Second, after:
1 and 1856, Britain captured pirates from the China ship "Arrow" in Huangpu, Guangzhou, and sent troops to attack Guangzhou. France invaded China on the pretext that French Catholic priest Marais was killed in Xilin, Guangxi.
2. 1858 After the British and French allied forces shelled Dagu Fort on May 20th, the Qing government signed the Tianjin Treaty with Russia, Britain, France and the United States under the intimidation of the British and French invaders.
3. In the second battle of Dagukou, the British and French allied forces were defeated. 1860, British and French troops landed from Beitang, invaded Tianjin, then invaded Beijing, looted and burned Yuanmingyuan. The Qing court appointed Yi Xin as the plenipotentiary, responsible for the Sino-British and Sino-French peace negotiations and the signing of the Beijing Treaty.
Results: After the withdrawal of the British and French allied forces, the Qing government signed a series of unequal treaties with the invaders, a large number of territories were ceded, and the semi-colonization of China society was further deepened.
Fourth, the impact:
1. Politically, after the Opium War, as China's territorial, territorial, judicial, tariff and trade sovereignty began to be seriously damaged, it gradually became a semi-colony from an independent country.
2. Economically: Before the Opium War, China was dominated by a self-sufficient natural economy. After the Opium War, with the dumping of products in China and the acquisition of agricultural and sideline products such as silk and tea in China, China was gradually involved in the world market. China's natural economy gradually disintegrated and began to enter a semi-feudal society. This has objectively promoted the development of China's commodity economy and contributed to the rise of China's national capitalism.
3. In terms of class relations, the huge expenses during the Opium War and the war reparations to Britain were eventually added to the people. At the same time, the extortion and exploitation of corrupt officials and local tyrants further intensified the already sharp class contradictions and promoted the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
4. Ideological and cultural aspects: After the Opium War, some intellectuals began to abandon old ideas, pay attention to the world, explore new knowledge, and seek ways to strengthen the country against aggression, and sprouted a new trend of thought to learn from the West, which had a certain impact on feudal thoughts.
5. Social contradiction: With the change of social nature, the main contradiction in China society has changed from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class to the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people. China entered the period of anti-aggression and anti-feudalism in the old democratic revolution.
Extended data:
The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. In order to further open the China market and expand the interests of aggression in China, Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Ma Fu Incident.
Because Britain and France launched wars under the pretext of Arrow incident and Father Ma incident respectively, they were called "Arrow War" by the British. Also known as "British and French Expedition to China" or "Second Sino-British War".
At the same time, because this war can be regarded as the continuation of the first opium war (that is, the opium war, as opposed to the second), it is also called the "second opium war".
1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled to Chengde. British and French troops invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered jewels and burned them. After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner. The war ended with the Qing government being forced to sign the Beijing Treaty.
The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened. As a result, China lost more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule.
After the Second Opium War, the aggressive forces of foreign capitalism entered Chinese mainland from the southeast coast and expanded day by day. The foreign ministers in Beijing strengthened their influence and control over the Qing government, and China society was further semi-colonized.
The failure of the Second Opium War was due to the political corruption of the Qing government, which suppressed the people's uprising at home and refused to resist compromise and surrender abroad, which was bound to be a military failure.
First, the main content of treaty of nanking:
1, cut Hong Kong Island to Britain. (Loss of territorial sovereignty)
2. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, and allow British people to set up consulates at trading ports. (Loss of trade sovereignty)
3. China paid compensation of RMB 2 1 10,000 to Britain. 2 1 10,000 yuan consists of: compensation for opium of 6 million yuan, repayment of debts of British businessmen of 3 million yuan, and British military expenditure of10.2 million yuan. (A lot of silver outflow)
4. The taxation of British import and export goods in China is agreed by both China and Britain. (Loss of tariff sovereignty)
British businessmen are free to trade with China businessmen, and are not restricted by "public banks". (Loss of trade sovereignty)
6. With consular jurisdiction, British people can commit crimes in China without being punished by China laws.
2. The Sino-British Tianjin Treaty consists of 56 articles, including annexes; The Sino-French Tianjin Treaty consists of 42 articles, with about 6 articles attached. Main contents:
1, the Minister is based in Beijing;
2. Add Niuzhuang (later changed to Yingkou), Dengzhou (later changed to Yantai), Taiwan Province Province (later changed to Tainan), Danshui, Chaozhou (later changed to Shantou), Qiongzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Nanjing and Zhenjiang as trading ports;
3. Foreign missionaries can enter the mainland to preach freely;
4. Foreigners can travel and trade in the Mainland;
5. Foreign merchant ships can berth at the Yangtze River port;
6. Revise the tariff and reduce the tonnage tax of merchant ships;
7. Britain paid four million and two thousand, and France paid two million and two thousand.
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second Opium War