(1) The understanding of the origin of money in the Tang Dynasty still comes from the theory of "Mr. Qian Zao" in Guanzi (also known as "the currency country sets taxes"). This sentence is mentioned in many places in the book "Pipe". The county is represented by Guo Xu. On this day, "Wang set out from home, Jin set out from Runan and Zhuyu set out. The distance between east and west is thousands of miles, and the water city is broken, so boats and cars can't pass. It was really difficult for the late king to walk a long way, so he entrusted it to him. The currency above was pearls and jade, and the currency below was gold and knives. Three coins and a middle house are not conducive to keeping warm, and food is not conducive to satiety. The first king kept his property in order to keep the civil affairs and level the world. " After this view came into being, it had a great influence and became the mainstream understanding of the origin of money. (2) Zhang Jiuling, Bai Juyi, Yang and others are the representatives of Jianbei in the Tang Dynasty.
In March of the 22nd year of Zong Kaiyuan (734), Zhang Jiuling pointed out in the book "Private Casting of Money" that "the ancients used coins and silks to make millet, but only for the sake of money trading". In the tenth year of Dejing Zhenyuan (794), Lu's "Family name is six products with the same festival, and military taxes are merciful" said: "The first king was afraid of the nobility and inferiority of things, and the transactions between people were difficult to be accurate. The quality of spring was established, and the envoys were suitable." He also said: "People with money and goods do what the palace does." In 806, in the first year of Xian Zongyuan, Bai Juyi pointed out: "Heaven is impermanent, and wealth must be fierce; The income of land is limited, so things are limited, so things are shrinking. It is inevitable to sit in the right place, but as a commodity of money, knives, cloth and silk, it should be traded in time and collected in time. " In the first year of Changdong (82 1), the ministers of the Ministry praised Wei, "Wang seeks wealth with power, and wealth uses power to gain wealth, but stays and does not move. "(3) This purple poem explains the origin of money from the technical point of view of facilitating commodity exchange and the actual need of maintaining political power, and holds that money was designed and manufactured by emperors and philosophers, which is a" very superficial view "in understanding and the main point of subjective idealism. It interprets the emergence of money as the product of political power and ruling interests, thus confusing the internal relationship between the origin of money and commodity exchange. It also hinders the correct understanding of the nature of money. This view holds that money is actually the authority of the monarch and a tool for governing the country and ensuring peace. Newspapers can't see that money occurs in commodity exchange, which is the essence of special commodities used as universal equivalents. In this sense, the superficiality and mistakes of the theory of the origin of money determine the assumptions and fallacies of the theory of the essence of money. This level of understanding is undoubtedly far from Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty. He believes that "the way of agriculture, industry and commerce is the same, and the money from tortoise shells naturally comes into being. Although Sima Qian realized that money itself was a special commodity, he linked the appearance of money with commodity production and commodity exchange, and thought that "turtle shell money with knife and cloth" was the result of the development of "agricultural, industrial and commercial transactions", and put forward a correct and objective demonstration of the origin of money. During the reign of the Tang Dynasty, he only accepted the theory of Guanzi, but did not seriously think about it.
Second, the role of management characteristics:
First, it can be used to empower Japanese goods and quasi-trade and promote trade and economic development; Second, the price level can be adjusted through the convergence and dispersion of the total amount of money, which can increase the national fiscal revenue and consolidate the feudal ruling order; Third, it can be used to adjust industrial and commercial relations and make the development of commodity economy within the scope allowed by feudal rule; Fourth, we can control mergers and acquisitions, limit the scale of local forces and consolidate the foundation of economic feudal rule. Currency management mainly includes the management of currency circulation. Starting from the national theory of the origin of money and the instrumental theory of the essence of money, the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty has a general guiding ideology for money management, that is, the production, casting and distribution rights of money should be monopolized by the government, and the power of the state should not be touched by private individuals.
