Tsinghua bamboo slips are a batch of bamboo slips collected by Tsinghua University in July 2008. According to the carbon 14, Tsinghua bamboo slips are cultural relics in the middle and late Warring States period, and the writing style is mainly Chu. The number of bamboo slips is about 2500 (including a few broken ones), which is more among the bamboo slips found so far.
Tsinghua bamboo slips were buried underground before Qin Dynasty, and were not influenced by "burning books to bury Confucianism", so they can show the original appearance of ancient books in pre-Qin Dynasty to the greatest extent, and studying them is helpful to understand the original appearance and development of China culture.
The first series
In 20 10 and 12, Chu Bamboo Slips of Warring States in Tsinghua University were published (I), and in 20 10 and 15, the first batch of achievements were officially released, including 9 documents, including Yin Patent and Cheng, among which Yin Patent described the late summer and early Shang Dynasty.
Li Xueqin, director of the Research and Protection Center for Unearthed Documents in Tsinghua University, believes that the first batch of documents has five academic contributions: reappearing Shangshu and similar ancient books, clarifying some long-standing controversial issues in academic history, discovering previously unknown Zhou Dynasty poems, restoring the historical geography of Chu State, and providing precious materials for the study of ancient Chinese characters, especially Chu characters.
The second series
20 1 1, 1 February, 2008, Tsinghua University Chu Bamboo Book (II) was published, which included a historical work that had been lost for more than 2,300 years. The staff of Tsinghua University Unearthed Literature Research and Protection Center named it "Department Year". Year bamboo slips 138. The whole article is divided into 23 chapters, which records the history from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Warring States Period. Many events are not found in the handed down literature, which may have a revision effect on Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Historical Records.
The third series
201212 February The Book of Chu Bamboo in the Warring States Period in Tsinghua University (III) was published, and * * * included 6 kinds and 8 kinds of documents.
The Biography of Fu Shuo consists of three articles: the short article is about 45cm long, and there are 24 articles in three articles. Biography of Fu Shuo is a part of Shangshu. However, it is completely different from Fu Shuo's life in Shangshu, an ancient Confucian text put forward by Hu Mei in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The appearance of Tsinghua's bamboo slips Life is different from that of Yin Patent, the first series of Chu bamboo slips in the Warring States Period in Tsinghua University.
Zhou Gong Qin Dance: Jane is 45cm long with *** 17 pieces. This is a group of music poems, which consists of ten ode poems. This is a musical poem with a structure similar to Dawu. The content is that Duke Zhou returned to politics and became king.
Rui Fu Liang: Jane is 44.7 cm long, with 28 pieces tentatively scheduled. The admonition poem is a political poem that satirizes the current politics.
Liang Chen: Jane is about 32.8 cm long and has *** 1 1 piece. "Jane" is very coherent, mainly describing the good ministers of the Yellow Emperor and even the famous monarchs in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Congratulations: It's a brief article with strong witchcraft color, which records some ancient witchcraft spells, such as what to say in the mouth in case of fire or drowning.
Tangli Red Carp House: Jane is 45cm long and has *** 15 pieces. Jane's distinctive feature is that it has a strong witchcraft color.
The fourth series
2065438+200410.7, 65438+2004, Chu Zhushu (IV) of Tsinghua University Tibetan Warring States was published, and three documents were sorted out, namely divination, divination and divination.
Among them, the calculator has a history of more than 2300 years, and it is the oldest calculator, which can calculate multiplication, division and square root, filling the gap in the mathematical literature of pre-Qin China.
The fifth series
On April 9th, 20 15, Chu Bamboo Slips of Warring States collected in Tsinghua University (V) were published, and * * * compiled six Chu Bamboo Slips of Warring States.
The words and style of Feng Xuzhi are very close to the documents and inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. King Wu's reign was short, and it seemed that he had more objective conditions for large-scale enfeoffment when he ascended the throne. Our gifts can be divided into four categories: jade, chopsticks, chariots and horses, which are easy to recommend. Among them, the names of bronze ritual vessels are particularly precious, which can be studied in depth by comparing with bronze inscriptions.
The narrative of "thick father" is quite similar to that of Da, which embodies the thought of attaching importance to morality at the beginning of Zhou Dynasty and accords with the literature at that time. Its people-oriented thought seems to have developed compared with that at the beginning of Zhou Dynasty.
