Nanchang Uprising on August 1st was an armed uprising held by the National Revolutionary Army led by the Chinese Productive Party in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province during the Agrarian Revolutionary War.

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1927 During April and July, Chiang Kai-shek Group and Wang Ching-wei Group in the Kuomintang of China, in collusion with imperialism and the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, launched counter-revolutionary coups in Shanghai and Wuhan, brutally massacring * * * producers and revolutionary masses, and failed the great anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution of the people of China since 1924.

In order to resist the massacre policy of the Kuomintang reactionaries and save the China Revolution, the Central Committee was reorganized on July 12, 2002, and the right capitulationist leadership of General Secretary of the Central Committee Chen Duxiu was stopped. Later, he decided to assemble a part of the National Revolutionary Army that he mastered and influenced, join the Second Front Army with Zhang Fakui as the commander in chief, go south to Guangdong to join local revolutionary forces, carry out agrarian revolution, restore revolutionary base areas, and then hold a new Northern Expedition. Li, Deng Zhongxia, Tan Pingshan, Hui, Nie and Ye Ting. Organized the operation in Jiujiang, only to find that Zhang Fakui was in close collusion with Wang Jingwei, and began to persecute * * * producers in the Second Army. He immediately suggested to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that he should rely on the troops under his control and influence to "riot in Nanchang". Accordingly, Li, Hui and Peng Pai were appointed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China as secretaries to lead the uprising in Nanchang. The troops scheduled to take part in the uprising are: the Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army 1 1 24th Division, 60th Division, the whole of the 20th Army, the 73rd and 75th Regiments of the 25th Division of the Fourth Army, the Education Regiment of the Third Army Officers of the Fifth Army headed by Zhu De and the security team of Nanchang Public Security Bureau, with a total of more than 20,000 people. From July 25th, the 1 1 and 20th armies were respectively commanded by Ye Ting and He Long, and successively concentrated in Nanchang from Jiujiang and Tujiabu (now Yongxiu). 27, Zhou Enlai and others arrived in Nanchang, formed the former enemy committee, and led the preparations for the uprising.

At this time, the third army of the Fifth Army (Commander-in-Chief Zhu Peide) of the Kuomintang Wuhan Government was stationed in Zhangshu, Ji 'an and Wan 'an, the ninth army was stationed in Jinxian and Linchuan, and the sixth army marched in Pingxiang to Nanchang. The remaining troops of the Second Army are located in Jiujiang area; Only the Fifth Army Guard Corps and the Third, Sixth and Ninth Army are stationed in Nanchang and its suburbs, each with more than 3,000 people. The Central Front Committee decided to hold an uprising on August 1 day before reinforcements arrived.

At 2 o'clock on August 1 Sunday, under the leadership of Zhou Enlai, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De and Liu Bocheng, the Nanchang Uprising began. According to the operational plan of the Central Front Committee, the 20th Army 1 2 Division launched an attack on the defenders of the old Fantai Yamen, Dashiyuan Street and Niuhang Station. 1 1 The 24th Division of the Army launched an attack on the defenders of the Catholic Church in Baisong Lane, the new barracks and Baihuazhou. By dawn, more than 3,000 defenders were wiped out, and more than 5,000 guns (equivalent), more than 700,000 bullets and several cannons were seized. On the afternoon of the same day, the 73rd Regiment, the 75th Regiment, the 3rd Battalion and the 74th Regiment of the 25th Division in Nanchang revolted under the leadership of Nie and Zhou Shidi, and arrived in Nanchang on August 2nd.

After the success of the uprising, the Central Front Committee issued the Manifesto of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang Left according to the spirit of the central instructions, stating that the uprising still called for revolution in the name of the Kuomintang Left, exposing the crimes of Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei betraying the revolution, and expressing their determination to support Sun Yat-sen's "three major policies" and continue to oppose imperialism and feudal warlords. On the morning of August 1, a joint meeting was held attended by members of the Kuomintang Central Committee and representatives of various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and overseas party departments, and the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang of China was established, and Deng, Soong Ching Ling, He Xiangning, Tan Pingshan, Wu, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhang, Li, Yun, Xu Teli and Peng were elected. Revolutionary committee appointed tachileik as secretary-general, appointed, He Long, Ye Ting, Liu Bocheng and other staff committees as military command organs, Liu Bocheng as chief of staff and Guo Moruo as director of the General Political Department, and decided that the insurgents would still use the designation of the Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army, He Long as commander-in-chief of the frontal army and Ye Ting as commander-in-chief of the frontal army and the frontal enemy. It is affiliated to 1 1 Army (with divisions 24, 25 and 10), with Ye Ting as the commander and Nie as the party representative; 20 th Army (under the jurisdiction of 1 2 Division), with He Long as the commander and Liao Ganwu as the party representative; In the 9th Army, Zhu De served as a deputy commander and a party representative. The army * * * more than 20000 people.

