster, they often make a puppet instead of a child and throw it into the well. This kind of behavior is called breaking the evil spirit. In ancient production customs, when rice blooms, men and women meet in the field to promote the formation of rice ears. If people get sores, they can get rid of the patients by painting the sores on plant leaves or yellow paper. This is also called imitating witchcraft. The custom of tying dolls in Baiyun Temple, and the folk custom of "stealing melons" and so on.
Contact witchcraft
It is a kind of witchcraft, which uses a part of something or something related to it to seek good luck and blame others. This kind of witchcraft can achieve its goal as long as it touches a part of someone's body or someone's equipment. If someone is sick, put a coin or something expensive in the sick place and throw it on the road for anyone to pick it up, then it is considered that the patient has been transferred to the picker. Putting a bowl, Jiang Yuan plays a great man, and getting drunk and abandoning Zhou is all about witchcraft. In the past, black witchcraft used to collect hair, beards, nails and beloved things of people who were at odds with each other in order to hurt each other. Children's names can't be told to others casually, otherwise they will be controlled by others.
In Liangshan Yi people, when the slave owners found that the slaves had escaped, they not only sent people to look for them, but also asked the wizards to practice witchcraft. The method is to bring the rags left by slaves and put them in a stone mill for grinding. Because cloth is not easy to grind down, they think that slaves will inevitably wander in the mountains and find no way to escape. In order to escape from the jaws of death, slaves also fought against witchcraft. Generally, when they escape, they carry a small stone mill on their backs and put it on their heads, so that the cloth ground by the slave owners will fall off quickly and they can escape successfully.
witchcraft
Curses and witchcraft are usually the main methods. Seek dark or evil forces to punish the enemy of the caster, but generally pay the same price. For example, when ordinary people use curses, they usually use their own blood as a medium to summon evil spirits. If the curse is successful, the caster must use his own vitality (spiritual strength) as the source of the curse. Otherwise, the curse will not be carried out, and even the caster will be bitten by evil spirits.
It is often used to avenge people or others, and it can also be used as a spell to cure diseases, punish evil and promote good, and fight against black witchcraft. Witches can also be divided into two types, one is handed down from generation to generation and taught by old wizards; The other is the so-called wizard taught by the gods in dreams, named Mismagius. Voodoo doll is a means of revenge in black witchcraft. The concept opposite to black witchcraft is white witchcraft.
With the rise of human civilization, especially the formation of cities, man and nature are increasingly separated, and a new spirit has emerged. Natural selection and survival of the fittest are more intense in cities than anywhere else. Humans began to develop their own ambitions and aggressiveness, and only by riding on others' heads can they stand out. In this case, witchcraft has become a horrible tool of personal struggle and a black witchcraft that people are afraid of. Witchcraft is also spurned by most people.
Black magic, the darkest of all black magic, is undoubtedly necromancy! It is also one of the ugliest and most disgusting magic rituals. Necroma ncy comes from Greek, which means death and supernatural power. Necromancy itself refers to an ancient method of communicating with the undead world. Necromancy can be traced back to ancient Persian, Greek, Roman and medieval wizards. The necromancer can be divided into two factions: one faction summons and dominates ghosts (necromancer faction), which is more common; One faction has mastered the law of reviving the dead (the dead faction), and both factions are closely related to the banned dark magic. Necromancers usually use altars and spells, while necromancers get terrible black magic by digging corpses and robbing tombs. Necromancers are usually surrounded by terrible deaths. They wear clothes stolen from the dead and meditate on the meaning of death …
Without a certain degree of knowledge about soul and death, it is impossible to understand the mystery of necromancy. If we engage in it rashly, the consequences will be very dangerous. Because under normal circumstances, the dead will not return to the world (whether as an entity or a ghost), if this happens, it must be for very special reasons. If a living person wants to establish contact with another world and dominates the soul but ignores the requirements of the dead, then he should seriously study the knowledge related to dark magic so as not to become a victim of demons!
At first, communication with necromancers was mostly driven by interests. Because everyone thinks that everything can be seen after death, necromancers call the dead largely by those who want to know the location of the treasure, and these calling ceremonies usually take place 1 2 months after death, because people believe that the soul has been wandering around the cemetery for 12 months after death and can't see what the living want to see. But bodies that are too old are usually not chosen, because as far as the dead are concerned, bodies that are too bad can't answer the question clearly. Later, necromancers summoned necromancers and corpses to attack others, which mostly happened in ancient Egypt and ancient Greece.
