Basic explanation
The word "genius" comes from Latin, which means patron saint. Then, the meanings of creativity, talent and ability are derived. Genius, as its name implies, refers to a talented person. There are no people in the world who are born with the knowledge and technology developed by society for a long time, but some people are born with learning ability and innovative development ability superior to most people in one or more aspects. Genius does not necessarily refer to a natural all-round talent, but some of them are divided into Chinese, mathematics, leadership, art, music, creativity, ... However, this division will usually have an impact on the acquired learning and the combination mode of comprehensive functions just in line with their talents. At present, both intelligence test and expert aptitude test will measure a lot of acquired knowledge, which can be made up by efforts, and will be influenced by culture, growth background and memory of past experiences. In addition, a genius should give full play to his cognitive function superior to most people, and also have developed brain function in hard work motivation, willpower and perseverance, and even a more efficient sleep physiological mechanism than ordinary people. People with longevity genes are also more likely than ordinary people to have high efficiency, physiological and psychological structure, interpersonal relationship, cognitive function, personality, physical quality, health status, physical appearance (the appearance that most people do not exclude) and so on. Many geniuses are pure in heart, indifferent to fame and fortune, and do not compete with the world, so they may not be able to become famous and great people known all over the world. Most geniuses are diligent, cautious, humorous, caring, creative and reasonable, and will have a good situation in health, study, career, interpersonal feelings and leisure.
detailed description
1. Natural talent; Outstanding creativity, imagination and inspiration. Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhou Qun: "Behind the state capital, Zhang Yu of Sima Shu County is also waiting for him. The genius has passed." Yuan Xin studied the biography of Li Bai, a talented person in Tang Dynasty: "At the age of ten, he learned the Five Classics, dreamed of writing flowers, and later became a genius." In the Qing Dynasty, Ruan Kuisheng's Tea Leisure Talk (Volume 3): "Cheung Nam Wa is an outstanding official, and now he is an immortal. Genius is agile, poetry is wise, easy to enter the play, blurt out, and stop just right. " Chapter 3 of Du Pengcheng's Defending Yan 'an: "This talented strategist is as simple as ordinary working people." 2. refers to a talented person. Yan Zhitui of the Northern Qi Dynasty wrote "Mianxue of Yan Family Instructions": "There must be a genius, and it must be different from others. In order to be a general, you must learn from Sun Wuwu, and you must be taught by Guan Zhongzi. " Wang Bo, Biography of Literature and Art in the New Tang Dynasty: "The governor was furious, got up and changed clothes, and sent officials to serve him." Repeated reports, strange language, but suddenly said:' genius!' Lu Xun's strange lace literature: "There are many facts in the world that a genius can't think of without reading the records." 3. Natural qualifications. Wei of the Three Kingdoms wrote "A Letter of Breaking Up with a Mountain Residence": "Seeing a straight tree in the first step is not a wheel, and a composer is not a chariot, and he does not want to waste his genius and be right." Genius is called a person with extraordinary intelligence in psychology. The word genius has two similar but slightly different meanings: Mozart.
1. Lewis M. Terman believes that genius refers to those who have made outstanding achievements in standardized intelligence tests. Therefore, genius only means a high level of intelligence, just a potential, not an achievement. Terman believes that people with IQ above 140 can be described as "potential geniuses" (about 0.4% of the total population); Some people have higher standards. In this sense, genius refers to those children who have no chance to gain social prestige because of their achievements. Now more and more people call these people "geniuses" and divide them into two categories: the first category of gifted children accounts for 0.1%of the total population; Second-class gifted children account for 10% of the rest of the population. Gao Erdun's opinion is more popular than the first one. He believes that genius should have a high degree of creativity reflected in outstanding practical achievements, and its achievements should have long-term value and should not be born (such as hereditary monarchs). "Genius" and "talent" are different in quantity and quality. "Talent" only refers to having special potential for a certain job and being able to learn a certain skill quickly and easily. Genius, on the other hand, should be original and creative, be able to think and work in a completely unfamiliar environment and make unprecedented contributions to the world independently. Although talented people often make outstanding contributions only in a special field, their general intelligence level in their early years is also very high. Probably, the two meanings in the concept of genius actually reflect two aspects of the same quality. There are different opinions about the nature and source of genius. Some people think that talented people belong to another psychological biological species, and their differences with ordinary people in the process of intellectual and emotional activities can be compared with those between humans and apes. However, some people think that genius is closely related to neurosis and psychosis, and the most frequently cited representative may be Italian criminologist lombroso. Although modern psychoanalytic theory also thinks that genius is the result of fierce conflict between itself and the environment, which is similar to neurosis and psychosis in this respect, genius solves the above conflicts in different ways, and its symptoms and consequences are beneficial to and respected by society. Research shows that talented people are less likely to suffer from mental illness, physical weakness and deformity than ordinary people. Generally speaking, children who can be called "gifted children" and "potential gifted children" are not only high in intelligence, but also superior to ordinary children in physical fitness, emotional adjustment and social adaptation. Gao Erdun believes that talented people have outstanding intelligence, enthusiasm and working ability. He also used clear statistical results to show that all talents with outstanding contributions often come from the same family (genetic genius, 1869). Since Gao Erdun, scientists have often debated how much difference between individual achievements is caused by heredity, rather than the result of education and opportunity. However, it is generally believed that genius is related to both heredity and environment. Whether the talent potential can blossom and bear fruit depends at least to some extent on opportunities and training. Two elements of genius: 1. Sensitive and enthusiastic. This is the innate factor for genius to become a genius. 2. Grow naturally and acquire a lot of knowledge in your own way. This is the acquired factor of genius. newton
