Good fortune depends on disaster.
3 Old and young
Never regret.
Rocks pass through the air, and waves beat against the coast, rolling up thousands of piles of snow.
In BC 104, Sima Qian began to write (Historical Records). The book is divided into five parts: biography, biography, table and book, with a total of about 526,000 volumes and 130 articles. Recorded the history of (3000 years).
7 Author: Northern Song Dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan
This painting depicts the prosperity of Bianjing in the Qingming period.
The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival vividly records the urban life of China in the12nd century.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal starts from Beijing in the north and reaches Hangzhou in the south, passing through Beijing and Tianjin and Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, with a total length of 1700 km and a history of more than 2,500 years.
1 China culture can be divided into three types: 1. Male chauvinism II. Agricultural culture. Blood culture.
These three cultures constitute the mainstream of China's traditional culture, and with the development of history, their mutual penetration is getting closer and closer. For example, in a big family in feudal society, blood relationship is very important, with special emphasis on the hierarchical gap between generations and status, so family rules are highly valued, and even more cohesive and authoritative than some national systems to a certain extent. In Lu Xun's novels, we can often see the influence of patriarchal culture on feudal rule and people's thoughts; China is still a big agricultural country since ancient times. It is said that the economic base determines the superstructure, and the economic form dominated by agriculture will inevitably produce the corresponding cultural system.
Confucian culture, represented by the Four Books and Five Classics, has influenced people's thoughts for thousands of years. Therefore, I think the most important feature of China culture is Confucian culture: it emphasizes the unity of heaven and man, self-cultivation and self-cultivation, governing the country and leveling the world, and realizes the perfect unity of people's inner cultivation and the external management of the country. The essence of Confucian culture is peace, integrity and innocence!
Secondly, farming culture, family culture and some regional cultures are interrelated and infiltrated with each other, and gradually formed the rich and colorful connotation of Chinese traditional culture in the long historical evolution.
The twenty-four solar terms are divided according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic (that is, the orbit of the earth around the sun). Depending on the sun starting from the vernal equinox (longitude zero, at this moment the sun shines vertically on the equator), every advance of 15 degrees is a solar term; After a week's operation, I returned to the vernal equinox, which is a tropical year with 360 degrees, so it is divided into 24 solar terms. The dates of solar terms are relatively fixed in the solar calendar. For example, beginning of spring in the solar calendar always falls between February 3rd and 5th. However, in the lunar calendar, the date of solar terms is not easy to determine. Take beginning of spring as an example. It can be the first day of the lunar calendar in the previous year, 65438+February 15, and the latest is the first month, 15. The current lunar calendar is neither a lunar calendar nor a solar calendar, but a combination of lunar and solar calendars. There is a leap month in the lunar calendar. If one year is counted from the first day of the first month to the New Year's Eve of the twelfth month, the number of days in the lunar calendar varies greatly (leap year is 13 months). In order to standardize the number of years, the first day of the Lunar New Year (heavenly stems and earthly branches) is not the first day of the first month, but beginning of spring. In other words, a year in the lunar calendar is the day before from beginning of spring in that year to beginning of spring in the following year. For example, 2008 is the fifth year of the lunar calendar. The first day of Wuzi began not on February 7, 2008 (the first day of the first lunar month), but on February 4, 2008 in Gregorian calendar.
Of course it is valuable. Twenty-four solar terms are the original cultural heritage of the working people in China. They can reflect the changes of seasons, guide agricultural activities, and affect the food, clothing, housing and transportation of thousands of families. Since 2000, the main political activity center in China has been concentrated in the Yellow River Basin, and the 24 solar terms have been established on the basis of the climate and phenology in this area.
The symbol is flying, which is characterized by shaping the image changes of various people, animals and plants in various ways.
I agree.
Because, the earliest Great Wall was a fortification that connected the defense walls of the six countries in order to resist the invasion of northern minorities after Qin destroyed the six countries. Now the Great Wall is the product of the reconstruction of the Ming Dynasty, which is more symbolic.
On the other hand, Dujiangyan was an extremely successful water conservancy project during the Warring States Period. Li Bing and his sons and thousands of working people in Qian Qian used their extraordinary wisdom to build buildings for irrigation, flood control and sand discharge. It has benefited the surrounding people for more than 2,000 years. From the perspective of systematics, it is still of great practical significance. This is a very classic example of systematics.
