2, the basic attributes of goods-use value and value.
Concept of use value: the property that a commodity can meet people's needs.
(Note: It is not necessarily a commodity that has use value, but a commodity must have use value. )
(2) The value of commodities: undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities.
(Note: Commodities with different use values can be exchanged because they all consume undifferentiated human labor) (3) Commodities are the unity of use value and value, and both are indispensable.
Use value is the material undertaker of value. Things that have no use value are not commodities, and things that have no value are not commodities. No one can have the use value and value of goods at the same time. The purpose of consumers buying goods is to obtain the use value of goods, and the seller is to realize the value of goods.
(2) The nature of money.
1, the emergence of money: money is the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage;
2, the meaning and essence of money:
(1) Meaning: Money is separated from commodities and acts as general equivalent commodities.
(2) The essence of money is: universal equivalent.
Universal equivalent: a commodity that can represent the value of all other commodities and serve as a medium of commodity exchange. ) understand
3, the function of money
(1) two basic functions-value scale and circulation means.
First, the value scale function
(1) Meaning: It is the function of expressing and measuring the value of all other commodities in terms of money.
Reason: Money can be a measure of value because it is also a commodity and valuable. )
(2) the relationship between price and value:
The so-called price is the commodity value shown by a certain amount of money, which is called price. Price is the monetary expression of value, and value is the basis of price. Other things being equal, the price of a commodity is in direct proportion to its value.
(3) When performing the function of value scale, money is only a conceptual money and does not need real money.
B. Means of circulation:
(1) Meaning: The function of money as a medium of commodity exchange is called circulation means.
(2) Pay attention to the difference between circulation means and commodity circulation. Commodity exchange with money as the medium is called commodity circulation. Circulation means emphasize the role of money in commodity exchange, and commodity circulation emphasizes how to exchange commodities.
(3) Money as a means of circulation must be realistic money, not conceptual money.
(2) In the development process, money has the functions of storage means, payment means and world currency.
4, the calculation formula of the amount of money needed in circulation.
The amount of money needed in circulation = the total price of goods (that is, the number of goods for sale × price level)/the speed of money circulation.
This shows that the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods, but inversely proportional to the speed of money circulation. )
5, the emergence and development of paper money:
(1) Paper money is produced with the development of commodity exchange.
(2) The meaning of paper money: it must be a mandatory value symbol issued by the country (or some regions).
Note: Paper money itself has no value, it only replaces metal money to perform the function of circulation means. There are two points to emphasize here: first, it is issued by a country or a specific region. The second is national coercion. Paper money has no value. The main reason why it can replace money as a means of circulation lies in the coercive power of the state. )
6. Inflation and deflation.
(1) Paper money is issued by the state. The state has the right to issue paper money, but it cannot issue any amount of paper money at will. The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of money needed in circulation.
(2) Inflation refers to the overall and sustained price increase in economic operation. If the circulation of paper money exceeds the amount of money needed for circulation, it will cause the price to rise and affect people's life or social and economic order.
(Note: There are many reasons for inflation, not only related to the excessive circulation of paper money, but also related to other factors, such as rising costs and excessive total demand. )
(3) Deflation is an economic phenomenon contrary to inflation, which is manifested in the overall and continuous decline of prices. Usually accompanied by economic recession.
Second, credit instruments and foreign exchange.
(1) Credit instruments:
1. Settlement method: (1) Cash settlement (2) Transfer settlement.
2. Ordinary credit instruments:
(1) Credit card:
A. Meaning: an electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc.
B advantages: the credit card integrates deposit and withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry, which can reduce the use of cash, simplify the collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety and bring many conveniences to cardholders.
C. Bank credit card refers to the credit certificate issued by commercial banks to customers with good credit status.
(2) Checks: payment vouchers for demand deposits, and bills payable at sight when the drawer entrusts banks and other financial institutions to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder. Checks are mainly divided into transfer checks and cash checks.
(2) Foreign exchange and exchange rate:
1. foreign exchange: foreign exchange is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.
