The Rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Sinicization Movement
The Northern Wei Dynasty was established by Tuoba Xianbei in the Sixteen Countries Period, and its predecessor was Daiguo. After the collapse of the former Qin Dynasty in the Battle of Feishui, Tuoba Gui, the grandson of Tuoba Gui, the acting king, revived the country, and everyone rejoiced and changed the name of the country to "Wei", which was called the Northern Wei in history. The Northern Wei Dynasty gradually developed under the governance of Daowudi, Ming Yuan Di and Taiwudi. Tuoba GUI made bad friends with Hou Yan, and many wars occurred, and the Yan army was defeated in the battle of Shenbei. Then he led the army to attack the capital of Houyan and moved the capital to Pingcheng. And proclaimed himself emperor in the following year, that is, Emperor Daowu. Daowudi was cruel and was later killed by his son Tuoba Shao. In the same year, TaBaSiPing, the eldest son of Daowudi, succeeded to the throne in disorder, namely Ming Yuan Di. Henan was captured in the Southern Song Dynasty, but he died soon. His son Tuoba Tao succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Mao. He made great efforts to govern and greatly increased his national strength, and repeatedly attacked and plundered the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. After lifting the threat of North Rouran, the United North China War was launched. In 439, the attack of Beiliang brilliantly ended the "Five Hu and Sixteen Countries Period" against the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. The north officially entered the "Southern and Northern Dynasties". But there is also Houqiuchi, who died in the Northern Wei Dynasty in 443. Although the Northern Wei Dynasty enjoyed its peak national strength, there were strong enemies in the north, so it was impossible to go south with all one's strength. Gaiwu, a Buddhist Lushui Ren Hu, led the people of all ethnic groups to revolt, and Emperor Mao suppressed it. Combating Buddhism has become one of the three major sects to destroy Buddhism. After Mao unified North China, he destroyed Shanshan, one of the five great powers in the western regions, and took control of the western regions. In 450, he counterattacked the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, pushed Guabu and threatened to cross the river. After that, 50,000 households were plundered and returned to the north. At this point, the military strength of the northern dynasties overwhelmed the southern dynasties, but the military strength was also greatly damaged. Mao's punishment was cruel in the later period, and he was finally killed by eunuch Zong Ai. The rebellion in Zongai was not quelled until Wen Chengdi. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) was the capital. Later, Emperor Xiaowen implemented sinicization on a large scale, and the political center was transferred to Luoyang, the hinterland of the Central Plains. Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty
When Emperor Xianwen was in office, he was poisoned by his mother Feng Taihou. In Feng Taihou, TaBaHong (Emperor Xiaowen), the son of Emperor Wendi, was in charge of state affairs. Feng Taihou was full of suspicion and excessive punishment, but he kept the country's political stability. Emperor Xiaowen probably admired China culture because of Feng Taihou, and thought that Xianbei people should go deep into China culture. Wise and eager to learn, he led the government and expanded the capital Pingcheng to Seoul. Because Luoyang is more prosperous than Pingcheng, and its geographical position controls the whole country, it is easy to send troops to Jiangnan, so it can get rid of conservative forces. In 493, under the pretext of conquering the south, he led the people to move south to Luoyang. At the beginning of the northern Wei dynasty, the system of supervision and protection was implemented. Since the second half of the 5th century, its sinicization trend has accelerated, and Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, created the golden age of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen implemented the three-long system, promulgated the system of equal land, moved the capital to Luoyang, and carried out a series of measures to reform the old customs of Xianbei. In the three years after moving the capital, the movement of sinicization was carried out, such as adopting the official system of the Han Dynasty, forbidding Hu Fu Hu Yu, promoting education, changing the surname (including changing Tuoba to Yuanshi County), marrying the Han nationality, forbidding burial and adopting the Chinese system according to measures, and issuing imperial edicts to announce the absorption of Chinese culture. Emperor Xiaowen tried to achieve the goal of integration with the Han nationality by limiting his own culture. Through a series of reforms by Emperor Xiaowen, the advanced culture and political system of the Han nationality were completely integrated into the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the northern part of China entered the stage of national integration. However, although the Xianbei people who moved south improved their cultural quality, they made the decadent Xianbei nobles tend to be extravagant and weak. Then Emperor Xiaowen made many expeditions to the Southern Dynasties but failed. As for the Xianbei nobles who stayed in the six northern towns, they were unwilling to move south and were gradually ignored by Luoyang court, which split the Northern Wei Dynasty into two groups, Xianbei and Sinicization, and became one of the reasons for the civil strife in the six northern towns in the future. In 494, Prince Yuanxun intended to return to Pingcheng in the north. When Emperor Xiaowen learned of this, he abandoned the prince and gave him the death penalty. Conservative Mutai and Lu Chui supported the Pingcheng mutiny in Wang Bing, which was later suppressed. Emperor Xiaowen himself went to the north to appease him. After Emperor Xiaowen's death, the Northern Wei Dynasty began to decline.