2. History, 20 ancient prose and its understanding 1, Xiao's pride and self-regret.
There is no comparison between relying on talent and being proud of things. Always take a pot with you and take the countryside one by one.
I occasionally rest in reverse and drink and sing alone. There will be a storm, and an old man in purple will lead a child to shelter from the rain.
It is quite insulting for Ying Shi to see that it is scattered and redundant. Wandering around, the wind will calm the rain, the horses and chariots will arrive, and the father will mount the horse and enter the temple.
Ying Shicang hurriedly asked him, "Wang Shangshu, official department." At first, Shi Ying often made doors, but when he didn't see them, he was very surprised.
Tomorrow, with a long note, thank you for making a door. Shangshu ordered him to sit down and scolded him: "I hate children who are not relatives, so I have to teach me a lesson in court!" " He replied, "What am I doing in the name of literature?" Shi Ying finally succeeded in Yangzhou Gongcao.
In the 23rd year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Shi Ying Jr. took part in the imperial examination. Self-reliance depends on talent and arrogance.
I often take a pot of wine to drink in the wild. Occasionally rest in one place and drink and recite poems by yourself.
It is catching up with storms and strong winds. An old man dressed in purple led a child to hide from the rain.
When Shi Ying Jr. saw the old man's rambling appearance, he was arrogant and rude. Soon the rain stopped and the clouds dispersed.
The chariots and horses came at once, the old man got on the horse, and the guards shouted and left. Shi Ying hurried to inquire, and he was told that this was Wang Shangshu of the official department.
In the past, Shi Ying went to see him several times, but he didn't receive him. At this time, he was very surprised. I wrote a long letter the next day and went to Wang Shangshu's house to apologize.
Wang Shangshu had Shi Ying Jr. led to the porch of the wing, sat down and scolded him, saying, "It's a pity that you are not my relative, or I will give you a good lesson." After a pause, he said, "You are so arrogant because of your reputation. You can only be a scholar. "
Xiao died in Yangzhou Gongcao (state animal husbandry official). 2. Guo Shen's face disintegrated between the powerful minister Kangxi and the famous minister Zuoshan. Since Li Zhifang and Dong Ne, Guo Ruiqing is the most upright.
Ruiqing became famous. Pearl is in charge, acting arbitrarily, and seeing many people in the ruling and opposition parties.
Guo Gang was straightforward and tasted Pearl's birthday. He listed his crimes and listed them in key chapters. When I turned my sleeves over on the grass, I drove to Mingfu, and my heel was stabbed. Ming is stubborn and it is not easy to visit, so I will greet him with a crown.
When you go in, you don't bow for a long time. I often make sleeves when I sit and move. Mingxi asked, "The Imperial Doctor is very happy recently. Do you also have a birthday poem for him? " ? Guo said, "No, no.
"Looking out from the sleeve is a bullet. Before he finished reading, Guo suddenly clapped his hands and said, "rudeness, his old friend should be punished."
"Even the giant grottoes crazy suction, disease hasten out, a big scary ash. A few days later, the court heard the Pearl case.
During the Kangxi period, after Li Zhifang and Dong Ne, only Guo Ruiqing was the strongest and upright minister in Shandong. Guo Ruiqing's famous embroidery.
When Pearl was in charge of state affairs, he acted arrogantly and recklessly, and ministers were afraid of him. Guo Ruiqing is strong and upright. On Mingzhu's birthday, he presented his crimes to the emperor to impeach him.
Then he put the draft in his sleeve. Guo Ruiqing came to Mingzhu's mansion by bus, walked to the door and handed in his business card.
Knowing that he has always been stubborn and difficult to visit, Mingzhu tidied up her crown and took it to see him. After Guo Ruiqing came in, he just bowed and didn't bow down. After sitting for a while, he deliberately pulled his sleeves many times.
Pearl asked happily; "My master Shi Yu is very happy recently. Is there a birthday poem you can teach me? " Guo Xiu said, "It's not like this, it's not like this." I took it out of my sleeve and saw that it was a draft paper to impeach him.
Before the pearl was finished, Guo Xiu suddenly became angry and said, "Guo Xiu is impolite and should be punished for impeaching an old friend." Picked up a mug, drank a few cups, and then hurried out.
All the guests in the room were surprised. Soon the imperial court issued an imperial edict to judge Pearl.
3, Lu is not arrogant, Lu, the word Yu, Dongping Fan Renye. Live in guangling.