2. Exchange rate, also called exchange rate, is the exchange rate between two currencies.
Criteria for judging the rise and fall of exchange rate: If 100 unit of foreign exchange can be converted into more RMB, it means that the foreign exchange rate rises, the foreign currency appreciates, the RMB exchange rate falls and the RMB depreciates; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
3, the impact of exchange rate changes on the economy: (that is, the advantages and disadvantages of currency appreciation and depreciation analysis)
(1) The appreciation of the local currency means that less local currency is exchanged for the same amount of foreign currency, which has the following effects: a, exports decrease, while imports increase; B. the cost of foreign investment has increased; C leads to a decline in domestic production and an increase in unemployment; D domestic foreign exchange reserves depreciate, but it is beneficial to repay foreign debts; E is beneficial for domestic enterprises to go global.
(2) The devaluation of the local currency means that more local currency is exchanged for the same amount of foreign currency, which has the following effects: (a) exports increase and imports decrease; B. cost reduction of foreign investment; C enhance the international competitiveness of domestic products, D domestic consumption is relatively cheap, and foreign tourists increase.
4. Significance and significance of keeping the value of RMB basically stable: keeping the overall domestic price level stable and the foreign RMB exchange rate stable is of great significance to the stability of people's lives, the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, world financial stability and economic development.
Third, establish a correct view of money.
1, from the perspective of production: money is the product of long-term development of commodity exchange;
2. In essence, money is a fixed commodity among universal equivalents;
Functionally, money has two basic functions: value scale and circulation means;
In terms of importance: in a sense, money is a symbol of wealth. In the primary stage of socialism, there is still a commodity-currency relationship, and all kinds of economic activities such as production, distribution, exchange and consumption are inseparable from money.
Establish a correct view of money: (1) The essence of money is a universal equivalent, which is a symbol of wealth in a certain sense; (2) Take the right way, use the right way, and get rich by honest labor and legal operation. (3) Make good use of the money and use it in places that are beneficial to the country, society and others. (4) Used properly. Spend money moderately and prioritize.
Lesson 2 changeable prices
I. Factors affecting prices
Price is determined by value, influenced by supply and demand and other factors (that is, price is formed by market).
Supply and demand affect prices.
1. Supply and demand affect prices.
(1) The factors that cause price changes and differences are climate, time, region, production, and even cultural factors such as religious beliefs and customs (indirect factors); (2) The influence of these factors on the price is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities (direct factors).
2. How does supply and demand affect prices?
(1) Demand exceeds supply and prices rise. Buyers have to accept higher prices to meet their own needs, and there has been a phenomenon that "things are rare and expensive", which is the "seller's market". (that is, the market type dominated by the seller, and the seller is in a favorable position in market transactions);
(2) Supply exceeds demand and prices are reduced. The seller has to deal with his surplus inventory at a lower price, and there is a phenomenon of "more goods are worthless", which is the "buyer's market" (that is, the buyer plays a leading role in a market type and is in a favorable position in market transactions. )
(2) Value determines price.
1. Relationship between price and value
Price is determined by value, which is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value (other things being equal, the greater the value, the higher the price).
2. The value of commodities is determined by socially necessary labor time.
3. Labor productivity and its relationship with commodity value
The value of unit commodity is inversely proportional to social labor productivity; Individual labor productivity is directly proportional to the total value of goods.
4. The basic content and manifestation of the law of value
(1) Basic content: The value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the goods, and the exchange of goods is based on value. (hint: the law of value is the basic law of commodity economy, and there is a law of value when there is a commodity economy)
(2) Form of expression: the price is affected by the relationship between supply and demand and fluctuates around the value.
Why is the fluctuation of price around value the embodiment of the law of value (that is, why not violate the law of value-the principle of equivalent exchange? Why is the fluctuation of price around value not a denial of the law of value?
Price and supply and demand interact and restrict each other, which leads to price fluctuation. Prices can't go up and down indefinitely, always based on value and fluctuating around value. From a single exchange process, the conventional price does not match the value, but in a long time, the average price of goods is still consistent with the value of goods. The fluctuation of price around value is not the negation of the law of value, but the expression of the law of value, and it is the only possible expression. Equivalent exchange exists in commodities.
Second, the impact of price changes.
(A) the impact of price changes on people's lives
1, price changes will cause changes in demand (generally speaking, other conditions remain unchanged)
(1) When the price of a commodity goes up, people will buy less.
(2) When the price of a commodity falls, people will increase their purchase.
2. The demand of different commodities has different responses to price changes.
(1) Price changes have little effect on the demand for daily necessities.
(2) Price changes have a great influence on the demand for high-grade durable goods.