On August 2nd, tens of thousands of people from all walks of life gathered in Nanchang to celebrate the great victory of Nanchang Uprising and the establishment of the Revolutionary Committee. After the meeting, young people from all walks of life enthusiastically joined the army, and only a few hundred students signed up.

After the Nanchang Uprising, Wang Jingwei urged Zhang Fakui and Zhu Peide to attack Nanchang. On August 3, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China * * * ordered the insurgents to withdraw from Nanchang in batches and go south along the Fuhe River according to the original plan of the Central Committee. It is planned to enter Guangdong Province through Ruijin and Xunwu (now Xunwu), first capture Dongjiang area, develop revolutionary forces, win foreign aid, and then capture Guangzhou. When the insurgents entered Jinxian County, Cai Tingkai, the division commander of 10, fired party member, the producer of * * * who worked in the division, and led his troops to the northeast of Jiangxi, leaving the insurgents behind. Because the insurgents hastily withdrew from Nanchang, the troops were not reorganized, and they were on an expedition in the heat, with more troops. When they arrived in Linchuan on the 7th, the total strength was about 1.3 million.

The insurgents rested in Linchuan for three days and continued to push south. On August 25th, I first arrived in Ruijin County, north of Rentian. At this time, Li, commander-in-chief of the Eighth Route Army of the Kuomintang Army stationed in Guangdong, dispatched 9,000 people to Huichang and Ruijin, and went out of the previous department to stop the rebels from going south; Huang's 9000 men were transferred from Nanxiong and Dayu (now Dayu) to (now) support operations. In this situation, the front committee of China decided to divide and conquer with money and yellow power. On the same day, the insurgents attacked Ren Tian's defenders, annihilated one of them, and captured Ruijin County on 26th. Then, focus on attacking the main force of Qian Dajun Department in Huichang, and fight fiercely until 30th to capture Huichang County. In the two wars, 6,000 people were killed and more than 2,500 guns were seized in Qian Dajun. The rebels suffered nearly 2000 casualties. At the beginning of September, the insurgents repelled Huang's attack in Luokou, northwest of Huichang.

After the war in Huichang, the insurgents turned back to Ruijin one after another, diverted eastward, passed through Changting and Shanghang in Fujian, and went south along Tingjiang and Hanjiang rivers. On September 22nd, the 25th Division of 1 1 Army occupied Sanheba, Dabu County, Guangdong Province, and its main force continued southward. On the 23rd, it occupied Chaoan (now Chaozhou) and Shantou. During this period, Li ordered the remnants to contain 25 divisions, and the Yellow Division was attacked by Fengshun, Chao 'an and Chenhe Division, with more than 1.5 million people, forming the East Route Army, which moved eastward from Heyuan to find the main force of the rebel army for a decisive battle.

According to the above situation, the * * * Front Committee decided that the newly formed 3rd Division of the 20th Army would be stationed in Chaoshan area with the Revolutionary Committee, and more than 6,500 people would be concentrated to meet the eastward enemy. On September 28th, the main force of the rebel army joined the East Route Army near Coral (Yuhu Lake) in Jieyang County, and defeated it. Then it advanced to Tangkeng (now Fengshun City) and fought fiercely with the enemy again in Fenshui Village. By the 30th, the insurgents had suffered more than 2,000 casualties, unable to fight any more, and retreated to Jieyang. That night, Huang captured Chao 'an. 13/0, 65438+ The main force of the Rebel Army joined the Revolutionary Committee that withdrew from Chaoshan in Liusha (now Puning City) and continued to retreat to Haifeng and Lufeng areas. When passing through Lianhua Mountain near Zhongtan Village in the southwest of quicksand, it was intercepted by the East Route Army again. The war continued and most of the troops were scattered. The leaders of the Revolutionary Committee and the Rebel Army were decentralized, and the rest 1300 people entered the Hailufeng area. The 25th Division stationed in Sanheba, after causing heavy casualties to Qian Dajun, moved to Chao 'an and joined the 3rd Division 1 Division which was evacuated from Chaoshan, Raoping County on June 5th 10. Since then, the two armies led by Zhu De and Chen Yi have moved to the border of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Hunan. Finally, about 800 insurgents were rescued and took part in the southern Hunan uprising. 1April, 928, arrived at Jinggangshan revolutionary base and joined the autumn harvest uprising troops on the Hunan-Jiangxi border led by Mao Zedong.

