197 1 year, Intel successfully integrated arithmetic unit and controller, and introduced the microprocessor Intel 4004 for calculator. In fact, it only integrates 2300 transistors, the word length is 4 bits, and the working frequency is 1MHz. Although it was too insignificant compared with today's 3GHz Pentium 4 processor, it was already very remarkable at that time. The operation speed of I4004 is 60000 times per second. It can retrieve instructions from semiconductor memory and realize a lot of different functions. It started the development of microprocessor. Note: Word length refers to the number of bits (binary number) of the machine that the operator supports to participate in the operation. The longer the word length, the stronger the computing power of the CPU. The word length of 4004 is only 4 digits; Subsequently, the word length of the microprocessor is increased to 8 bits and 16 bits. After 80386, the word length of x86 series CPU is 32 bits. Itanium processor is 64-bit word length; Word length is an important feature of CPU dating.
At that time, a very famous person saw the news of I4004 in a science magazine and immediately wanted to develop a personal operating system with this CPU. As a result, after some careful tossing, I found that the function of I4004 was too weak, and the system function and Basic language he wanted to realize could not be realized on it, so he had to give up. This man is Bill Gates, the boss of Microsoft now. But since then, he has been very concerned about Intel's trends, and finally achieved 1975 Microsoft.
1972, Intel developed I8008 processor after I4004, which integrated 3500 transistors; Electronic enthusiasts apply it to the inflexible terminal equipment called "TV typewriter". This chip is actually relatively simple, and it is not used much, so it is gone.
1974, Intel developed the 8080 processor, which integrated 6,000 transistors and performed 290,000 operations per second. 8080 is mainly used to control traffic lights. That year, EdRoberts made the first Altair8800 personal computer with 8080 as the core, which caused a sensation in the electronics industry and was reported by social media. Altair8800 has 256KB of memory, no keyboard, mouse, monitor, data storage device and no software. The input data is recorded by the switch of the trigger, and the output is the answer of the binary code flashing red light. Although primitive, it was still very popular at that time. But strictly speaking, such a computer is useless at all, just a toy.
Later, Intel, Motorola, Motorola and Zilog successively introduced 8-bit microprocessors such as Intel 8085, MC6800 and Z80. These microprocessors integrated about 90,000 transistors and began to replace electronic logic devices for various application circuits and devices. Motorola's 6800 series has created another PC represented by Apple Computer.
1977, Tandy Company and Commodore Business Machines Company put monitors into personal computers and began to use magnetic tapes to store data and programs. The budding PC supporting software also began to appear in the market: Microsoft's Basic( 1974), word processor (1975), spreadsheet (1979), database software (1980), desktop printing software (/kloc-0).
1978, Intel introduced the first 16-bit microprocessor 8086, and produced the math coprocessor 8087. These two chips use the same instruction set, and the CPU produced by Intel is compatible with them. Intel 8086 integrates 29,000 transistors, and the clock frequency is 4.77MHz. The internal data bus (the bus for transmitting data inside the CPU) and the external data bus (the bus for transmitting data outside the CPU) are both 16 bits, and the address bus is 20 bits, which can address 1mb memory. Nowadays, CPU generally has built-in mathematical coprocessor, so it can't buy (or need) the corresponding Pentium coprocessor; However, due to the technical limitations in the 1970s and 1980s, the mathematical coprocessor can only be made into another chip for users to choose from. This helps to reduce the manufacturing cost, increase the output and reduce the expenses of users who are insensitive to speed: they can temporarily not buy a math coprocessor until they need to buy one and plug it into an IC socket.
Digital coprocessor is an additional processor that is responsible for performing mathematical operations (commonly known as floating-point operations) such as logarithm, exponent and trigonometric function with CPU. The floating-point operation ability of CPU mainly depends on the coprocessor, and floating-point operation is very important for computers to process 3D data. In the era of i8086/8, i80286 and i80386, CPU and digital coprocessor were installed on the computer motherboard respectively. Based on the architecture of 8086, more complex software can be developed. Therefore, commercial personal computers become possible; IBM actively contacts Intel, hoping to use x86 CPU architecture to manufacture personal computers. In 1979, Intel modified the package form of 16-bit microprocessor 8086, and adopted dual in-line DIP package, which can be plugged into the DIP socket without soldering. The external bus was modified to 8 bits (degraded compared with 8086), which was compatible with and controlled a large number of existing peripherals at that time and was more widely used.