3. The impact of price changes of related commodities on demand.
(1) Among the two alternative commodities, if the price of one commodity rises, consumers will reduce the demand for the commodity and increase the demand for its substitute; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
(2) among the commodities with complementary relationship, if the price of a commodity rises, consumers will reduce their demand for the commodity and at the same time reduce their demand for complementary commodities; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
(noun explanation: substitution means that if two commodities have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers, the two commodities are mutually substituted; Complementary goods are two kinds of goods that must be combined to meet people's needs. These two commodities are complementary commodities. )
(2) Impact on production and operation:
1, adjust production scale 2, improve labor productivity 3, and promote enterprises to produce marketable high-quality products.
Lesson 3 Colorful Consumption
1. Factors affecting consumption (main factors affecting consumption: general income level and price)
(1) Residents' income is the main factor affecting consumption-income is the basis and premise of consumption;
A, other things being equal, the more people's current disposable income (current income), the greater the consumption of various goods and services. Therefore, to improve the living standards of residents, we must maintain stable economic growth and increase residents' income.
B Generally speaking, the higher the expected future income (future income), the greater the possibility of expected expenditure.
C. The social income gap is closely related to the overall consumption level of society. People's income gap is too large, and the overall consumption level will decrease; On the contrary, narrowing the income gap will improve the overall consumption level.
(2) The price level is also the main factor affecting consumption: generally speaking, people will reduce their consumption of commodities when prices rise; When the price drops, the purchasing power will generally increase, thus increasing the consumption of goods.
2. Consumption type
(1) According to different consumers, it can be divided into tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption.
(2) According to different transaction methods, it can be divided into: consumption of money and commodities, consumption of loans, and consumption of leasing.
(3) According to the purpose of consumption, it is divided into survival consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption.
3. Consumption structure
The relationship between consumption structure and consumption level: the perfection and optimization of consumption structure means the improvement of people's consumption level.
Engel's coefficient is inversely proportional to consumption level.
4, consumer psychology:
(1) consumption caused by conformity psychology (2) consumption caused by seeking differences.
(3) consumption induced by comparison psychology (4) consumption led by realistic psychology.
5. Be a rational consumer-practice the correct consumption principle.
(1) Live within our means and spend moderately; (2) avoid blind obedience and rational consumption;
(3) environmental protection and green consumption; (4) Diligent efforts;
Lesson 4 Production and Economic System
First, develop production to meet consumption
1. Production and consumption
(1) Production determines consumption ① Production determines the object of consumption ② Production determines the way of consumption ③ Production determines the quality and level of consumption ④ Production creates power for consumption.
(2) Consumption has an important reaction to production, and the development of consumption can promote the development of production (power). (1) Only when the produced product is consumed, the production process of this product is finally completed. (2) The new demand formed by consumption plays a guiding role in the adjustment and upgrading of production; The emergence of a new consumption hotspot can often lead to the emergence and growth of an industry. (4) Consumption creates a new labor force for production, which can improve the quality of labor force and improve the production enthusiasm of workers.
(3) Four links of social reproduction and their relationship.
① The process of social reproduction includes four interrelated links: production, distribution, exchange and consumption. ② The relationship between each link: a. The direct production process is the decisive link; B distribution and exchange are bridges and ties connecting production and consumption, which have an important influence on production and consumption; C. consumption is the ultimate goal and motivation of the whole process of material production.
2. Vigorously develop productive forces
The reason why China must vigorously develop productive forces
A. the requirement to solve the main contradiction (China is in the primary stage of socialism, and the contradiction between the people's growing material and cultural needs and backward social production is the main contradiction in society) B. it is the requirement of the essence of socialism. C only in this way can we establish a solid material and technical foundation for consolidating the socialist system; D. Only in this way can we get rid of economic and cultural backwardness, narrow the gap left over from the history of developed countries, catch up with or even surpass developed countries, and fully demonstrate the superiority of socialism; E only in this way can we continuously enhance our comprehensive national strength and improve China's international status.
(2) How to vigorously develop productive forces
Unswervingly adhere to the party's basic line, adhere to economic construction as the center, and strive for development wholeheartedly. ② We must improve the quality of workers in an all-round way. (3) Science and technology are the primary productive forces, so we must speed up the development of science and technology and vigorously promote scientific and technological progress and innovation. (4) through reform, adjust the part of production relations that is incompatible with productivity and the part of superstructure that is incompatible with economic base.
