1, Nanzhao ape-man: An ape-man fossil found in nanzhao county, Nanyang, Henan Province, proves that human beings lived in Henan about 500,000 to 600,000 years ago.

2. Xuchang people: In 2007, ancient human fossils dating back about 65,438+10,000 years were discovered in Xuchang, Henan. Its discovery and cooperation with other sites provide strong evidence that China people did not originate in Africa.

3. Jiahu Site: Located in Wuyang, Henan Province, about 9000 years ago. The world's earliest musical instrument, the world's earliest wine, the world's earliest symbols engraved with similar words and other world's earliest achievements of civilization have been discovered here, which has caused a sensation in the world and is considered as "the first threshold for mankind to move from ignorance to civilization".

4. Peiligang Culture: It was named after its discovery in Peiligang Village, Xinzheng, Henan Province about 8,000 years ago, and it is one of the sources of Chinese civilization.

5. Taihao Fuxi Mausoleum: It is located in Huaiyang County, Zhoukou, Henan Province, about 7000 years ago. It is the No.1 Fuxi Mausoleum of Taihao in Huang San, ranking first in China 18. Founded in the Spring and Autumn Period, it was expanded in the Tang and Song Dynasties and perfected in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with 5 1 imperial sacrifice. Huaiyang is the capital and resting place of Fuxi and the capital of Shennong. It is considered as the birthplace of surname culture, farming culture and dragon totem in China, and the holy land of Huaxia and Dongyi.

6. Yangshao Culture: It was named after it was discovered in Yangshao Village, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, about 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. This is the most extensive and typical ancient culture in the same period, and the archaeological excavation in Yangshao Village is also the beginning of modern archaeology in China.

7. Huangdi's Hometown: Xinzheng, Henan Province is recognized by domestic historians as the place where Xuanyuan Huangdi was born, started his business and built his capital. China people began to offer sacrifices to the Yellow Emperor, the ancestor of mankind, in Xuanyuanqiu, Xinzheng in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it has continued to this day. The "ancestor worship ceremony in the hometown of the Yellow Emperor" has also become the first ceremony in China because it has been widely recognized by Chinese all over the world, and it is playing an increasingly important role in improving the cohesion of the Chinese nation.

8. Erlitou Culture: It was named after it was discovered in Erlitou, Yanshi, Luoyang about 4,000 years ago, and was considered as the capital of Xia Dynasty by academic circles. The earliest bronze ritual vessels in China were unearthed here.

9. Zhengzhou Mall: Located in the center of Zhengzhou today, it is an important capital in the early Shang Dynasty. This is one of the reasons why Zhengzhou became an ancient capital.

10, Yinxu, Anyang: The discovery of the world's largest bronze wares and Oracle Bone Inscriptions caused a sensation in the world, ranking first among human 10 archaeological discoveries in the 20th century, and Yinxu became a world cultural heritage without any dispute. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature script, with about 5,000 commonly used characters, which is the only script handed down among the four ancient Chinese characters in the world. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, China will build the only Chinese character museum in the world-China Chinese Character Museum in Anyang.

1 1. Baima Temple: Located in Luoyang, it was founded in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the first official temple built after Buddhism was introduced into China, and it is a powerful witness of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

12, Longmen Grottoes: Located in Luoyang, excavated after the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang. It is not only the product of cultural exchange between ethnic minorities and Han nationality, but also the product of cultural exchange between China and foreign countries in Longmen Grottoes. Especially the Rushena Buddha in Fengxian Temple, whose "Oriental Smile" combines divinity and humanity, masculinity and femininity, and has extremely high artistic value. Longmen Grottoes are also listed as world cultural heritage because of their artistic value and historical significance.