Three. Conclusion:
As can be seen from the above, the monetary thought of the Tang Dynasty mainly inherited and indulged Guanzi and the monetary theory of the Western Han Dynasty. Although some problems have made progress and some viewpoints are clearer, on the whole, there is no substantive breakthrough and progress at the modern level, and it still stays in a fixed cognitive system that ignores theory. Compared with the further development of commodity economy and monetary economy in Tang dynasty under the new situation, this level of understanding is obviously too backward, which further hinders the development of social economy. First, in the ruling stage of the Tang Dynasty, they still believed that money and the authority of the state were tools to make money and balance the world, so that they could use money on the basis of fiscal and political principles, and it was impossible to consciously change the laws and requirements of social and economic development, nor could they meet the objective demand of economic development for money, resulting in financial, political and economic benefits.
The development history of money
Money is the product of commodity exchange. Shells from the southeast coast of China are found in Machang tombs of Majiami culture and Qijia culture in Qinghai province. Haibei is called primitive currency group. It is quite common to find shells in the tombs of Kaga culture, and bone shells, stone shells and copper shells are also found, which reflects the degree of commodity exchange at that time. Strictly speaking, the artificial casting of money began with knives and cloth in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country and unified the currency, the square hole circle was cast as the ancestor of the ancient currency in China. Wang Mang carried out the retro reform and once resumed using knives and cloth money, but the time was short. Until the change of the Yuan Dynasty in the Republic of China, the Jin Dynasty flourished and the number of emperors changed. Although the size and weight of coins issued are different from those in Qian Wen, the round coins with square holes continue to prevail. Today, many ancient coins have been handed down from generation to generation, and a large number of ancient coins have been unearthed from time to time. With the development of commodity economy in China feudal society, Huizi in Tang Dynasty and jiaozi in Song Dynasty came out one after another. Paper money was officially issued in the Yuan Dynasty and continued to be issued in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, a large number of commodity exchanges and folk economic exchanges are mainly square holes and round coins. During the period of 1958, more than 400 banknotes from the Yuan Dynasty to the first year were found in the reclamation of Golmud Farm, which is rare in China. 1956, 76 Persian and Korean silver coins were found in the infrastructure project of the dining hall of Huangmiao Street (now Jiefang Road) in Xining City, which proved that Qinghai was an important traffic passage in Central Asia in the 5th and 6th centuries. Persian silver coins are round. It is about 2.5 cm in diameter and weighs 3.8 grams. The front is a portrait of the king. According to the different portraits of kings, silver coins are divided into A and B. The A-shaped crown is a new order, with a crenellated ornament on the side and back of the crown, two floating ornaments on the back of the crown, a warning ball on the back of the head, a joint ball drop next time, and a line of KADIPIRVCI (standing on the Pirooz III) on the shoulder. B-shaped crown, with wings at the front and back, and a pair of wings at the back of the crown. There is a band floating from the shoulder on the top of the front side of the crown, which is symmetrical behind a policeman. Type A and type B have the same pattern on the back, which is the Zoroastrianism altar of Sassanian silver coins. There is a flame on the altar, with a five-pointed star and a crescent moon on both sides of the flame. On both sides of the altar, there is a sacrifice, standing opposite each other. There are many inscriptions on the back, indicating the place and year of casting. Unearthed from Huangmiao Street in Xining City. The time from Bossasan to Pirooz III (equivalent to the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China).
Starting from the theory of monetary instruments in essence, the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty has a general guiding ideology for monetary management, that is, the right to produce, mint, issue and circulate money must be monopolized by the authority of the government and the state, and private individuals are not allowed to get their hands on it. In the twenty-second year of Kaiyuan (734), Zhang Jiuling was accommodated in the Tang Dynasty, so the case of private casting was discussed, and the result was. "Public officials and officials have suggested convenience." Pei Yaoqing, Li, Xiao Huan and others believe that "rich people have the right to exchange, which is based on the prohibition of previous dynasties." Now that this door is open, I am afraid that the villain will abandon agriculture for profit, and it will be inconvenient to be an official. " Liu Zhi, on the other hand, systematically expounded that the right to coin is the "right to life" and cannot be forged by others. Later, the land loan clearly emphasized that money "is for the benefit of the country, stored in the palace, not under the post." Du You also believes that "the sages have gone, the copper has not gone, and the power belongs to them." The priority of the country is inherent, and the advantages and disadvantages are also calculated. In a word, although Zhang Jiuling put forward the suggestion of private casting by the people, it was not recognized, and the guiding ideology that the right to produce and cast money is a national privilege is very clear.