"Life Training", "Du Xun" and "Chang Xun" are the whole essays, which are very eye-catching, and the thought of heaven and man reflected in them has existed since the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
Tang Qiu in Tang Zi and Shimen in Tang Zi both recorded Yi Yin's deeds, but the main body still recorded words, which should be closer to Taoist literature, unlike Red Pigeon, which is closer to novelists. The reflection of thoughts may be related to the skills of early Taoist monarchs going south.
Sanshou by Yin Wenyu accords with the characteristics of hundred schools of thought in the Warring States Period.
Sixth series
On April 20 16 16, the Chu bamboo slips of the Warring States in Tsinghua University were published, and five documents were sorted out, which recorded the history of Zheng, Qi, Qin and Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period.
In Mrs. Zheng's Wu Ji Jian, Zheng Zhuanggong of Zheng was mentioned. According to the existing literature, Wu Gong probably lived in Weiguo at the beginning of his succession.
"Zheng Wengong asks Taibo" records the words of Taibo, a native of Zheng, who exhorted Wengong. It is generally believed in the academic circles that Zheng Huangong died early and Zheng Guo's eastward movement actually started from the second generation monarch Zheng Wugong, while "Zheng Wengong Asks Taibo" clearly recorded that Zheng Huangong had already "received the imperial edict" and started the process of moving eastward from Xinjiang. In his view, this record reveals the true face of Zheng Kaiguo two weeks ago and will also bring new breakthroughs to the historical research in the early Spring and Autumn Period.
Zi chan is a "thesis" about the moral cultivation and administrative achievements of courtiers in Zheng Guo. The whole article can be divided into ten small sections, from how saints benefit the people, how to encourage themselves, so as to achieve mutual trust between the monarch and the people, to how property is in power and how to "help the shepherd". The article has a strong ideological content, reflecting a strong Confucian atmosphere. It can be seen that Confucius called Zichan "the legacy of ancient love" and it did have a source.
Guan Zhong is a paper on the way of governing the country, which is related to the history of Qi. The full text consists of 12 groups of questions and answers in the form of questions and answers between Qi Huangong and Guan Zhong.
Purple Clothes describes the history of Qin Chu and tells the story of Qin Jin cuisine. After the war, Qin Mugong learned its lesson. In order to fight against Jin, he turned to seek an alliance with Chu in the south, released Shen Ke, an important official of Chu who had been imprisoned in Qin for a long time, and held a grand ceremony to send him back to Chu to show his kindness to the king of Chu.
The brief article describes all kinds of plots when Mu Gong saw him off. The diplomatic rhetoric of Mu Gong and Zi Yi mostly expressed Qin Chu's willingness to make concerted efforts in the form of poems and metaphors. These languages also have high literary value. [3]
Seventh series
2065438+On the morning of April 23rd, 2007, the research team of bamboo slips in Tsinghua also released the seventh compilation report of bamboo slips in Tsinghua. The seventh series of Bamboo Slips of Tsinghua consists of four pieces, all of which are unknown in handed down literature and record the history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The first three chapters mainly record the history of Jin State. Jin Wengong in the Book of Jin and Yu Zi both feature Jin Wengong Zhong Er, one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, and record the history of Zhong Er's early exile, his return to China with the help of the Qin State, and Zhong Er's reorganization of internal affairs after his return to China and his dominance in World War I.. After Zhao Gong, the state of Jin declined, and the national government fell into the hands of Liu Qingzhi. Zhao Jianzi is an essay written by Fan Xianzi and Cheng Hao to exhort Zhao Jianzi, and it also mentions the truth that the monarch gains politics by frugality and loses politics by extravagance.
Gong Yue's story is the most important article in this series. The whole article ***75 Jane, * * is divided into eleven chapters. This paper describes in detail the experience of Gou Jian, the king of Yue, who lived together for ten years after his defeat, and implemented the "five strategies" of being good at agriculture, honesty, recruiting talents, elite soldiers and the people, rising again and finally destroying Wu.
Bu Xianqun, director of the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences, believes that these four short essays enrich the ancient historical materials and help to explore the compilation and development of historical books in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Among them, Wu Yu and Yu Yue in Gong Yue's Strange Stone and Guoyu both take Gou Jian as the theme, with similar overall structure, but detailed narrative process and different themes, which on the one hand shows that they have the same historical origin, on the other hand, it also shows the changing trend in the process of circulation.
