The French Revolution was a French revolution from 1789 to 1799. In this revolution, Democrats and Republicans representing the bourgeoisie overthrew the absolute monarchy together.
cause
During the reign of Louis XV (17 10- 1774), people were constantly criticized for their extreme dissatisfaction with the king's rule. This formed the enlightenment thought, and a large number of enlightened figures emerged, such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot and so on. The idea of natural human rights, constitutional monarchy and separation of powers came into being and became more and more popular.
Before the Revolution, French residents were divided into three classes:
Catholic prelate
feudal aristocracy
The bourgeoisie and the peasants
The revolution broke out.
1774 when Louis XVI ascended the throne, the three-level conference representing the three levels of France had not been held for 160 years. 1789 on may 5, due to financial problems, Louis XVI held a three-level meeting in Versailles. The king wanted to discuss tax increases, restrictions on press and publication and civil criminal law at the meeting, and ordered that other topics should not be discussed. The third layer represents that the tax increase is not approved and declared illegal.
17 In June, the three-level representatives announced the establishment of the National Assembly, and the king had no right to veto the resolutions of the National Assembly. So Louis XVI closed the National Assembly, declared it illegal and all its resolutions invalid, and ordered the three levels of representatives to meet separately.
On July 9, the National Assembly announced that it had changed its name to the Constituent Assembly, demanding that a constitution be formulated to restrict the kingship. Louis XVI realized that this threatened his rule, so he mobilized the army to try to dissolve the parliament. On July 12, Paris citizens held a large-scale demonstration in support of the Constituent Assembly. The next day, the bells of the Paris church rang, and the citizens fought against the king mercenaries from Germany and Switzerland, and took control of most parts of Paris that night. On July 14, the masses conquered Basti prison, a symbol of feudal rule, released political prisoners and achieved initial victory. This day later became the national day of France.
The rule of constitutional monarchy
Representatives of the bourgeoisie seized the Paris municipal government in the uprising and established the National Guard. The king had to give in and recognize the legal status of the Constituent Assembly. At this time, the Constituent Assembly actually became the highest organ of state power.
Constitutional monarchy plays an important role in parliament. The Constituent Assembly passed a decree, announcing the abolition of the feudal system, abolishing the privileges of the church and the nobility, and stipulating the abolition of feudal tribute by redemption. On August 26th, the Declaration of Human Rights was adopted, declaring that "all people are born free and always equal". 65438+ 10, after the king's plan to overthrow the Constitutional Convention with mercenaries failed again, the royal family was forced to move from Versailles to Paris, and the Constitutional Convention also moved. There are many revolutionary groups in Paris, among which Jacobin Club and Dillier Club have played a great role in the revolution.
1790 In June, the Constituent Assembly abolished the titles of prince, hereditary aristocrat and knight, and re-divided the administrative districts. Establish Dali University, Supreme Court and jury system. The Constituent Assembly has not collected the property of the church, and declared that the French church will be managed by the state from the papal rule, thus realizing the separation of church and state.
179 1 On June 20th, Louis XVI failed to escape in disguise. Some radical leaders and people demand the abolition of the monarchy and the implementation of a Republic, but the constitutional monarchy advocates maintaining the status quo and retaining the monarchy. /kloc-in July of 0/6, the constitutional monarchy split from jacobins, and another Paon Club was formed.
In September, the Constituent Assembly formulated a constitution that "all political power is produced by the whole people" and the three powers are separated, stipulating that the executive power belongs to the king, the legislative power belongs to the Legislative Assembly and the judicial power belongs to the courts at all levels. The Constituent Assembly was dissolved on September 30th, and the Legislative Assembly was convened in June 10. France became a constitutional monarchy.
The French Revolution caused anxiety in neighboring countries, and Prussia and Austria formed an alliance to attack France. Because Marie Antoinette, the queen of Louis XVI and the sister of the Austrian emperor, leaked military secrets to the allied forces, the French army was defeated and the allied forces invaded France. In July 1792, 1 1, the Legislative Assembly declared that the motherland was in danger. The people of Paris, who are mainly boxless, once again set off the climax of the Republican movement. Jacobins's leaders robespierre, Mara and Denton led the anti-monarchy movement. 10 In August, they captured the Tuileries Palace, the official residence of the king, detained the king and queen, overthrew the Bourbon dynasty and overthrew constitutional rule.