For the above purposes, it is usually necessary to suppress the anger of necromancers, which requires special magic help, and usually only experienced wizards can do it. In the ancient books of British wizards, it is recorded that the necromancer painted a spell on the chest of a dead body. Sometimes, necromancers need to summon some powerful demons to protect themselves, or drive the undead and ghosts to obey themselves. In ancient Greek mantras, it is recorded that necromancers summoned their brothers (K ore), Persephone, Elleuch Kigal (Adonis), Hermes (Hermes) and Thoth (Thoth) in order to protect themselves and control necromancers. In Roman drama, the description of the necromancer ceremony also includes burning and bleeding. In other ceremonies, necromancers eat dog meat, which symbolizes Hecate, the patron saint of wizards. They also eat unsalted and unfermented black bread and unfermented grape juice, which symbolizes decay and death.
In continental Europe, the requirements of evocation ceremonies are even more stringent. The location of the ceremony is usually carefully designated in some abandoned intersections, basements, ruins, inaccessible forests or withered bushes. Once the time of the ceremony was determined, some concentric circles and indescribable symbols symbolizing power were painted in the venue and given sacred names.
These circles are cursed by magic, and the necromancer's assistant stands in the middle of the circles and is protected by magic. Finally, the necromancer's power is in his hands, summoning the soul of the underworld. If the practice is successful, the necromancer will emerge from the circle, and the necromancer will have to face the unbearable screams and incomprehensible complaints of the necromancer ... Sometimes, the powerful necromancer will even scream in the circle in the form of a monster, threatening to tear the necromancer to pieces! When the necromancer finally succumbs to the wizard's feet, he usually turns into a naked ghost and then answers the wizard's questions and demands.
At the end of Whitsunday, necromancers usually disappear into the poisonous fog of sulfur, and the bodies are burned by wizards with quicklime. Until then, the necromancer must stay in the sacred circle. If he has to leave, he must hold some other ceremonies. The necromancer will also remove all the flowers and plants in the area before and after the ceremony, burn them and bury the ashes in the area. The whole ceremony is full of terrible dangers. A little carelessness will lead to the death of the necromancer, even permanent trauma to the soul ... In the 7th century, the famous necromancer and prophet Kiankunji in Egypt was crushed to death by the devil because he left the altar in a hurry. ...
The church sent the necromancer, a very special dark magic tribe. The necromancer used strange dark magic. According to legend, at midnight, the necromancer will recite a dark poem in the cemetery: "The dead come back to me" and then disperse it to the church cemetery. When they call, they will cry and sing "E go sum te peto et uidere queo", and when they leave, they will order "return to the country designated by God".
The following is a description of the greatest church necromancer in history: Dr. john dee and his assistant Edward Kelly: When the assistant lit the death ceremony with a torch, the doctor stood in the cemetery, holding a power struggle in his hand and chanting a spell. In the firelight, you can clearly see that a newly summoned necromancer in white cloth is trembling ... while the other two wizards are whispering a spell to protect themselves in the sacred circle, and vaguely hear the names of some angels: "Raphael, Rael, Milla, Tamir, Rex ..." ...
Another famous necromancer in history is Endor. It is recorded in the Bible that he once called the dead prophet Samuel King Saul and predicted the demise of King Saul.
In addition, in 1 century Greece, there were famous necromancers Apollo and Teyana.
/kloc-Britain in the 6th century had the above-mentioned john dee and his useless assistant Edwood Kelly.
In the17th century, there was a great Eliphaz Levi. He tried to summon the great apollonius, but he was shocked by the soul of apollonius!
For necromancers, the numbers 9 and 13 are of great significance. Nine represents the nine realms that the soul has to go through from birth to death in ancient beliefs. 13 stands for the last supper of Jesus and his resurrection.
In voodoo, when a corpse comes back to life, it appears in the form of Baron Samedi (ragged zombie god). In Haiti, the necromancer incarnated as Papa Nibo, the father of death, and presided over the ceremony. During the ceremony, Bai La was dripped on the feet and lips of the corpse, and the necromancer wore a monk's robe and a silver hat. The symbol of Papa Nipo was hung on the cross. When the wizard's robe and hat trembled, it proved that Baron Samedi had been awakened and the ceremony was successful.
The reason why necromancy is spurned by people is that, in addition to its improper purpose, the most heinous thing is that many corpses are used as raw materials for casting spells during the ceremony. Moreover, necromancy believes that the best medicine is to die of a violent corpse! Because they think that people who die like this have more unused spiritual power. In ancient Norse witchcraft, the strongest necromancer can even resurrect people who have just died on the gallows! Paulus Grelandus, a religious judge in the 0/6th century AD/KLOC, once recorded: "Necromancers use charred corpse fragments, especially those who are hanged and humiliated ... with small nails or teeth ... hair, ears or eyes ... muscles, bones or fresh meat ..." Some necromancers even eat corpses, especially unwashed babies. Many graves were stolen at that time. The most famous case in history is Alice kettler, an Irish necromancer. She was accused of stealing and using the hair and skull of a dead body, saying that moss growing on the head of a dead body is very precious to necromancers …
In the witch hunting movements in 16 and 17 centuries, a large number of necromancers inevitably became hunting targets. The church chanted that they were servants of the devil, and the description of Indar in the Bible proved that necromancer was a symbol of destruction. Necromancers have been arguing about the difference between undead and demons. After centuries of struggle, the necromancer has finally evolved into a psychic today, thus avoiding religious persecution. Not only that, the psychic is further worshipped and accepted by people under the rendering of the media. Famous psychics in modern times include Joseph glanville, Dr. Francis Van Helmont, Dr. Henry Moore and robert boyle.