Overview of the origin of money
Money is the medium of commodity exchange and the inevitable product of commodity production and development. The origin of Chinese currency can be traced back to the "copper shell" in Shang Tang period, but before that, shells of Xia, Shang, Gu, Shi and Tao had already begun to circulate. The development of shells from decorations to money can be traced back to the emperor's period, because China has used shells for four or five thousand years, which is a post-monetary civilization.
The origin of metal currency should be that after the Shang Dynasty, China ancestors mastered the technology of dealing with new metal. Earth bronze blocks were found in some tombs of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, which may be the driest metal currency.
After a long-term barter trade, China produced a copy currency. With the economic decline, different tribes used different early currencies. Some controversial bronzes were unearthed today, such as axe, jasmine, fish and net.
From a historical point of view, the process of exchange development can be condensed into the evolution process of value form. The historical evolution of value form-expanded value form-general value form-currency form. From this development process, we should see: first of all, money is a historical economic category. It is produced with the emergence and development of commodities and commodity exchange. Secondly, money is the product of the spontaneous development of commodity economy, not the result of invention, people's consultation or legal provisions. Third, money is the product of exchange development and the result of the contradiction between social labor and private drive.
Now, because they are similar to practical utensils, some of them have been unearthed in small batches, and there have been burial in Yin and Shang tombs before the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, many ancient coin collectors regard these artifacts as early Yin and Shang currencies.
Brief introduction of coins in past dynasties
The origin of money
Money is the medium of commodity exchange and the inevitable product of commodity production and development. The well-documented origin of China's currency is the "copper shell" in Shang Tang period, and before that, Xia, Shang, ancient, stone and pottery shells had already begun to circulate. The development of shells from decorations to money can be traced back to the emperor's period, because the money in China has been used for four or five thousand years.
The origin of metal currency should be in the Shang Dynasty, after the ancestors of China mastered the technology of smelting metal. In some tombs of Yin and Shang Dynasties, there are bronze blocks, which may be the earliest metal currency.
After a long-term barter exchange, China produced an early copy currency. With the different land reduction economies, different tribes used different early currencies. Some controversial bronzes unearthed today, such as axes, jasmine, fish, nets, etc., are similar to practical utensils but smaller in size, and some are unearthed in small batches. Burial tombs all appeared in the tombs of Yin and Shang Dynasties before Qin Dynasty. Therefore, many ancient coin collectors regard these objects as the currency in the early Shang Dynasty.
Pre-Qin currency
Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou before Qin unified China. Due to the different living environment of each tribe (country), its coinage began after an uncertain period and was based on its main production tools. According to textual research, there are four main origins: imitation coins based on knives, axes, knives, knives and knives. , mixed in forest areas and farmers. According to different regions, these coins have some characters or symbols mainly based on place names. This practice of casting land in name continued until the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. The other is the track of shovel and cloth imitation casting gradually maturing in agricultural areas. Tribes living in areas with plenty of water in the lake make a living by fishing. Their coins are like totems, names, weights and so on. In some areas with developed handicrafts, the currencies of the same period were square or round currencies adapted to their civilization. Whether this currency is like a spindle or jade is still a mystery. But what is certain is that the tribes that use garden money are more civilized and developed.
Qin and Han currency
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period before the Qin Dynasty unified China, China's ancestors created and cast a round weighing coin with a square hole, and its shape was consistent with Yu Fang's view of heaven and earth. The writing is simple, the book uses big seal script, and the half-two currencies of different sizes are now commonly known as the first Qin half-two or the Warring States half-two. After Qin Shihuang unified China. On the basis of unifying the balance of power system, we should take it as the foundation and unify with Qin State and Qin State. However, shortly after casting, due to tyranny and huge military expenditure, the minted currency continued to lose weight and become lighter.
