(1) initial stage (1840— 1895)

1840 after the opium war, the tradition was severely challenged by reality, and the Japanese people began to explore modernization. The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War+1895 shows that the modernization exploration of the Qing government represented by the Westernization Movement failed.

Teachers guide students to summarize the specific performance:

1. Economically: Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, reformers of the landlord class, "learn from foreigners to control foreigners"; The Westernization Movement led by the landlord class experienced the process from heavy industry to light industry, from official operation, official supervision and commercial operation, official-commercial joint operation and commercial operation. The national bourgeoisie began to establish modern industry.

2. Politically, the Westernization School insisted on "taking middle school as the main body and western learning as the application", but did not put the modernization of the political system on the agenda.

3. Ideologically and culturally, we began to "spread western learning to the east", set up new schools and cultivate scientific and technological talents.

Teachers guide students to understand the basic characteristics of this stage: the protagonist in charge of modernization at this stage is the landlord class Westernization School; The field is mainly the economic field, learning advanced western technology.

(2) Overall development stage (1895— 19 19)

"All-round development" embodies the all-round development of modernization in the economic, political and cultural fields, the full expression of modernization connotation and the full expression of the leading role of the bourgeoisie in the modernization process.

Teachers guide students to summarize the specific performance:

1, economic modernization:1The initial development of national industries at the end of September; The short spring of national industry during World War I 。

2. Modernization of political system: Reform Movement initiated the Reform Movement of 1898; Constitutionalists led the constitutional movement and the road protection movement; Revolutionaries led the Revolution of 1911 and established a bourgeois republic.

3. Ideological and cultural modernization: the criticism of old ideas has gradually deepened, the debate between reformists and die-hard forces, the debate between revolutionaries and royalists, and the New Culture Movement.

Teachers guide students to understand the basic characteristics of this stage: the bourgeoisie is the backbone of the modernization task at this stage; The most prominent field is in the political field; The phased achievements overthrew the feudal autocratic monarchy politically, established a bourgeois republic, greatly developed the national industry economically, and deeply rooted the concept of democratic republic ideologically and culturally.

(3) tortuous progress and new development stage (1919-1949)

In the extremely acute and complicated historical environment of class struggle and national struggle, modernization has been carried out with difficulty, and at the same time, it has added new connotations.

Teachers guide students to summarize the specific performance:

1, tortuous progress: Economically, in the early days of the Kuomintang government's rule, the national economic construction movement was launched, which promoted the modernization process in the economic field. However, the formation and monopoly of bureaucratic capital make the development of national industry shrink day by day. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the original industry was seriously damaged by Japanese aggression. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the combination of American monopoly capital and bureaucratic capital of four big families pushed China's modernization to a desperate situation. Politically, people.

2. New development: First of all, the proletariat has become an important role in modernization. Secondly, the political content of modernization has changed from realizing the bourgeois democratic Republic to winning the new-democratic revolution. Third, after the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to become the mainstream of new thoughts, providing a scientific theory for the new development of political democratization.

Teachers guide students to understand the basic characteristics of this stage: this stage shows that the proletariat in China has begun to undertake the task of China's modernization, and China's modernization has entered a new development stage.

Third, the characteristics of China's modern industrialization development

Teachers put forward thinking questions: what are the characteristics of China's modern industrialization compared with the modernization of European and American countries, combined with the knowledge about the emergence and development of Westernization enterprises and national capitalist industries founded by Westernization School?

After the students answered, the teacher summarized the main points:

1, modernization is not only stubbornly resisted by internal feudal conservative forces, but also constantly promoted, rejected and destroyed by external capitalist powers, with slow development and twists and turns.

2. Modernization was initially led by the Westernization faction of the landlord class, and the bureaucratic comprador class played a subtle role in the start of China's modernization, but the bourgeoisie never really grasped the leadership of modernization.

3. Modernization lacks the necessary primitive accumulation of capital process, and technology, talents and ideological preparation are insufficient. Its driving force mainly comes from the outside, not from the inside. Therefore, it is not guided by the spontaneous establishment of modern enterprises by the people, but develops capitalism through free competition. But relying on political power, starting from the official military industry, from military to civilian, from state-owned to private, from heavy industry to light industry.

4. Abnormal development. The distribution of modern industrial areas is unbalanced and the departmental structure is unreasonable.

Fourthly, the factors that restrict China's modernization process.

Teachers put forward thinking questions: What are the unfavorable factors that restrict China's modernization process by combining the relevant knowledge of Westernization Movement and national capitalist economic development?

After the students answered, the teacher summarized the main points:

1. Lack of capital, talents and technology: lack of primitive accumulation of capital, lack of mechanized operation technology, lack of modern management talents and scientific and technological talents-historical reasons.

2. Traditional ideas: attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business, attaching importance to land and neglecting the sea, and attaching importance to righteousness and neglecting profit are all ideological obstacles to the development of modern industry.

3. The oppression of the three mountains: the obstruction and destruction of imperialism, the obstruction of feudal autocratic rule, and the suppression of bureaucratic capitalism.

4. Decision-making mistakes: Industrialization in developed countries generally extends from light industry to heavy industry. At the same time, agriculture has also changed and developed accordingly, providing a foundation for industrial development. China started from heavy industry, and agriculture has always been traditional agriculture, which delayed industrialization.

5. Lack of political premise: Before the industrialization of developed countries, the bourgeoisie seized power and provided a guarantee for industrialization. However, it was not until the founding of New China in China that the proletariat seized power and started large-scale industrialization, which limited the scale and speed of industrialization.

6. Constraints of objective environment: In modern history, wars and revolutions continued, and social unrest was not conducive to modernization.

V the relationship between modernization and national democratic revolution

Modern China faced two major historical tasks: one was to strive for national independence and people's liberation and complete the task of national democratic revolution; The second is to realize the prosperity of the country and the common prosperity of the people and complete the task of modernization.

1. The national democratic revolution is an important part of modernization. The development of the national democratic revolution is a process in which the feudal forces, the big landlords, the big bourgeoisie and the running dogs of imperialism are constantly being attacked in China. It is also the process of China's development from feudal autocracy to bourgeois republic and then to people's democratic dictatorship, that is, the process of China's political democratization.

2. The development of industrialization provided the material foundation and class strength for the modern revolution, which cleared the way for the development of industrialization. The history of the modern century has proved that accomplishing the revolutionary task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism and realizing national independence are the premise and fundamental guarantee for realizing modernization, and realizing modernization is the ultimate goal of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism and realizing national independence.