13, Shaolin Temple: Located in Dengfeng, it is the birthplace of Zen and Shaolin Wushu. After Buddhism was introduced into China, Shaolin monks merged it with China's Confucianism and Taoism and founded Zen. Zen Buddhism, a Japanese Buddhism, quickly spread to Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Southeast Asia and other parts of the country, and had a far-reaching impact on the history of flower path, tea ceremony, judo and bushido in China and China. Shaolin Wushu is the best in the world, and Shaolin is the best in the world. Shaolin monks absorbed the achievements of world martial arts in their exchanges, and summed up more than 700 kinds of martial arts stunts such as Shaolin Boxing, Shaolin Stick, Yijinjing and Tiebu Shirt, which had a far-reaching impact on other martial arts schools. There are only forty or fifty kinds of boxing derived from Shaolin Boxing. Shaolin's active entry into the WTO made it closely related to the history of China and played an important role in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Northern Song and Ming Dynasties. Shaolin Temple Forest has also become "the first temple in the world" because of its social responsibility, and Shaolin Wushu has spread everywhere and been further developed in actual combat. Shaolin keeps pace with the times, opens to the outside world, and actively joins the WTO, so that it has maintained its vigorous vitality. Today, after suffering, Zen and Shaolin Wushu are still full of vitality. Today's Shaolin monks integrate modern culture such as Internet and marketing into Shaolin culture, and let Shaolin go to the world quickly. Shaolin has become a model for China culture to go global, and it has also become synonymous with China culture to a great extent.

14, Songyang Academy: Located in Songshan, Dengfeng, it is one of the four major academies in the Song Dynasty. Fan Zhongyan, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Sima Guang and other great scholars have given lectures here, and some of Zi Tong Zhi Jian written by Sima Guang are here. It's near Luoyang, where Ercheng merged Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and initially established Neo-Confucianism, which influenced China for 800 years.

15, Yingtian Academy: Located in Sui County, Shangqiu (called Yingtianfu in the Northern Song Dynasty), it is one of the four major academies in the Song Dynasty. "Students come from thousands of miles" and "scholars from far and near all return", which means Yingtian Academy. Fan Zhongyan, a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, studied here, settled in Shangqiu and served as bishop of Yingtian Academy.

16, Dengfeng Stargazing Observatory: Built in the Yuan Dynasty with a history of about 800 years ago, it is the earliest existing observatory in the world and the most important astronomical site in ancient China. Guo Shoujing, a great astronomer, has made astronomical achievements 30 1 year ahead of the west here, and the "time calendar" thus formulated has been used by China, Korea and Japan for more than 360 years. Today, based on this, our country is building the "China Astronomy Museum" here to show the achievements of ancient astronomy in China.

Hongqi Canal 17: Located in Anyang, Henan Province, it is a world-famous "artificial Tianhe" and "the eighth wonder of the world". In order to build this canal, 6,543,800 people worked hard on the cliffs in the mountains for 654.38+ 00 years. They have no money, no food, no technology and no policy support. However, with tenacious perseverance, they leveled 1250 hills, built hundreds of approach bridges and drilled hundreds of tunnels, and finally introduced the river of life into the arid land. The total canal of Hongqi Canal is more than 4,000 kilometers long, and its earthwork can build a stone wall with a width of 2 meters and 3 meters from Harbin to Guangzhou! Hongqi Canal is a masterpiece of human transformation of nature.

(2) Dynasty with its capital in Henan.

1, Fuxi: Fuxi ranks first, and the capital and Huaiyang are buried in Zhoukou, Henan.

2. Shennong: Shennong is another important emperor in ancient times, and his capital is also in Huaiyang.

3. Xuanyuan: Xuanyuan is the Yellow Emperor, ranking first among the five emperors. He was born, started a business and built his capital in Xinzheng.

4. Xia Dynasty: Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty in China. In the summer, the capital was moved many times, including Erlitou, Yanshi, Luoyang, Yangcheng (now Dengfeng and Zhengzhou, also near Luoyang) and Yangzhai (now Yuzhou and Xuchang).

5. Shang: The Shang Dynasty moved the capital many times, among which three are more important: Luoyang Yanshi Mall, Zhengzhou Mall and Anyang Yinxu.

6. Western Zhou Dynasty: There were two countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty, one was Haojing (in modern Shaanxi) and the other was Luoyang.

7. Eastern Zhou Dynasty: Luoyi (now Luoyang), the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, lasted for hundreds of years.

8. Western Han Dynasty: The main capital of the Western Han Dynasty was Chang 'an (now Xi 'an), but Luoyang was also the capital in the early days.