Two. China's basic economic system
1. Public ownership as the main body
(1) The connotation of China's basic economic system: taking public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together.
(2) The position and scope of public ownership of the means of production.
① Status quo: Public ownership of the means of production is the fundamental economic feature of socialism and the foundation of the socialist economic system.
② Scope: State-owned and collective components in state-owned economy, collective economy and mixed ownership economy.
(3) The meaning, position and function of state-owned economy.
Meaning: All social workers jointly own the means of production in the form of public ownership (state ownership). It adapts to a higher level of productivity.
② Status: the pillar of the national economy
③ Function: It plays a leading role in the national economy and holds the economic lifeline of the country. Developing and expanding the state-owned economy plays a key role in giving play to the superiority of the socialist system, enhancing China's economic strength, national defense strength and national cohesion, and improving China's international status.
(4) The meaning, position and function of the collective economy.
Meaning: a part of workers share the means of production in the public ownership economy. It is the main economic form in China's rural areas and widely exists in urban and rural industries and services.
② Status: an important part of socialist public ownership economy.
③ Function: It can embody the principle of common prosperity, widely absorb social funds, relieve employment pressure, and increase public accumulation and national tax revenue. It is of great significance to play the main role of public ownership and achieve common prosperity.
(5) The meaning of mixed ownership economy: different ownership economies implement the economic form of joint production or operation according to certain principles. Both state-owned and collective components in mixed ownership economy are important components of public ownership economy.
Note: The joint-stock economy is not necessarily a mixed ownership economy. Mixed ownership economy cannot be said to be public or private in general.
(6) the realization form of public ownership economy
To develop the public ownership economy, we must strive to find the forms of public ownership that can greatly promote the development of productive forces. Both joint-stock system and joint-stock cooperative system can be used as the realization forms of public ownership economy.
As an organizational form of modern capital, shareholding system is conducive to the separation of ownership and management rights, thus improving the efficiency of enterprise and capital operation. Joint-stock enterprises, if controlled by the state and the collective, are obviously publicly owned. As the main realization form of public ownership, shareholding system can enhance the vitality of public ownership economy, expand the control scope of public capital and enhance the main role of public ownership.
Note: The realization form of public ownership is the organizational form and management mode of public assets. Joint-stock cooperative system is a collective economic form combining labor and capital.
(7) The embodiment of the dominant position of public ownership economy.
First, as far as the whole country is concerned, public assets occupy a dominant position in the total social assets.
Second, the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. The leading role of state-owned economy is mainly reflected in its control. (that is, it is reflected in the ability to control the development direction of the national economy, the overall situation of economic operation, and important scarce resources. State-owned economy must occupy a dominant position in important industries and key fields that are related to the lifeline of the national economy. )
2. Multi-ownership economy develops together.
(1) The meaning, position and function of individual economy
Meaning: Laborers own the means of production, engage in individual labor and business, take their own labor as the basis, and the fruits of labor are directly owned and dominated by laborers.
② Status: an important part of the socialist market economy.
③ Function: It plays an irreplaceable role in utilizing scattered resources, developing commodity production, promoting commodity circulation, expanding social services, facilitating people's lives and increasing employment.
(2) The meaning, position and function of private economy.
Meaning: a form of ownership based on private ownership of means of production and wage labor and aiming at profit.
② Status: an important part of the socialist market economy.
(3) Function: We can use part of private funds to serve the development of production and meet people's needs; It can attract workers' employment, increase personal income and national tax revenue, and play a positive role in improving the national economic aggregate.
(3) The meaning, position and function of foreign capital economy.
Meaning: It refers to the wholly-owned enterprises established in Chinese mainland by foreign investors and investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, as well as the foreign capital part of Sino-foreign joint ventures and Sino-foreign cooperative ventures established according to China laws and regulations.
② Status: an important part of the socialist market economy.
③ Function: It is beneficial to introduce foreign capital and advanced technology and learn advanced foreign management experience; It is conducive to expanding employment, expanding exports and increasing fiscal revenue.
Note: Private economy is an ownership economy other than the state-owned economy, which is relative to the government-run economy.
The socialist economy refers to the public ownership economy and is an integral part of the socialist market economy.
(4) Understand the reasons and significance of implementing the basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism in China.
Understanding: State-owned economy must play a leading role in important industries and key areas related to the lifeline of the national economy.
① Reason: The basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together adapts to the unbalanced and multi-level development of productive forces in the primary stage of socialism and conforms to the essential requirements of socialism.