The Rebellion of Six Towns and the Division of Northern Wei Dynasty
After Emperor Xiaowen died in 499, Xuan Wudi succeeded to the throne. He was addicted to Buddhism, the national government was in chaos, and the nobles competed for luxury. After Emperor Xiaoming succeeded to the throne, Hu Taihou came to power. Hu Taihou was extravagant and dissipated, associating with Qinghe, and attaching great importance to Yuan Chahe. Yuan and Liu rebelled because they were at odds with the king of Qinghe, and dominated the state affairs. After Liu Teng's death, in 525, Ming Di and his wife, Hu Ping, set up a disorderly party in the rear. However, Hu Taihou was still at odds with Ming Chengzu. Then six northern towns revolted, and the Northern Wei Dynasty went to the road of extinction. Southern and northern dynasties works
As early as the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in order to avoid the moderate invasion of Pingcheng, the northern capital, six towns of Woye, Huai Shuo, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan and Huang Huai were set up around the Yinshan Yellow River to defend the capital. The generals in the six towns are Xianbei nobles, and the soldiers are mostly Xianbei or Han children. They are regarded as the "heart of the country" and can return to Beijing at any time. However, after moving the capital to Luoyang, the status of the six towns declined. Because they still have the primitive habits of Xianbei, they were discriminated as "the generation of the northern poor" by the nobles of China, and their promotion generals were suppressed and dissatisfied. Finally, in 523, the northern nobles and six garrison towns rebelled, and people of all ethnic groups in Qin Long and Kanto also began to revolt. It took three years to decide this matter, and many warlords were formed. Among them, Er Zhurong, who is guarding Jinyang, is the most powerful. He has conquered Jung, the most powerful city in Kanto. Ming Chengzu tried to unite Er Zhurong against Hu Taihou, but was poisoned by Hu Taihou. Hu Taihou successively made Princess Ai Jing, the only daughter of Ming Chengzu, and Yuan Zhao, his nephew, the emperor (that is, the young master). In the same year, Er Zhurong led an army to capture Luoyang and control the state affairs on the grounds of revenge against Emperor Xiaoming, which is known as the Yin He incident. He drowned the Northern Wei Shaozhu and Hu Taihou in the Yellow River in Yin He, killed more than 2,000 ministers, and made Xiaozhuang emperor, while Er Zhurong was in Jinyang. Emperor Xiao Zhuang was so angry with Kun Lei that he personally killed him at Erzhu in 530. Then Er Zhao Zhu, the son of Er Zhurong, and Zhu Shilong, his younger brother, took Chang Wangguang Yuan Ye as the emperor, captured Luoyang, killed Emperor Xiao Zhuang, and became emperor of the people. In the same year, Gao Huan, a warlord, took Yuen Long as emperor in Xindu. After capturing Luoyang in 532, he became Emperor Xiaowu. Filial piety was controlled by Emperor Wu, who wanted to unite Guanzhong Town to take He Bayue against Gao Huan. Gao Huan killed He Bayue in 534. Filial piety was replaced by Yu Wentai, who broke with Gao Huan and went to Yu Wentai. Gao Huan couldn't catch up, so he changed Qinghe Wang Shizi to Emperor, that is, Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and moved the capital to Yecheng. Shortly after the filial piety of Emperor Xi, he was killed and changed Wang Baoju of Nanyang to Emperor Xi, with Chang 'an as his capital. The Northern Wei Dynasty split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei in 534, and then perished. In short, after the death of Emperor Xiaowen, due to the opposition of some conservative nobles and Xianbei warriors. The rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty gradually abandoned the previous policy of national reconciliation and restored the privileges of the Xianbei nationality, so new contradictions appeared and the Northern Wei Dynasty began to decline gradually. In the fourth year of Xiaoming (523), six towns revolted, and the Northern Wei Dynasty fell into division and civil war. Xianbei people, breathing the new features of China's history, gradually merged into the big family of the Chinese nation. Soon, even the surname of Xianbei people disappeared. However, Emperor Xiaowen's goodwill in looking forward to great national integration has carved an indelible monument in the historical corridor of the Chinese nation, showing the historical process of great national integration. The worship of Han culture in the Northern Dynasties laid the foundation for the prosperity of Sui and Tang Dynasties and also played a very important role in the history of China.