Genius is not educated, but naturally grows up in a free environment. Genius is not an intellectual, but an intellectual with innovative ability. Geniuses are cultivated by themselves. It is controversial whether the inventor of an accidental major discovery is a genius. Especially the accidental major discoverers who are late in daily life. Believe that you are a genius and you can be a genius; Believe that you are not a genius, you can become a real genius! 2. Genius should be born with higher IQ than others, or equal to 18-year-old normal IQ. However, if he does not explore, his IQ will stay at one year old (equal to 18-year-old normal person). He may have been smart since he was a child, but he has never been promoted and will stay in his original place. If he reaches 18 years old, but everyone else is making progress. In fact, he didn't return at all, but stayed. 18 years old is easy to go to primary school, but 18 years old is not normal? The smarter a person is, the harder it is to improve, because a piece of paper is full of things and it is difficult to draw any more. But a normal person is like a blank sheet of paper. It is better to draw whatever you want than a genius. Therefore, so many so-called prodigies have not changed and become normal people. That's why. 3. High development and complete combination of various abilities. Performance is the ability to complete an activity independently, creatively and efficiently. A single ability, even if it reaches a high level of development, cannot be called a genius. For example, it is impossible to complete an activity independently and creatively without a high degree of understanding and generalization, so only a highly developed memory ability cannot be called a genius. The same is true of the single development of other capabilities. If a certain ability is lacking, it can be made up by other highly developed abilities that are combined into genius. Because various activities have different requirements for various abilities and their combinations, the structure of genius in different activities is also different. Composition and aircraft design have different requirements for various abilities and their combinations, so the composition genius and aircraft design genius have different structures. However, no matter what kind of genius, it must contain highly developed general abilities (such as precision, keenness and systematic observation; Fast, firm and accurate memory; Agile, profound and unique thinking ability, etc. ), at the same time, it must also include some special abilities that are particularly needed for certain activities (such as the highly developed ability to quickly summarize mathematical materials, the ability to quickly "simplify" thinking activities during operation, and the ability to flexibly transition from forward operation to reverse operation. ). So genius is composed of highly developed general abilities and highly developed special abilities. Genius is not a natural talent, a person's talent is only some physiological and anatomical characteristics, which is called quality. Good quality is the natural prerequisite for the development of genius. But only with good quality and without certain social living conditions (including education, labor, family and social environment), genius will not appear, and social living conditions play a more important role. So genius and talented people are restricted by social and historical conditions. Genius and talented people can only appear when society needs and conditions are available. The needs of different times will stimulate the development of different geniuses. For example, in wartime, the genius of military strategists will be developed; During the period of peaceful construction, the talents of scientists, artists and designers will be developed. Theories about genius mainly include genetic determinism and acquired theory. Genetic determinism holds that genius depends entirely on heredity. /kloc-F. Gao Erdun, an English scholar in the 0/9th century, proposed in his book Genetic Genius: Its Laws and Consequences that genius is inherited from paternal line or maternal line. He used genealogy to investigate the blood relationship of hundreds of celebrities and found that many relatives of celebrities are also celebrities. This theory completely ignores the importance of social living conditions. In fact, his research materials cannot deny the beneficial effects of family environment and celebrity education on the growth of future generations. Acquired theory holds that ability depends entirely on environment and education, and genius is acquired completely. C.-A. helvetius said in the18th century that genius can be formed through education. People who hold this theory, through the study of identical twins, find that although the twins raised separately are genetically the same, their intellectual development is significantly different due to the different parenting environment. This theory completely denies the role of quality. In fact, it is difficult for a person with serious genetic defects to be trained as a genius. The above two theories are extremely one-sided. After the 1920s and 1930s, more and more people realized that innate genetic quality and acquired environmental education were very important for the formation of genius. Therefore, the theory of interaction between heredity and environment is advocated. In recent years, many researchers have a tendency to emphasize the importance of environment and education, thinking that good genetic quality only provides the possibility for the occurrence of genius, and this possibility depends on the influence of environment and the role of education. It should also be pointed out that some researchers also believe that the role of environment and education occurs through the subjective efforts of human beings in social practice. Genius figures in all fields, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, have made outstanding contributions to human society through long-term indomitable hard work.