China's poems came into being before the invention of writing, and gradually formed and developed in people's labor, singing and dancing.
The Book of Songs is a collection of poems from 1 1 century BC to the 6th century BC, and it is also the first collection of poems in China, with 305 poems. According to different music, it can be divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode. "Ode" poems are music songs used by rulers to sacrifice, including ancestors, mountains and rivers and farmers. "Elegance" can be divided into elegance and indecency, both of which are used for banquet ceremonies. The main content is to praise heroes of past dynasties and satirize current politics. Wind is the essence of The Book of Songs, which contains 15 local folk songs.
In the 4th century BC, the great poet Qu Yuan was born in Chu State during the Warring States Period with its unique cultural foundation and the influence of northern culture. Influenced by him, Qu Yuan and Song Yu created a new poetic style. Qu Yuan's Lisao is an outstanding masterpiece of Chu Ci.
Chuci developed the form of poetry. It broke the four-word form of The Book of Songs, from three or four words to five or seven words. In terms of creative methods, Chu Ci absorbed the romantic spirit of myth and opened up the creative road of romanticism in China literature.
Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, a new form of poetry appeared in the Han Dynasty, that is, the folk songs of Han Yuefu. There are more than 65,438+000 folk songs in Yuefu in Han Dynasty, many of which are five-character poems. Later, the intentional imitation of classical writers became the main form of poetry in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Famous articles in Han Yuefu, such as Joining the Army in the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan, Unfamiliar Mulberry and Yu, reveal the war disaster. Of course, the most famous is the long narrative poem Peacock Flying Southeast. This poem tells a sad love story. And broke up because of Jiao Mu's persecution of the Liu family, which led to the human tragedy in Where Are You Going? The most important artistic feature of folk songs in Han Yuefu is narrative, and Peacock Flying Southeast is the highest peak of narrative poems in Han Yuefu. Folk songs in Han Yuefu mostly use colloquial and simple language to express the character, so the characters are vivid and sincere. Although most of the folk songs in Han Yuefu are realistic descriptions, there are different degrees of romanticism in many places, such as the last paragraph of Peacock Flying Southeast, which shows the ingenious combination of romanticism and realism.
Five-character poetry is the main form of China's classical poetry. It took a long time from folk songs to literati writing, and by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, literati five-character poems were becoming more and more mature. The mature stage of five-character poems is marked by the appearance of Nineteen Ancient Poems. Nineteen ancient poems are not works of one person at a time. The content of this poem mainly tells about parting, lovesickness and feelings about the shortness of life. Being good at expressing emotion and making good use of metaphor is the greatest artistic feature of Nineteen Ancient Poems.
During the Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty, "Three Caos" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi) and "Seven Sons" (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Ji, Zuo Ying and Serina Liu) inherited the realistic tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, and generally adopted five-character style, which set off the climax of literati poetry creation for the first time. Their poems show the spirit of the times, have a generous and sad masculine style, and form a unique style, which is called "Jian 'an Style" by later generations. Among the seven sons, the highest achievement is Wang Shen, whose masterpiece Seven Wounded Poems is a portrayal of the reality of the war in the late Han Dynasty. Cao Shi and his son are the most important figures in Jian 'an literary world, among which Cao Zhi has the highest artistic achievement. Cao Zhi's poems (19-232) are magnificent, detailed in description, flowery in words and good in metaphor, so they have the artistic style of "extraordinary strength, flashy but not luxuriant", and his masterpiece is To a White Horse, Wang Biao. Poetry in Jian 'an period was the key to the transformation of Han Yuefu into five-character poetry, and Cao Zhi was the representative poet at that time. His poems are influenced by Han Yuefu, but they have more lyrical elements than Han Yuefu.
Ruan Ji (2 10-263) was a representative poet in Zhengshi era after Jian 'an. His love poems further laid the foundation of lyric five-character poems. He often expresses his worries about the country, his fear of disasters and his avoidance of the world with tortuous poems. Ruan Ji's contemporary is Ji Kang (224-263), whose poems are cynical and point to the dark reality. Their poetic style basically inherited the tradition of "Jian 'an Style".
Poetry creation in Jin Dynasty gradually embarked on the road of formalism, and the content of poetry was vague. Inheriting and carrying forward the tradition of "Jian 'an Style", the poet whose works are rich in content is Zuo Si (about 250-305). His eight poems "Ode to an Epic" satirize current events through ancient events, which is very thoughtful. But after all, such poems are not mainstream, and there are fewer and fewer. It was not until Tao Yuanming at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty that he brought his works close to reality to the poetry circle.
Tao Yuanming, who lives in seclusion and is not an official, regards pastoral life as an important creative theme, so people have always called him an "pastoral poet". At that time, Tao Yuanming inherited the realistic tradition of Yuefu, formed his simple and natural pastoral unity, and created a new realm of classical poetry. Five-character poetry was highly developed in his hands.
Xie Lingyun (385-433), who was about the same age as Tao Yuanming, was the first person to create the school of landscape poetry. The characteristic of his landscape poems is that he can put feelings into them, but some poems are too elaborate, lengthy in description and unnatural in the arrangement of allusions.
The Southern and Northern Dynasties is another development period in the history of China's poetry, which is manifested by the appearance of another batch of Yuefu folk songs. They not only reflect the new social reality, but also create new artistic forms and styles. The overall characteristics of folk songs in this period are short space and lyrical rather than narrative. There are more than 480 poems preserved by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, which are generally five-character and four-sentence poems, almost all of which are love songs. The number of Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties is far less than that in the Southern Dynasties, but the rich content, simple language and vigorous style are beyond the reach of Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties. If Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties is a romantic song, Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties is a veritable "military music" and "battle song". Stylistically, Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties created seven-character quatrains and developed seven-character ancient poems and miscellaneous words in addition to five-character quatrains. The most famous Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties is the long narrative poem Mulan Poetry, which, together with Peacock Flying Southeast, is called the "double gem" in the history of China's poetry.
The most outstanding poet in the Southern and Northern Dynasties was Bao Zhao (4 10-466). Bao Zhao inherited and carried forward the tradition of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, and created a large number of excellent Yuefu poems with five words and seven words. The number 18 in It's Hard to Go is his outstanding masterpiece. His mature use of seven-character syntax shows his personal misfortune and protests against social injustice.
During the Yongming period of the Southern Qi Dynasty, the theory of "temperament" prevailed, and poetry creation paid attention to tone harmony. In this way, the new poetic style of "Yongming Style" gradually took shape. This new poetic style is the beginning of metrical poetry. The famous poet in this period was Xie Tiao (about 464-499). Xie Tiao is famous for his landscape poems, and his poetic style is fresh and beautiful. His new style poems have a certain influence on the formation of regular poems and quatrains in Tang Dynasty.