At the beginning of the founding of the army, Liu Bang paid for the army himself. Qian Wen adopted the old name of Qin Banliang. But the actual weight is only about three baht. Allow people to make their own castings. Therefore, most of the small seal characters, light, light, small and shallow, are all Han and half beams. Because the government and the people are casting the same money, it varies from time to time, so the varieties are complex and it is impossible to collect them all. Due to repeated weightlessness and low credit, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was militaristic and the country was short of money, so he issued all the money to pass on the economic crisis. First, it ordered to stop casting three baht in half-paper, and at the same time issued white deerskin coins (worth 400 thousand) in China, and issued three kinds of gold, which were cast with silver and tin respectively. These three kinds of dragons, horses and turtles are worth three thousand, five hundred and three hundred respectively. In the Han and Yuan Dynasties, founding ceremony began to cast five baht in the 5th year (AD 18), and in the 4th year of Wude in Tang Gaozu (AD 62 1 year), five baht money lasted for nearly seven or eight hundred years. It is the currency with the longest casting cycle in China. The number of afterlife is huge. Categories are complicated.
Currency in Wang Mang's Period
Since Wang Mang's second year (AD 7), he has carried out three monetary reforms successively, casting a fine currency that has attracted worldwide attention. Wang Mang changed the currency for the first time, and mainly minted three kinds of high-value counterfeit money, namely "Daquan 50", "Qidao" and "Wrong Dao". The second time (AD 9), the knife and money were abolished, and five baht was banned, and Koizumi, The Complete Collection of Fifty, and Koizumi Neiyi were promoted. So these two coins have been widely circulated so far. The third reform began in the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (A.D. 10), and the valuables system was implemented. Five products (gold, silver, copper, turtle and shellfish), six products (Zhu goods, shellfish goods, cloth goods, turtle treasures, silver goods and gold) * * * 28 products.
Although the money system is chaotic, the quality of casting money is the peak of a generation, so Wang Mang is known as the first master of casting money. Wang Mang and Shufa Qian used hanging money to seal and cast money, whether it was round money, cloth money or knife money, which was very high-profile, thus protecting the characters well and making the money handed down from generation to generation very popular.
Three currencies
Wei, Shu and Wu are called the Three Kingdoms in history. During this period, the monetary system was complicated, wars continued and historical records were unknown. Nowadays, it is difficult to distinguish between the casting place and the casting time when it is broken into the currency of the Three Kingdoms period.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the monetary systems in different places were different.
Wade Uzhu
In addition to the five baht cast in Shu, there are 105 baht.
Wu has five hundred springs, a thousand springs, two thousand springs and five thousand springs. In addition, when Taiping Hundred Money and Dingping Hundred Money were returned to the Three Kingdoms, Taiping Hundred Money was cast by Yizhou secretariat, and Dingping Hundred Money may also be cast by Shu.
Currency in Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The history books say nothing about minting money in the Western Jin Dynasty. Five baht was mainly used at that time. When the Western Jin Dynasty unified China, the national treasury was enriched and the national strength was strong. Therefore, in addition to using the old money of the Han dynasty, it should also be cast by itself. Today, it is not easy to distinguish the differences between Wei and Jin dynasties.
At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, after the Eight Kings Rebellion, all ethnic minorities went their separate ways and many made their own money.
Te Li and Li Liu, leaders of the Ba people, founded the Han Dynasty in Sichuan, and created "Hanxing", the first currency named after the year in China history.
Schleswig replaced the Huns to establish the pre-Zhao, and became king on its own, which was called the post-Zhao in history, casting "abundant goods".
Before cooling, stretch the track and cast "Cooling to Create a New Spring".
During the Southern Dynasties, the old five baht in the Han Dynasty was cut into small coins, which was popular for a while and was privately cast into the wind. Song Wendi Yuanjia seven years (AD 430) cast four baht. It was rarely circulated, and later it was changed to build four baht to show filial piety. This spring, the style of writing is beautiful, and its seal script moves like a dancing sleeve, which is very beautiful. In 465, Yong Guang was cast. A few months later, he changed Jinghe, and he voted Jinghe again. It is extremely rare for two yuan to survive in the world.