From the cold base. When I was a child, I studied with my teacher and looked at all the students. I pointed to monk Zhen and called the doctor and said, "There is a strange sound here, and the back alley is closed."
According to Song Danyang, Yin, who was in her twenties, later became a library assistant for Mao. He is seven feet five inches long and has a great appearance.
Cao's generation respects things that are rarely used in the same kind. The real monk is in office, with a normal heart rate and no personal relatives.
Since my father, brother and son started selling onions, I gave up my job and wanted to be a national official when I arrived. The true monk said, "I can't repay the kindness of my country." You have your own opinion. You can't ask for forgiveness, but you should react quickly. "
The real monk's old house is in the north of the city, and Du Youyi is in front of it. The villagers advised his disciples to benefit his family. The true monk said angrily, "Du You's official capital is here. How could he move to a place that is beneficial to my private house? " My sister suits her family, lives in a small house near the road in the west of the city, and mixes with other places. Monks and treasures often lead her from halogen books to her home, and she is not ashamed.
During Lu Sanzhen's reign, he treated his subordinates fairly, without favoritism. My cousin's son Lu Hong started selling onions. After taking office, monk Lu gave up selling onions and asked him to arrange an official position in the state. Monk Lu said, "I owe my country and have no service.
How can you ask for a job that you don't deserve when you have a job that suits your status? Still should hurry back to the onion shop. "Lou monk Jane's hometown is in the north of the city, and there is a yamen in front of Du You. The villagers advised him to move the government office to expand the house.
Lu Sanzhen said angrily: "The official Du You has been here since its establishment. How can I move in and expand my private house? " His sister married Yu Jia and lived in the west of the city. The hut faces the road and is mixed among various shops. Lu Sanzhen often goes to her house with a guard of honor and doesn't feel humiliated. 4. Wang Jian asked the US government with fertile land to attack Qin, and Wang Jian sent 600,000 soldiers from the first emperor to Pakistan.
When Wang Jian visited, the homestead that invited Meitian was very crowded. At first, the emperor said, "If a general can do it, why worry about poverty?" Wang Jian said: "As a general of the King, if you have made meritorious deeds, you can't be sealed;" Therefore, as the minister of the king, I also invited the garden in time for my descendants. " The first emperor smiled.
Since Wang Jian is very important, the ambassador invited five generations of good farmers, but he still said, "It's very good for the generals to beg for loans!" Wang Jian said, "Otherwise, my husband, the King of Qin, has always been rude and distrustful, and now there is no military appointment from Qin. I don't invite Tian Zhai to strengthen the inheritance for future generations, even if I let the king of Qin sit down, I will doubt me. " Henkel is in charge of Guanzhong affairs in Xiao He. In the third year of Han Dynasty, Xiang Yu divided his troops into Beijing and Suo.
When the last envoys worked for the Prime Minister, Bao Sheng said, "Now the King is naked, and people who work for the King are suspicious of him. [Frontier Criticism: Chao Cuo made the son of heaven treat his soldiers, so he got into trouble.
3. The ancient philosophers in the history of China are still twenty-four histories or miscellaneous notes. It's better to classify. I have these in my computer.
Caigentan
The punch line of "Caigen Tan"
Overview of scripture
About the author: Laozi
Tao Te Ching
Brief introduction of Taoism
About the author: Guiguzi
Guiguzi juanshang
Guiguzi juanzhong
Guiguzi rolled down.
Four friends of Ghost Valley
Overview of Huangdi Neijing
About the author: Huangdi
Huangdi Neijing: Lingshu
Huangdi Neijing: Simple Problems
About the author: Li Zongwu
Thick black science
Wife-fearing philosophy
Overview of the book of hetuluo
Hetuluoshu
Heluo research
Hundreds of surnames in China.
The origin of China's hundred surnames
On language
Thirteen chess classics
Thousand-Character Classic
Three Character Classic
Night talk around the stove
As the old saying goes, "those who enlarge the sages"
Zhu's motto of managing the family
Overview of Taoist magic
Research on Taoist magic.
The basic theory of Taoism
Beishanjing
Dongshanjing
Xishanjing
Zhongshanjing
Nanshanjing
Beidahuang Jing
Wild east
Great Wilderness South Meridian
Wild west classic
Heinejin
North meridian of the sea
East longitude at home
Hainan south meridian
Heineken sutra
Overseas Beijing
Overseas east longitude
Overseas southern classics
Overseas west longitude
A Study of Shan Hai Jing
An Overview of Sun Tzu's Art of War
About the author: Sun Wu
the art of war
Overview of the Book of Changes
About the author: Zhou Wenwang
Sixty-four hexagrams in Zhouyi
I hope it helps you.