The rule of gironde
10 The uprising in August brought gironde to power, forcing the Legislative Assembly to abolish 179 1 Constitution, abdicate the king and implement universal suffrage. At the same time, the French army and volunteers from various places defeated foreign allies in the battle of Valmy on September 20th.
2 1 in September, the National Assembly elected by universal suffrage was opened, and on September 22nd, the First Republic of France was established. 1793 65438+1October 2 1 day, the National Association executed Louis XVI for treason after trial.
After gironde came to power, he focused on opposing jacobins, Paris Commune and Paris Pantless Man. 1792 since the autumn, people have been dissatisfied with its moderate policy and demanded to crack down on speculators and limit prices. The populist revolutionaries, represented by the cynics, demand that speculators be severely punished and the prices of daily necessities be completely limited. However, gironde issued a decree to suppress the movement.
At the same time, 1792+00 months later, the French army had already hit abroad. European countries are very scared. 1793 In February, Prussia, Austria, Spain, Netherlands, Sardinia, Hanover and Britain formed an anti-French alliance to intervene in France. However, gironde was unable to resist foreign troops, and the Parisian people launched the third uprising from May 3/KLOC-0 to June 2, overthrowing gironde's rule and establishing Jacob's dictatorship.
Jacobin dictatorship
After Jacob's dictatorship, the armed rebellion provoked by overthrown gironde in many areas was put down. 17 From June 3 to July, three land decrees were promulgated, which enabled a large number of farmers to acquire land. On June 24th, the Constitution of 1793 was promulgated, which was the first constitution of a democratic republic in France, but it was not implemented due to the war. In July, the National Salvation Council was reorganized and strengthened as an interim government organ, and speculators were executed. At the end of 10, they beheaded gironde and his supporters, including brissot, madame roland and Cordé, and American revolutionary Thomas Paine was also arrested and imprisoned. From the end of 1793 to the beginning of 1794, all foreign interference troops were expelled from the country, and the domestic rebellion basically subsided.
1794 from March to April, jacobins began a fierce struggle. When Mara was assassinated, robespierre executed Dandong, Ebbell and others who disagreed with him in jacobins on charges of conspiracy, which made jacobins tend to be isolated and the people began to oppose the terrorist policy.
In July, the anti-robespierre dictatorship forces in the national trade unions formed a hot moon party, and on July 27th (hot moon 9th of the second year of the French New Republic), they launched a hot moon coup to overthrow robespierre and behead him.
The rules of the hot moon party
On June+10, 5438, Reyue Party dissolved the National Association and set up a new government agency to supervise the government. The period of terror has passed, but the political situation is still unstable. During the period of 1796- 1797, the governor sent Napoléon Bonaparte to Italy to win a great battle, and the military strength began to rise. During the legislative election of 1797, many royalists were elected. In order to crack down on royalists, the governor declared the election invalid. 1798 during the legislative election, a large number of remnants of jacobins were elected, and the governor's government once again declared the election invalid. This kind of policy is called swing policy in history.
1799, Britain formed the second anti-French alliance, and the right-wing forces headed by Sias demanded that the situation be controlled by military force. 165438+1October 9 (foggy month in the eighth year of the Republic of China, 18) Napoléon Bonaparte launched a foggy month coup, ended the rule of the governor's office, established an interim executive government and took office. The French Revolution ended in a hurry.
Final results
After the defeat of the Battle of Waterloo, Louis Stanislas Xavier restored the Bourbon Dynasty under the protection of foreign troops. Restored the king's rights and bloodbath the revolutionaries. 1830 In July, the people of Paris launched the July Revolution. After three days of fighting, they captured the palace, and King Charles X fled to England and established the July Dynasty headed by Louis-Philippe, thus completely ending the French Revolution.