Significance: Practice has proved that it is conducive to promoting the development of productive forces, enhancing comprehensive national strength and improving people's living standards.
③ To adhere to and improve this basic economic system, we must unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy; We must unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of non-public ownership economy, and form a new pattern of equal competition and mutual promotion of all ownership economies.
Lesson 5 Enterprises and Laborers
I. Operation of the Company
(1) Company Type
1, enterprise
(1) Meaning: An enterprise is an economic organization that provides goods or services to the society for profit and engages in production and business activities.
(2) Status: Enterprises are the main participants in market economic activities and the cells of the national economy.
(3) ownership type:
① In nature, state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, private enterprises and enterprises with mixed ownership constitute the socialist enterprise system.
② In terms of investment methods and organizational forms, enterprises include legal person enterprises, sole proprietorship enterprises and partnership enterprises.
2. Company
(1) Meaning: The company was established in accordance with the law, all of which were contributed by shareholders, and it is a profit-making enterprise legal person.
(2) Establishment: The establishment of a company must go through certain registration procedures and obtain legal recognition in accordance with laws, regulations and relevant policies.
(legal person: it is relative to a natural person. A natural person is an individual characterized by life, and a legal person is an organization that has civil rights and capacity for civil conduct, enjoys civil rights and undertakes civil obligations independently according to law, and is the legal personification of social organizations.
3. Company type: There are two legal forms of companies in China, namely limited liability company and joint stock limited company.
4. There is usually a certain organizational structure, including: the decision-making body is the company's general meeting of shareholders and its elected board of directors, which is responsible for handling major business management matters of the company; The executive agency is the general manager, responsible for the daily operation of the company; The supervisory body, the board of supervisors, is responsible for supervising the work of the board of directors and the general manager.
Advantages of company system: Both of them have the advantages of independent legal person status, limited liability system and scientific management system.
4. Organizational structure of the company:
The company has a corresponding organization to conduct unified command, coordination, supervision and control of the production and business activities of the whole company in order to achieve the established business objectives. Clear responsibilities and checks and balances among these institutions can effectively improve the company's operational efficiency and scientific management, and make the company's development full of vitality.
(II) Operation and development of the company
1, the direct purpose of the company's operation
(1) Direct purpose: profit.
(2) Significance: Only by maintaining a certain profit purpose can the company enhance its market competitiveness and create more wealth for the society.
2. The success factors of the company:
(1) Formulate the correct business strategy;
(2) Improve the ability of independent innovation, and form its own competitive advantage by means of scientific and technological progress and scientific management.
① This is the most important method and way for enterprise development, and also the main way to improve the overall competitiveness of China and the overall quality of the national economy;
The most fundamental thing for enterprises to gain advantages is to master core technologies and strengthen independent innovation.
(3) operate in good faith and establish a good reputation and corporate image.
The meaning of corporate image: corporate image is the impression left by the products and services of the enterprise in the society, as well as the evaluation and recognition;
② Performance of corporate reputation and image: quality of products and services.
③ The role of corporate reputation and image: Only by establishing a good reputation and image can an enterprise be in an invincible position.
(4) Ways to establish corporate reputation and image: developing fair competition and opposing unfair competition.
3. Merger and bankruptcy of enterprises
Merger: the economic phenomenon that enterprises with good management and good economic benefits merge those enterprises with long-term losses or even insolvency;
Significance: it can expand the scale of advantageous enterprises, enhance the strength of advantageous enterprises, realize the adjustment of advantages and disadvantages, and turn disadvantages into advantages; Improve the utilization rate of social resources;
Bankruptcy: an economic phenomenon in which an enterprise loses money for a long time, is insolvent, has no hope of turning losses, and is liquidated according to legal procedures;
Significance: strengthen enterprise's risk awareness and urge enterprises to improve their management level and competitiveness; Backward enterprises can be eliminated in time, which is conducive to the rational allocation of resources and the adjustment of industrial structure; It can realize complementary advantages, optimize resource allocation, reduce production costs and improve labor productivity.
Second, workers in the new era.
(1) Labor and employment
1, labor
(1) Meaning: Labor is the mental and physical expenditure of laborers, and it is the creative activity of material wealth and spiritual wealth.
(2) Significance: Labor is the source of human civilization and progress. Labor has created civilization, wealth, human development and historical progress.