meaning

Nanchang Uprising is an armed uprising with overall significance directly led by China * * * Production Party. The first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries was fired, which declared the firm position of China Producer Party to carry out the China Revolution to the end, and marked the beginning of China Producer Party's independent establishment of the revolutionary army and leading the revolutionary war. 1 July 933 1 1 day, on the basis of the proposal of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission on June 30th, the Chinese Soviet * * and the Provisional Central Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) decided August1day as the anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants. From then on, August 1 became the Army Day of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army and later the China People's Liberation Army.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the bourgeois democratic revolution spread rapidly, which shocked China's ideological circle and promoted the arrival of the democratic revolutionary movement. The first to wake up is the emerging group of intellectuals. Modern intellectuals took newspapers and periodicals as an important position to publicize the theory of democratic revolution, and founded more than 20 political journals such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang Tide, Su Bao and China Vernacular Newspaper. Chen Tianhua's Jing Shizhong, Looking Back, Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army and other pamphlets 130 have been published. The bourgeois and petty-bourgeois intellectuals also translated many social and political works of the western bourgeoisie, such as Essentials of Philosophy by Cai Yuanpei of German Koppel, Evolution by Yan Fu of Huxley and The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.

With the widespread spread of democratic ideas, many revolutionary groups have emerged at home and abroad. Zhong Xing Society, Huaxing Society, science tutorial school, Guangfu Society, etc. On August 20th, 1905, the China League was established. Sun Yat-sen put forward the platform of "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights equally". The establishment of China League indicates that the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China has entered a new stage.

As soon as the Qing government's policy of "state-owned railways" was announced, it immediately aroused opposition from people from all walks of life in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guangdong provinces, and a wide-ranging railway protection movement appeared. Sichuan is the largest and most intense road protection movement. 1911June, Sichuan established the railway protection comrades' association and announced that "the purpose is to protect the railway and abolish the contract". In September, more than 60 counties in the province established road protection associations, and tens of millions of people participated in this movement. On the one hand, the Qing government transferred the Hubei New Army to Sichuan, on the other hand, it ordered the "strong suppression" of the railway protection movement, which became the direct fuse of the Wuchang Uprising.

When the trend of protecting roads rises in four provinces, the literary society and * * * in Wuchang, Hubei Province will actively prepare cameras and launch an armed uprising. On October 9th, 65438/KLOC-0, Sun Wu carelessly prepared explosives in Hankou, and the secret of the uprising was leaked, and Liu Fuji and Peng Chufan were arrested. 10 in the morning, Peng and Liu were killed, and the Qing army arrested revolutionaries everywhere. In the evening, the soldiers of Wuchang New Army killed the platoon leader who suppressed the revolutionary soldiers, captured the armory of Chu Wangtai, and started the fire of Wuchang Uprising. After a night of fighting, on June 5438+0 1 day, the insurgents occupied Wuchang city and established the Hubei military government. 12- 13, the insurgents captured Hanyang and Hankou. The success of Wuchang Shouyi inspired the revolutionary fighting spirit of the people all over the country, and the revolutionaries all over the country rose to respond. Hunan and Shaanxi took the lead in responding. Since then, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces have successively declared their independence from the Qing government.

2. Establishment of the Republic of China

1911On February 29th, Sun Yat-sen was elected as the first provisional president of the Republic of China with an absolute majority of 16 votes. 19 12 On New Year's Day, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in and proclaimed the founding of the Republic of China. On the 3rd, the provisional government of the Republic of China was established; On the 28th, the provincial representative meeting was reorganized into the provisional Senate, becoming the highest legislative body of the provisional government.

Nanjing Provisional Government has promulgated a series of policies and decrees that are conducive to promoting democratic politics and developing capitalism. Such as: ordering provincial government agencies to burn instruments of torture and abolish torture; Abolish all kinds of "untouchables" in Qing laws and regulations; Protect overseas Chinese; Prohibited traders; Abolish the master-slave position; Cut braids in sequence; Gambling, foot binding and opium smoking are prohibited. Encourage the establishment of industry and commerce, revitalize the planting industry, and reward overseas Chinese for investing in China. Advocate universal education and delete feudal content from old textbooks. These policies and decrees have changed customs and traditions, and promoted the development of national capitalism and the spread of democratic ideas.

Under the auspices of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the Provisional Senate promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China in March of1/,and established a bourgeois republic with parliamentary system and responsibility cabinet system in China according to the democratic system of western bourgeoisie and the principle of "separation of three powers" in legislation, administration and judicature. The power of Nanjing Provisional Government was usurped by Yuan Shikai because of the usurpation of Nanjing Provisional Government and constitutionalists, old bureaucrats and politicians in provincial capitals, as well as the compromise and concession of some revolutionaries.