In addition, the descriptions of "Five Strategies" in handed down literature are similar to this article, which shows that these strategies and thoughts of governing the country are an important part of China's ancient political thoughts.
The eighth series
201165438+1October 17, an international seminar was held in Tsinghua University to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips' entry into Tibet and the establishment of Tsinghua University Unearthed Literature Research and Protection Center, and the results of bamboo slips in the Warring States Period in Tsinghua University were released at the same time.
The Chu Bamboo Books of Warring States collected by Tsinghua University * * contains eight lost articles in the Warring States period, namely: taking fate, national politics, national position, the way of governing the country, the way of heart as the Tao, the way of human feelings, the eight flavors and five sacrifices returning to the five elements, and the rule of Yu Xia in Yin and Zhou Dynasties.
Among them, Ming Shou is a document of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which should be regarded as a long-lost book in Shangshu (now it is a pseudo-ancient book in Shangshu), and the words "Bo" and "Bo" in the preface are here. According to the preface of the book, this article was written when Zhou Muwang ordered Botong to be a servant, while Historical Records of Zhou Benji is considered to have been written by Zhou Muwang in the early days of his accession to the throne. According to the clues to reveal "she" and the identity of the king at that time, the researcher speculated that "she" should be the king of Yi and the king of Zhou, and the emperor of Zhou in the article was the filial monarch. This article records that the Emperor of Zhou ordered Bo to take the cashier Wang Yan in charge of the prison, and educated Bo to obey the orders of Wang Jiao and Kangmin. The son of heaven ordered the cashier to take my orders, cooperate with the officials in charge of imperial affairs in Guinea and small countries outside Guinea, and warn them not to be lazy and drink too much. This shows the high specification of the book. This is a kind of "book" document, which is of great significance to the study of the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the spread of Shangshu.
Besides taking fate, a series of documents such as Politics of the Nation, The Position of the Nation, The Way of Governing the Country, The Heart Is the Meaning of the Heart, The Way of the World, Eight Qi, Five Flavors and Five Sacrifices Belonging to the Five Elements, and The Rule of Yu Xia, Yin and Zhou are all rich in thoughts of governing the country, many of which are still quite enlightening today.
The ninth series
2019165438+122 October, the release conference of Tsinghua University warring States bamboo slips was held in the back hall of Tsinghua University main building. ?
The Ninth Edition of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips Report published 124 bamboo slips, including five newly discovered documents, such as The Way of Governing Politics, Adult, The Book of Changes in Yi Ming, Yi Ming II and Prayer, all of which were lost from the handed down literature. Among them, the most striking is "adults". Through the question and answer between Wang and adults, this paper focuses on the understanding of the concept, legal significance, judicial system and criminal law principles of the rule of law in the pre-Qin period. Some sentences can be read in pairs with Shangshu Law and Punishment, which is an important legal history document.
The article "Adult" has a clear meaning at the beginning, which shows that law is the discipline of governing the country. If you gain, you will prosper; if you lose, you will die. This paper expounds in detail that judicial personnel should adhere to the principle of justice and give consideration to public order and good customs; To determine a prison by case, it is necessary to listen to the statements of both parties (plaintiff and defendant), collect evidence extensively, check the nuances of the case, and make a final decision by referring to and comparing relevant cases. This article retains a large number of legal terms in the pre-Qin period, and the sentences tend to be archaized and difficult to interpret.
"The Way of Governance" ***70 Jane, about 3230 words, the whole article is magnificent. It is said that the monarch mainly cultivates self-cultivation, teaches the people, selects talents, diligently loves the people, uses force with caution, and is close to neighboring countries. This article not only has typical Confucianism, but also Taoism, Mohism and Legalism, such as striving for few desires, saving funeral expenses and keeping grades for the four people, which embodies the characteristics of a hundred schools of thought contending.
In addition, there are two reports in the ninth edition of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, "Killing Life", warning the princes to be loyal to the same clan, be cautious and not to take things by force to protect the imperial clan; There is also a "prayer", which is a prayer for the protection of the shrine.
The tenth series
On June 20, 2020, 165438+ Tsinghua University's announcement of Chu bamboo slips in the Warring States period was held for the first time in the new site of Tsinghua University Unearthed Literature Research and Protection Center.