4. Translation materials of historical classical Chinese materials 1: Mencius replied: "Your Majesty! Why talk about profits? Only talk about benevolence and righteousness. The king said, "How does my country benefit?" The doctor said,' How can I benefit my family?' Ordinary people and ordinary people say,' how can I benefit myself?' As a result, the country is at stake! In a country with 10,000 personnel carriers, it must be that doctors with 1,000 personnel carriers in China killed the monarch. In a country with thousands of personnel carriers, doctors with hundreds of personnel carriers in China must have killed the monarch. In a country with thousands of personnel carriers, these doctors have thousands of personnel carriers; In a country with thousands of personnel carriers, these doctors have a hundred personnel carriers, which is not too much. They will never be satisfied if they value righteousness over profit and don't take (the status and interests of the monarch). If you are unkind, you will abandon your parents, and if you are unkind, you will ignore you. Your majesty only needs to talk about righteousness, why talk about profit? "
Material 2: Nothing in the sky is more obvious than the sun and the moon; Nothing on earth is more obvious than fire and water; Of all things, nothing is more obvious than Zhu Yu; Of all the things that human beings have, nothing is more obvious than politeness. Therefore, if the height of the sun and the moon in the sky is not high, its brilliance will not be significant; Fire and water do not accumulate, and its brilliance is not vast; If the brilliance of Zhuyu does not appear outside, princes and nobles will not regard it as a treasure; If etiquette, law, benevolence and righteousness are not used to govern the country, the achievements and reputation of the rulers will not be prominent. Therefore, people's lives are influenced by nature, and the lifeline of the country depends on the ritual system. Dominate others, respect the virtuous and respect the ceremony, can be called king in the world; Attaching importance to the rule of law and caring for the people can dominate the princes. It is very dangerous to use fraudulent means for selfish gain; If we use political, subversive, insidious and other means, it will be completely extinct.
5. Historical details of classical Chinese: the history of classical Chinese from ancient times to the present. Since the Shang Dynasty produced mature characters, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it can be said that the history of classical Chinese began.
We know that the form, sound and meaning of Chinese characters are changing from ancient times to the present. Although we don't know how to pronounce a word in ancient times, we can still identify its meaning according to its shape, which is the characteristic of ideographic writing.
Therefore, people who use different dialects in different places can understand the meaning of sentences according to their glyphs. Some people think that Chinese characters have strong cultural cohesion, and Chinese civilization has lasted for thousands of years. It can be said that Chinese characters have contributed a lot.
According to the history of ancient Chinese development and ancient literature, classical Chinese in middle schools can be divided into four categories. One is prose, the other is ci fu, the third is poetry, and the fourth is ancient vernacular.
The following is a description of dynasties and writers' works. (1) Prose in the pre-Qin period, including The Analects of Confucius and Mozi recorded in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period; By the mid-Warring States period, it gradually developed from a recorded style to dialogic argumentative essays and monographs such as Mencius and Zhuangzi. Xunzi, Han Feizi, Lv Chunqiu.
There is also the Book of Rites, one of the Confucian classics. Philosophers' essays are mostly philosophical works, so they are also called philosophical essays and belong to the category of argumentative essays.
Ideologically, everyone insists on independent thinking and expresses their opinions. For example, Confucius advocated benevolence, righteousness, propriety and music, Mozi advocated universal love for sages, Zhuangzi advocated natural inaction, and Han Feizi advocated magic power. From the perspective of stylistic development, the essays of pre-Qin philosophers first established a system of discussing essays.
Prose of pre-Qin philosophers had a far-reaching influence on China's political system, culture and art for thousands of years. Confucius Confucius (55 BC1~ 479 BC), his name is Zhong Ni.
The word Zhong Ni. Ranked second, Lu Sheng in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Confucius was a great thinker and educator in ancient China, the founder of Confucianism and one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world. China's first chronological history book Spring and Autumn Annals was compiled.
According to relevant records, Confucius was born in Changping Township, Joy, Lu State (now Luyuan Village, Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu, where Kong Lin is now located. Confucius' thoughts on words and deeds are mainly contained in The Analects of Confucius, a collection of essays, and historical books preserved in the pre-Qin and Qin and Han dynasties. Confucius family.