In Liang Wudi's time, there were mainly two kinds of five baht, and the one without wheels was called "women's money". After Emperor Yuan of Liang moved the capital to Jiangling, it was changed to "two pillars and five baht" of ten, and Emperor Jing of Liang changed it to four pillars and five baht in the second year of Taiping. Both of them are rare now. During the Tianjia period, five baht was cast on a large scale to resist small money, and Chen Zhuzhu and five baht were cast. This spring print is symmetrical and magnificent, with wonderful production, ranking first in the Southern Dynasties. The Western Wei Dynasty always cast five baht, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty always received titanium from other countries. Five-element cloth and Buquan, three springs, commonly known as "the three products of the Northern Zhou Dynasty", have exquisite calligraphy and excellent casting, which is another peak of money casting after Wang Mang.
Sui and Tang dynasties currency
After Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty laid the foundation stone for the Chen Dynasty, the five baht in the Sui Dynasty became a unified legal tender. The word "fierce" was left and one was vertical in the Sui Dynasty, and small samples were common.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the old currency of Sui Dynasty was still used, and in the fourth year of Wude, Tang Gaozu (AD 62 1 year), it was ordered to abolish five baht and cast Kaiyuan Bao Tong, ending the history of two loan currencies, namely China baht, and entering Bowen currency.
Qian Wen, the four-character "Kaiyuan Bao Tong", was written by Ou Yangxun, a calligrapher. His words are dignified and dignified, showing the prosperous and peaceful style of the Tang Dynasty.
Kaiyuan Bao Tong was cast in the Tang Dynasty for more than 200 years, and its price remained stable with little change. It is still used by merchants and folk music, and it is also one of the longevity stars of coins in the late Qing Dynasty. The casting volume of Kaiyuan money is huge, which has been widely circulated so far, and there are many versions.
In Tang Gaozong (the first year of Ganfeng (AD 666)), due to the increasing extravagance and waste, the military expenditure surged, and it was rejected by the merchants. After a year, he was forced to stop casting, so it was handed down less.
During the Anshi Rebellion, Shi Siming got a lot of money according to the East Capital. As the saying goes, "it is easy to get heaven, but difficult to get land."
During the Anshi Rebellion, the economy of the Tang Dynasty was severely damaged. In order to pay the military expenses, in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, Tang Suzong took one as ten, another as five, one as three, and finally one as one, and walked with Kaiyuan. This is the beginning of Qian Wenzhong's emphasis on money. The casting of dry yuan money has been cast from the early years of Su Zong to the end of Tang Dynasty, so it is widely spread and the format is very complicated.
During the Dali period in Tang Daizong (766-779 AD), Dali ingots were cast.
Tang Dezong Jianzhong middle-aged (780-783 AD) cast Jianzhong Bao Tong.
This Er Quan often comes from Xinjiang.
In the fifth year of Huichang, Tang Wuzong (AD 845), the number of Buddhist temples on earth decreased, and the copper materials of abandoned temples were used for casting money. Shen Li of Yangzhou added the word "Chang" to the new money as a souvenir. Therefore, all the casting furnaces in each state are named after counties, including Chang, Jing, Luo, Yi, Jing, Xiang, Lan, Yue, Xuan, Hong, Tan, Yan, Run, E, Ping, Xing, Liang, Guang, Zi, Fu, Gui, Dan and Yong.
In the 11th year of Xian Tong, Tang Yizong (AD 870), Guiyang supervised Wang Tongxin to cast "Xianneng Xuanbao", but this spring soon stopped using, so it was extremely rare to be handed down and unearthed.