There are five kinds of bamboo slips of the Warring States period in Tsinghua University * * *, with eight articles, all of which are unprecedented lost. Among them, the most important one is the Four Reports, which is the book and document "Telling Destiny and Learning from the Scriptures" published by Tsinghua Bamboo Slip Finishing Group again after the patent of Yin, with a total of four articles. Among the other four articles, Four Seasons, Four Years Old and Wei Xing are mathematical documents; "Sick Prescription" is a technical document of prescriptions. This series covers astronomy, calendar, nature and many other aspects, which brings a new understanding of social ideology and culture in the pre-Qin era and is of rich value in the history of astronomy and science and technology.
There are 50 bamboo slips in Four Reports, which respectively record four farewell articles by Zhou Gongdan, Bo Qin, Zhou Muwang Man and Zhao Bohu, the son of the Duke of Zhou. The first is the Duke of Zhou praying for Hao Tao's farewell. The Duke of Zhou elaborated on the achievements of Shang Zhouwang, Zhou Wenwang and King Wu, and hoped that Hao Tao would protect him as king, select talents and appoint people, and safeguard the Criminal Code of Zhou. The content of this article is closely related to Shangshu Li Zheng, and there are many similarities in structure and sentence patterns. The second chapter is the prayer of the initial seal of Lu, praying for the long-term protection of Lu without fault; The third is Zhou Muwang's prayer of repentance for swimming in the field, praying for peace of mind; The fourth chapter is a prayer to summon Bohu to pray for disaster relief and the eternal inheritance of the country because he wants owls to gather in the temple where the first male sleeps. The four categories are independent and arranged in chronological order, which embodies the compilation characteristics of books and documents. ?
"Four Seasons" and "Four Years Old" are numbered consecutively and copied in the same volume. The Four Seasons lists the horoscopes and the phenology of clouds, rain and wind on 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 20, 24 and 27 in detail every month, and divides the year into 37 hours, in which the horoscopes The astrological terms and operational changes in this article are self-contained, which is quite different from the astronomical documents handed down from ancient times such as Historical Records and Tianguanshu. There are also similarities and differences between the phenology in The Book of Rites and The Moon Order and the phenology in Dai Li Xia, Lu Chunqiu and Huai Nan Zi Tian Shi Ze. "Four Years Old" describes the operation of twelve-year-old days in the week of Tai Sui, and its good and bad luck. It is the earliest recorded document at present, and can be compared with Erya, Historical Records, Tian Guan Shu, Kongjiapo Han Bamboo Slips and Japanese Book.
The name of the line and the prescription of the disease are copied in the same volume. The name of the line records the specific dates, advantages and disadvantages and influences of the "six names" in January, and all the things recorded in it belong to political affairs, including Yu Wen, Junmin, Gongsi, Diao Lao, Wu Chu and Bi Yi. This is the first pre-Qin seasonal document known at present, which deals exclusively with January's internal affairs. "Sick Prescriptions" contains three kinds of prescriptions, the first two belong to wine, and the last one is decoction, which is the earliest technical literature of prescriptions seen so far.
research results
Found Zhou Wenwang's last words.
After careful cleaning, protection, preliminary interpretation and research, it was finally determined that this batch of "Tsinghua Bamboo Slips" was 2,388; Some precious contents found in Tsinghua bamboo slips have long been lost in history. Among them, the first article sorted out is "Bao Xun".
There are 1 1 bamboo slips of 22-24 words each in the whole text of Baoxun. The second bamboo slip is incomplete and has not been found, but the article is basically complete. One of the characteristics of these bamboo slips is that their length is only 28.5 cm, and the font is a bit special, which is easy to attract our attention. This paper records his last words to his son, which tells the legend of Yao Shun and Shang Jiawei, the ancestor of Shang Dynasty. King Wen wanted to use these historical events to instill an idea-"loyalty" in the prince. There is no conclusion about the explanation of "zhong" in academic circles. Li Xueqin believes that the "Baoxun" circulated by the Chinese king of Baoxun is really the middle way, which has some connection with Confucian documents such as The Analects of Confucius and The Doctrine of the Mean, and is also the origin of Confucian orthodoxy in later generations.
The First Discovery of Wu Wang's Music Poems
According to Professor Li Xueqin, director of the Research and Protection Center for Unearthed Documents in Tsinghua University, during the Shang Dynasty, Qi was a small country not far from the capital Chao Ge. Before the Song Dynasty, people always thought it was time to cut hair. After the song dynasty, there was a debate on this issue, and there was a saying that the king of Wu cut hair. No one has obtained enough evidence for these two statements.