White spell
Praise the gods and pray for them at ordinary times. Seek the power of light or kindness and help others without paying too much. For example, when using special materials to pray for others, you only need to tell the gods the purpose and offer sacrifices. At the end of the blessing, you can complete the blessing by thanking the gods.
White witchcraft is a kind of witchcraft, that is, ordinary people pray for sunshine and rain, exorcise ghosts and evil spirits, exterminate insects and seek things, evoke spirits, and even let infertile women have children, so that men and women who have no feelings can fall in love. It's relative to black witchcraft.
White witchcraft subjectively foresees the future situation in a mysterious environment, or adopts effective methods to treat diseases and give people health. Divination witchcraft is the most commonly used witchcraft in diagnosis and treatment activities in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In addition, there are:
1. Forbidden spell. Before practicing some witchcraft, you need to use language to treat malaria, such as cursing dates. The way is just the opposite of worshipping ghosts and gods, just using language to imitate witchcraft activities. In a specific cultural environment, cursing may play a certain role in inspiring patients' courage and increasing their confidence.
2. Sacrifice. It is expected to be protected by the heavenly emperor, ancestors and gods, and has certain spiritual functions. According to the historical records, "When my late king was young, Duke Zhou took fleas (claws) and sank into the river to pray for the gods ... When he became king, he became ill."
3. Congratulations. It is a kind of witchcraft with language as the main means and some rituals as the supplement. Su Wen turned essence into qi and said, "Doctors can only wish to learn from the past." It can be seen that witchcraft that hopes to cure diseases has existed since ancient times. Both practitioners and patients hope to remove the pathogenic factors by telling the cause of the disease, which has certain components of psychotherapy.
4.yubu。 According to legend, Dayu himself often presides over sacrificial ceremonies and divination activities. The method of forbidding swelling in Forbidden Classics says: "On the 5th day, you should practice your footwork and keep your breath steady. If you treat a disease, you should think that your hands are hot iron, which means that your predecessors are sick as snow, and your hands will be scattered when you are sick. "When treating diseases, patients are often angry. If the patient has edema on his head, it is not necessary to treat it, which will hurt people. There is a little left, and I will treat it tomorrow. " There are three, seven and nine steps in the use of Yu Bu, and the method of coordination with breathing is recorded. The method of Yubu was gradually formed, but it could not be separated from the inheritance of Xia, Shang and the same period.
5. Eliminate evil spirits and peach blossoms. These are all behavioral witchcraft. In the concept of witchcraft, this kind of bathing is considered to eliminate disasters and diseases, especially to wash women's impurity with peach blossom water in spring, which is called purification, and its purpose is to exorcise ghosts and seek advice.
Nuo dance was very popular in the Zhou Dynasty. Nuo dance is a witchcraft activity to drive away epidemic ghosts before the twelfth lunar month, so it is named Nuo dance or exorcism.
Taozi is a mahogany-handled broom made of reed flowers. The ancients believed that it had the function of expelling evil spirits and epidemics.
6. Predict diseases. The most ingenious diagnosis in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the inference of pregnancy and puerperium. In the Book of Changes, it is said that "there is no mistake, and there is no medicine." "It hurts the disease and makes you happy, beyond reproach." It is a summary of medical practice experience.
Simulated witchcraft
Simulated witchcraft is witchcraft that can simulate something or a certain state, such as animalization. Some people even think that the witch's flight is also a kind of simulated witchcraft, because this kind of witchcraft may not really fly in the air, but gives people a feeling of flying in the air.
Resist witchcraft
Resistance to witchcraft is a kind of witchcraft that can reflect or resist the attack magic from the other side, which can also be called defensive magic. The most common is to use amulets. But in western witchcraft, orthodox defensive magic needs to draw a circle around the body with a short dagger in the magic circle, which is a relatively simple process.
Ancient witchcraft
Witchcraft, literally, is a kind of witchcraft cast by insects; But now it has been widely referred to as a spell that makes people sick. Miao people in China are the most famous people who use magic in China, but not all Miao people can use magic poison, but it was popular in ancient times for a while. In addition, Xiafa is also a very popular operation method in Southeast Asia.