9. Eastern Han Dynasty: Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo held Xian Di hostage in Chang 'an for several years.

10, Cao Wei: Cao Wei made Xuchang its capital in the early days, and later Cao Pi made Luoyang its capital.

1 1, Western Jin Dynasty: Luoyang, its capital. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the emperor was taken to Chang 'an and kept there for several years.

12, Northern Wei Dynasty: Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) was the capital in the early Northern Wei Dynasty, and Emperor Xiaowen of the Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang.

13, Sui: Wendi made Chang 'an his capital and moved to Luoyang.

14, Tang: Chang 'an is the capital of Tang and Luoyang is the eastern capital. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen took the emperor of the Tang Dynasty to Luoyang for several years.

15, Wu Zhou: Wu Zetian usurped the throne of Li Tang, established Wu Zhou, made Luoyang its capital, and called Luoyang the capital of gods.

15. Back beam: The back beam has its capital in Kaifeng and then moved to Luoyang.

16, Late Tang Dynasty: Luoyang was its capital.

17, Houjin: The capital of Houjin was Kaifeng, and Luoyang was once the short-term capital.

18, Houhan: Kaifeng is the capital of Houhan.

19, Houzhou: Kaifeng is the capital of Houzhou.

20. Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng, the capital of Northern Song Dynasty.

2 1, Jin: Jin used Beijing as his capital, then moved the capital to Kaifeng for 20 years until his death.

(3) The names of Henan and China.

Henan is not only called "Central Plains" and "Zhongzhou", but also called "China" and "Middle Earth" in history. Today's "China" is the abbreviation of People's Republic of China (PRC), but the earliest "China" in history refers to the Henan area with Luoyang as the center, which is the knowledge of historians.

The word "China" in the Western Zhou Dynasty and Zhou Wuwang period meant "a country with a central government". More than 3,000 years ago, Duke Zhou measured the sun shadow in Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Henan, near Luoyang) (there is a site of Duke Zhou's shadow measuring platform in Songshan, Dengfeng), and found that there was no sun shadow in the surrounding scenery from summer to noon, thinking it was the center of the earth, so the Zhou Dynasty called China, and Luoyi was built nearby. Therefore, Luoyang was regarded as "the best in the world" by scholars in previous dynasties.

A large number of documents can also prove that the word "China" originated in Henan. The word "China" once appeared in The Book of Songs? People's Labor: "China is also the capital". At that time, the "capital" was Luoyi (now Luoyang), the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. See poetry again? Daya？ "People's Labor": "Hui China, with Sui Sifang." See poetry again? Xiaoya? "Preface to June": "If Xiaoya is completely abolished, then four oceans will invade and China will be weak." Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, the word "China" was first found in the bronze inscription "He Zun" unearthed in Baoji County, Shaanxi Province in 1965. The article said: "only Wang moved to another place at the beginning of the week and returned from heaven." In April, Wang was a boy in Jingfang, saying: I used to bake in Wanger, and Wang accepted this (life). Only the prince of Wu, who was a businessman in Dayi, told the sky that Yu lived in China and had come. " It can be seen that "China" here refers to the central area of the territory of the Zhou Dynasty, that is, Chengzhou, which is today's Luoyang area. Historical records? Liu Jingchuan said: "When you become a king, the Duke of Zhou belongs to Fu, but you become a city of Zhou Luoyi, and the princes pay tribute everywhere in the world." The reason why Luoyi is called "Middle Earth" or "Middle Earth" is that it lived on earth for several weeks, which should also be the reason why Henan was later called "Zhongzhou" and "Central Plains".

In fact, the word China has different meanings in different times. Generally speaking, it refers to the whole country in the unified period and the Central Plains (now Henan) in the split period. With the change of the emperor's ruling territory, the scope of China is also different.

As Henan is not only the important birthplace of Chinese civilization and Chinese nation, but also the political, economic and cultural center of this vast land for thousands of years, the word "China" has gradually become synonymous with orthodox countries. Historically, both the ethnic minority regime that entered the Central Plains and the Han regime that lost the Central Plains called themselves "China" and did not recognize each other as "China".