Finally, in August of 198 1, IBM decided to adopt 8088 processor and launch IBM-PC (personal computer) microcomputer together with other equipment. IBM-PC adopts an open modular design structure, which has great functional flexibility and compatibility. IBM also fully disclosed its complete technical data (including system instruction code), enabling other manufacturers to develop and produce supporting peripheral devices. Since then, PC series 286, 386, 486, Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium IV have been formed with different microprocessors and different peripherals, leading us into a brand-new PC era.
When IBM PC was developed, Microsoft was operating in poverty. Bill Gates immediately flew to IBM to seek cooperation. But at first, IBM was not interested in Bill Gates. They had hoped that the pre-installed operating system (OS) would be an OS called CP/M, but they could not discuss the price with each other. At this time, Gates pestered IBM people as a whole and offered a free trick-Microsoft provided the operating system of IBM PC, and basically it didn't cost money. This temptation is really great, and finally IBM people promised this small company with a cruel heart; Fortunately, business skills such as background checks were out of fashion at that time, otherwise Gates would have been exposed. Because Microsoft doesn't actually have its own operating system, Gates quietly found someone to spend tens of thousands of dollars to buy a set, and modified it according to the architecture of IBM PC. When IBM PC was introduced, the random operating system was IBM PC DOS1.0; ; And Microsoft subsequently released its own version of MS DOS；; And made a fortune by selling it to compatible machine manufacturers.
Intel released an unimportant CPU-80186, which was not adopted by PC manufacturers. It is said that the abandonment is mainly due to software compatibility problems. There is only one photo here as a souvenir.
In the second year, that is, 1982, Compaq introduced the IBM PC compatible machine for the first time. Time is short. There are hundreds of companies that produce IBM PC compatible computers all over the world. As the core of the first generation PC, CPU──I8088 has become more and more popular.
hope this helps
1982, Intel introduced the 80286 chip based on 8086. The word length of 286 chip is 16 bits, and 143000 transistors are integrated. The clock frequency gradually increased from the initial 6MHz to 20MHz. Its internal and external data buses are 16 bits, and its address bus is 24 bits. Compared with 8086, the addressing ability of 80286 is 16MB, and a large amount of storage space can be simulated by external storage devices, thus greatly expanding the working range of 80286. It can also make the processor quickly switch back and forth between various tasks through the multi-task hardware mechanism, so as to run multiple tasks at the same time, which is five times or more faster than 8086. The 80286 in AT machine used by IBM has more advanced technology. Compared with IBM PC, the external bus of AT machine is 16 bits (8 bits for PC XT machine), and the memory can generally be expanded to 16MB, which can support larger hard disk and VGA display system, and has made great progress in performance compared with PC XT machine.
However, at this time, there was a great disagreement within IBM: many people inside opposed the rapid transition to 286 computer sales, because 286 PC would have an impact on IBM minicomputers and previous PC XT sales, and they hoped for a slow transition. But intel can't wait, the 80286 processor has been mass-produced, and it is impossible to pile it in the warehouse and wait for IBM to digest it slowly; At this time, Compaq, which produces IBM-compatible PCs, exploited a loophole-quickly launched a 286 PC and beat IBM to become the market leader. Microprocessor determines the performance and speed of computer. Whoever makes a high-speed CPU with excellent performance will lead the new trend of computer.
In the era of 16-bit microcomputer popularization, although Intel's 8088/8086/80286 chips are very successful, at the same time, Zilog's Z8000, Motorola's 68000 and other CPUs have good performance, and IBM and AMD are also developing X86-compatible CPUs, so Intel is always facing severe challenges. It is precisely because of the expansion of 80286 capabilities that GUI operating systems like Windows are put into practical use.
What I mentioned above is only the early stage of the development of Intel CPU. Due to space reasons, we will announce the rest one after another.