He took it as his duty to help the world and love the people, and with a huge political and philosophical gap with the rulers, he reformed and updated the traditional philosophical foundation of "harmony between man and nature", formed a whole set of Confucian theoretical system with "benevolence" as the core and "ceremony" as the form, truly constructed the core order of ancient China, and cast the essence of China's traditional humanistic spirit and the soul of the Chinese nation. Mencius lived in the pre-Qin period (372-289 BC), and his name was Ke, and the word (to be tested, the word or Zi Ju).
During the Warring States Period, Lu was a descendant of Lu Guoqing's father. China was a famous thinker and educator in ancient times and a representative of Confucianism in the Warring States Period.
He is the author of Mencius. Mencius inherited and carried forward Confucius' thoughts and became a generation of Confucian masters second only to Confucius. He is called "the sage of Asia" and is also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius.
Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue, and developed it into the theory of benevolent governance, which became the core of his political thought. Mencius closely combined ethics with politics, emphasizing that moral cultivation is the basis of doing politics well.
Mencius' thoughts are reflected in the book Mencius. "Benevolence is king" is the core content of his political thought.
He advocated "serving people with virtue" and opposed violence in governing the country. He believes that only virtue can make people "completely convinced". "Paying more attention to the people than the monarch" is an important part of his theory of "benevolent government". "People first, country second, monarch second", putting people first.
The Book of Rites is an anthology of Confucian scholars' articles from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, and a compilation of Confucian thoughts. It is also an important law book in ancient China and one of the Confucian classics.
There is more than one author of The Book of Rites, and the time for its completion also follows. Most of the chapters may be the works of 72 closed disciples of Confucius and their students, as well as other classics in the pre-Qin period. The Book of Rites was compiled by Dade, a ritual scientist in the Western Han Dynasty, and his nephew Dai Sheng.
Eighty-five pieces of Selected Works of Great Virtue were called "Dai Dai Li Ji", but in the later circulation process, only thirty-nine pieces were left in the Tang Dynasty. Dai Shengxuan's forty-nine articles are the Book of Rites of Little Dai that we see today.
These two books have their own emphases and choices, and each has its own characteristics. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a famous scholar, made an excellent interpretation of The Book of Rites of Little Dai. Later, this book became popular, and gradually became a classic from the works explaining scriptures. It is listed as one of the "Nine Classics" in the Tang Dynasty and one of the "Thirteen Classics" in the Song Dynasty, and it is a must-read book for scholars.
Mozi Mozi (about 468 BC ~ 376 BC), named Zhai, born in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, Han nationality, was a famous thinker and founder of Mohism during the Warring States Period in China. He once put forward the views of "universal love", "non-aggression" and "saving money for burial", and founded the Mohist theory. A book called Mozi was handed down from generation to generation.
Mohism had a great influence at that time. It is also called "outstanding learning" with Confucianism.
The so-called universal love contains the meaning of equality and fraternity, which is contrary to the Confucian lover ("kissing is skillful, respecting the virtuous, etc."). Mozi asked the monarch, ministers, father and son and brothers to love each other on the basis of equality. "Love yourself if you love yourself", Mozi believes that the phenomenon of being strong against the weak, rich against the poor, and arrogant is caused by people all over the world not loving each other.
At the same time, Mozi also saw that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the biggest drawback was war. Therefore, starting from the idea of universal love, he extended that he would not attack, oppose war and advocate peace. Love without attacking is Mozi's most famous thought.
It is a very important viewpoint of Mohism. They criticized the extravagance and waste of monarchs and nobles, especially opposed the custom of long burial and rebury valued by Confucianism, and believed that long burial and rebury were not conducive to society. People think that monarchs and nobles should live a clean and thrifty life like three generations of ancient sages.
Mozi asked Mohism to practice in this respect. Xunzi Xunzi (about 3 13- 238 BC) was a thinker, educator and writer in the Warring States Period.
Zhao Guoren. At that time, people called him Xun Qing. In the Han Dynasty, he wrote Sun Qing because he avoided Xuan Di.
I studied in Qi State in my early years.
6. The history of classical Chinese is wrong.
Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese, but it is different from vernacular Chinese.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted.
It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compressed" format of written records in the world.
Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and simple oral language"
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the ranking of "rice step" is used as a verb to express the meaning of eating. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"