After reading a Zhou Wuwang's music poem in Tsinghua's bamboo slips, we found the evidence of "King Wu's theory of cutting coke". Bamboo slips recorded that he returned to Zhoudu after conquering the country for 8 years, and held a ceremony of "drinking to the end" in the ancestral temple, attended by Duke Zhou, Duke Zhou, Duke Xin Jia, Zuo and others. At the ceremony, he drank wine and wrote poems. Known authors are King Wu and Duke Zhou.
Li Xueqin said that these bamboo slips have both historical value and literary significance. Especially after the Qin Dynasty, all Yuefu poems have been lost, which is even more important.
The ancient prose Shangshu rediscovered the light of day.
There are 9 ancient books in 100 bamboo slips of the Warring States period, many of which are known for the first time. The excavation of the original Yin patent means that after more than two thousand years, the real ancient book Shangshu was rediscovered for the first time.
Shangshu, located at the head of the Six Classics, is a compilation of various important historical documents in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and is one of the most important bases for studying ancient history. Many Shangshu have been found in Qinghua bamboo slips. Although the Jinwen found this time has been handed down from generation to generation, there are many differences in sentences and even different titles, and most of them are unprecedented chapters in Shangshu.
In addition to Shangshu, there are chronicles similar to Bamboo Slips in Tsinghua. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Warring States Period, many historical events such as Zuozhuan, Chunqiu and Shiji were recorded. Some scholars have pointed out that the discovery and arrangement of Tsinghua bamboo slips, such as Shangshu and Chronological History Book, will probably rewrite the ancient history of China.
Chu drama proves the route of Chu moving the capital.
"At the beginning of the season, I fell to Mount Li, and I was poor. In front of Qiao Shan, the house is full of waves. Upstream, I saw Pan Geng's son, in Fangshan. His female name is Yan Yi, and he leads the way. When Ji Lian heard that he was hired, he followed the board and gave birth to Bohe. Wandering around, first in Jing Zong. Yaodong Village moved to Jing Zong late, so it got boils, and the water flowed upstream. It belonged to his wife, gave birth to an uncle and a beautiful season. Li did not follow suit, Wei was in danger, Yan bound the sky, Wu was Chu, and he reached the Chu people today. I am crazy, I live in Jing Zong. "
Song Jing, Luoyang is another name. Because Songshan is in the southeast, it is called. "Biography of Shu Wei Li Ping": "Song Jing created a structure, Luo Yiying, although it spanned ten feet, the foundation was not established."
Jing Zong is Matsui, Pan Geng once built its capital in Xihao, which is Yanshi, so Pan Geng is near Matsui. The descendants of Ji Lian moved to Luoyang in Matsui and married the daughter of Xihao Pan Geng. Yichuan County of Luoyang still has the famous "Jingshan Mountain", which is a tourist attraction. There is a river in Yichuan called Yichuan River, which is the Yanshi of the capital of Pan Geng. This is in line with the geographical relationship reflected in the sentence "Go upstream and see the son of Pan Geng". When Xiong Kuang was born, the Jilian people had not migrated to Danyang, and Xiong Yi, the son of Xiong Kuang, was sealed to Danyang. So Chu Yuan first moved from Zhengzhou to Luoyang and then to Danyang. [6]
Re-prove that the ancient book Shangshu is a fake book.
On June 5th, 2003, 2065438, the latest research results of bamboo slips in Tsinghua were released in Beijing, among which three biographies of Fu Shuo and Fu Shuo in Shangshu, an ancient prose in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, were completely different, which proved that Shangshu, an ancient prose written by a scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a forgery.
The research results published by * * * have eight documents, namely, the life of Yes, the Qin dance of Duke Zhou, the works of Rui, Chen Liang, Zhu and Tang. This is the third batch of research results published by Tsinghua bamboo slips since they entered Tsinghua in 2008.
Discover the earliest decimal table
According to Hong Kong media reports, a set of bamboo slips with a history of more than 2,300 years, as the world's first decimal computing tool, was recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records.
According to the China media reported on the website of Hong Kong South China Morning Post on April 24th, these 265,438+0 bamboo slips were made in about 305 BC (the Warring States Period), and each bamboo slip is 43.5cm long and 65,438+0.2cm wide.