The development history of money
Money is the product of commodity exchange. Shells from the southeast coast of China are found in Machang tombs of Majiami culture and Qijia culture in Qinghai province. Haibei is called primitive currency group. A large number of seashells were unearthed in Kaga cultural tombs, and bone shells, stone shells and copper shells were also found, reflecting the degree of commodity exchange at that time. Strictly speaking, the artificial casting of money began with knives and cloth in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country and unified the currency, the square hole circle was cast as the ancestor of the ancient currency in China. Wang Mang carried out the retro reform and once resumed using knives and cloth money, but the time was short. Until the change of the Yuan Dynasty in the Republic of China, the Jin Dynasty flourished and the number of emperors changed. Although the size and weight of coins issued are different from those in Qian Wen, the round coins with square holes continue to prevail. Today, many ancient coins have been handed down from generation to generation, and a large number of ancient coins have been unearthed from time to time. With the development of commodity economy in China feudal society, Huizi in Tang Dynasty and jiaozi in Song Dynasty came out one after another. Paper money was officially issued in the Yuan Dynasty and continued to be issued in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, a large number of commodity exchanges and folk economic exchanges are mainly square holes and round coins. During the period of 1958, more than 400 banknotes from the Yuan Dynasty to the first year were found in the reclamation of Golmud Farm, which is rare in China. 1956, 76 Persian and Korean silver coins were found in the infrastructure project of the dining hall of Huangmiao Street (now Jiefang Road) in Xining City, which proved that Qinghai was an important traffic passage in Central Asia in the 5th and 6th centuries. Persian silver coins are round. It is about 2.5 cm in diameter and weighs 3.8 grams. The front is a portrait of the king. According to the different portraits of kings, silver coins are divided into A and B. The A-shaped crown is a new order, with a crenellated ornament on the side and back of the crown, two floating ornaments on the back of the crown, a warning ball on the back of the head, a joint ball drop next time, and a line of KADIPIRVCI (standing on the Pirooz III) on the shoulder. B-shaped crown, with wings at the front and back, and a pair of wings at the back of the crown. There is a band floating from the shoulder on the top of the front side of the crown, which is symmetrical behind a policeman. Type A and type B have the same pattern on the back, which is the Zoroastrianism altar of Sassanian silver coins. There is a flame on the altar, with a five-pointed star and a crescent moon on both sides of the flame. On both sides of the altar, there is a sacrifice, standing opposite each other. There are many inscriptions on the back, indicating the place and year of casting. Unearthed from Huangmiao Street in Xining City. The time from Bossasan to Pirooz III (equivalent to the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China).
Starting from the theory of monetary instruments in essence, the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty has a general guiding ideology for monetary management, that is, the right to produce, mint, issue and circulate money must be monopolized by the authority of the government and the state, and private individuals are not allowed to get their hands on it. In the twenty-second year of Kaiyuan (734), Zhang Jiuling was accommodated in the Tang Dynasty, so the case of private casting was discussed, and the result was. "Public officials and officials have suggested convenience." Pei Yaoqing, Li, Xiao Huan and others believe that "rich people have the right to exchange, which is based on the prohibition of previous dynasties." Now that this door is open, I am afraid that the villain will abandon agriculture for profit, and it will be inconvenient to be an official. " Liu Zhi, on the other hand, systematically expounded that the right to coin is the "right to life" and cannot be forged by others. Later, the land loan clearly emphasized that money "is for the benefit of the country, stored in the palace, not under the post." Du You also believes that "the sages have gone, the copper has not gone, and the power belongs to them." The priority of the country is inherent, and the advantages and disadvantages are also calculated. In a word, although Zhang Jiuling put forward the suggestion of private casting by the people, it was not recognized, and the guiding ideology that the right to produce and cast money is a national privilege is very clear.
The origin (evolution) of money
1. We haven't realized the importance of money. At the beginning of human civilization, money was distributed equally. With the development of productivity and social division of labor, exchange is more and more frequent and the scope of exchange is wider and wider. The way to overcome the difficulty of "commodity-commodity" exchange is to first turn your own things into commodities that everyone in the market is willing to accept, and then use them. By the Shang Dynasty, the ancestors of China had mastered the simple technology of smelting metal. Some practical tools are similar in shape but small in size, and they also make bronze massive metal coins (archaeologists found them in some tombs of Shang Dynasty, which were coins in the early Shang Dynasty).
In the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou Dynasties before the unification of Qin Dynasty, with the different living environments of various tribes, their coins began to be minted after an uncertain period and were based on their main production tools. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a round weighing coin with square holes was created, and it was soon cast. Due to tyranny and huge military expenditure, coins have been losing weight and becoming lighter and lighter. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country and unified the currency, the square hole was cast. Until the change of the Republic of China and the Yuan Dynasty, successive dynasties changed, emperors changed, and the size and weight of coins issued were different, and so was Qian Wen, but the square hole round banknotes continued unabated. With the development of commodity economy in China feudal society, Huizi in Tang Dynasty and jiaozi in Song Dynasty came out one after another. Paper yarn was officially issued in Yuan Dynasty, and paper money continued to be issued in Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, a large number of commodity exchanges and non-governmental economic exchanges are still dominated by square holes.
Money has existed for tens of millions of years, and people can't live without it in contemporary economic life, and it has long been used to it. Zhao Zhongge, a scholar of coin collection and research in Datong City, Shanxi Province, recently put forward: "The origin of coins began with the worship of women, and the long-term use of ancient coins in China also reflected the sexual worship thought at that time." Zhao's view on the generation of this ancient coin is quite innovative. It is understood that it is the first time in China and deserves attention. After Zhong Zhao put forward the new theory of women worshiping coins, we can see that seashells have been used as coins both at home and abroad, and the female reproductive characteristics of seashells are very obvious. It is also said that seashells are close to the vulva, but they are hung on the body as a rare thing respected by primitive humans with status to show their worship of the vulva or occupy the number of women to show off. At that time, because of the symbolic significance of seashells and the rare things in inland areas, they had become a symbol of wealth and later became a valuable exchange.
It is considered that human beings have gone through a long period of primitive worship from "female genital worship" in matriarchal society to "male root worship" in paternal society, and it is reasonable for ancient coins to express the connotation of sexual culture as a value symbol in circulation at that time. After understanding, people used money as decorations and aristocratic supplies in the early days.
3. There is a new view that money originated from the period of "virgin worship", that is, the height of the same education center in Daye University. He talked about the economic theory of Marx and Engels, and Marx believed that money was the inevitable crystallization in the process of exchange. From the perspective of commercial behavior, the starting point of monetary civilization in each region is different, and various monetary systems have a long evolution process. Even if the abuse period of currency in circulation varies from region to region, the evolution process follows similarity. Money usually begins with commodity money, and many items are used as trading media, such as whale teeth in Fiji Islands. Early French people used mouth skin; The use of chocolate by early American immigrants; Some indigenous Indians have apricots, Guatemala, turtles, shells and knives, as well as salt, tobacco, dried fish, rice and clothes.
The early development level of human beings is low or not, and they often exchange some strange things that are actually used in life. In the process of evolution, the level of some iron castings has improved and entered the promotion process of money.
4. Whether or not five baht was cast in Cao Wei period is a brief history. According to Records of Food Goods in the Book of Jin, in the 13th year of Jian 'an (AD 208), Cao Cao said, "Stop Dong Zhuo's small money and spend five baht." The History of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Wendy Ji records that in the second year of Huang Chu (AD 22 1 year), it was "five baht in early spring and March" and "jade is expensive, money stops" in winter and October. "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Wei and Ming Di" contains the first year of Taihe (AD 4), "Summer and April, Yihai, five sums of money." For the above historical records about Cao Wei's "return", "early summer" and "five baht trip". 1986 when ancient coins unearthed in the western suburbs of Anyang were hoarded, a coin with a round face and no good face was separated. The word "five" on the right and the word "Zhu" on the left were invaded by foreign coins, with a round face and a good Guo on the back. It seems that the five-baht coin is different from the five-baht coin in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the five-baht coin on the casting surface. After the curtain was not opened, some people thought that this "five-gold" five baht should be Cao Cao five baht. Later, ancient coins were hoarded in Mengcun, Zhang Lun Township, Anyang County. This kind of "five Jin of gold" coins accounts for 1.8-2.2% of hoarding ancient coins. The largest coin has a diameter of more than 24 mm and a weight of more than 3.4 g, with regular casting and clear and tall characters, and a certain number of coins are below 265,438+0 mm..
It's hard to say. This is important to the poor, but not so important to the rich. But most people in China have no money, so they have a desire for it. As for your question, I think you may be an accountant. People who are accountants should have great resistance to money, otherwise it will be really hard. They handle so much money every day, but it's not their own. Here's a word for you. A gentleman makes money in a right way. I think you heard everything, so I won't say anything else, but maybe you will get a developed opportunity when you do accounting in a down-to-earth way, and you will be rich yourself then.