World heritage refers to the rare and irreplaceable wealth recognized by UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee. It is a cultural relic and natural landscape with outstanding significance and universal value recognized by all mankind. The narrow sense of world heritage includes four categories: world cultural heritage, world natural heritage, world cultural and natural dual heritage and world cultural landscape heritage.

■ World cultural heritage

The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage stipulates that those belonging to one of the following categories can be classified as cultural heritage. Cultural relics: buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics from the perspective of history, art or science; Buildings: individual or interrelated buildings with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of history, art or science because of their architectural form, identity and position in the landscape; Sites: man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.

Any cultural heritage project nominated for inclusion in the World Heritage List must meet one or more of the following criteria before it can be approved. 1. represents a unique artistic achievement and a creative masterpiece of genius; 2. It can have a significant impact on the development of architectural art, memorial art, town planning or landscape design in a certain period or in a certain cultural area of the world; 3. It can provide a unique or at least special witness for a disappearing civilization or cultural tradition; 4. It can be used as an outstanding example of a building or a group of buildings or landscapes to show an important stage (or stages) in human history; 5. It can be used as an outstanding example of the traditional living environment or the place of use, representing one (or several) cultures, especially places that become vulnerable to destruction under the influence of irreversible changes; 6. It has a direct or substantial connection with events of special universal significance or current traditions or ideas or beliefs or literary and artistic works (only under some special circumstances or when this standard works with other standards can this paragraph become a reason for listing in the World Heritage List. )。

■ World Natural Heritage

The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage defines natural heritage as one of the following clauses: from an aesthetic or scientific point of view, it is a natural appearance composed of geological and biological structures or such structural groups with outstanding and universal values; From the point of view of science or protection, geological and natural geographical structures with outstanding and universal values, and clearly defined ecological zones of endangered animal and plant species; From the point of view of science, protection or natural beauty, a natural scenic spot or a clearly defined natural zone with outstanding and universal value.

Natural heritage projects listed in the World Heritage List must meet one or more of the following criteria before they can be approved: 1. It constitutes a prominent example and represents an important stage in the evolution history of the earth; 2. It is an outstanding example representing important geological processes, biological evolution processes and the relationship between human beings and the natural environment; 3. Unique, rare or wonderful natural phenomena, landforms or areas with rare natural beauty; 4. Habitat of the surviving rare or endangered species of animals and plants.

■ Dual heritage of world culture and nature

Only heritage projects that meet the definitions of cultural heritage and natural heritage in the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage can become such heritage.

■ World cultural landscape heritage

Landscape intentionally designed and built by human beings: including gardens and parks built for aesthetic reasons, which are often (but not always) associated with religious or other memorial buildings or buildings; The landscape of organic evolution: originated from the initial social, economic, administrative and religious needs, and developed into the present form through the connection or adaptation with the surrounding natural environment; Related cultural landscapes: This kind of landscape is listed in the World Heritage List, which is characterized by its connection with natural factors, strong religion, art or culture, rather than cultural material evidence.

What relevant laws and regulations have been promulgated in China?

Professional regulations on the protection of cultural relics and historical heritage

1982165438+1October19, the 5th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) passed and promulgated the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC). On October 28th, 2002, the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics was revised. On the basis of this law, the State Council has approved the promulgation of cultural relics administrative regulations, including Regulations on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC), Measures for the Management of Foreign-related Archaeological Work in People's Republic of China (PRC), and Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Cultural Relics Protection Law.

Laws related to administrative protection

Protection of Forest Heritage Article 4 of the Forest Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "Forests are divided into the following five categories: ... (5) Special-purpose forests: forests and trees for national defense, environmental protection and scientific experiments. , including national defense forest, experimental forest, parent forest, environmental protection forest, scenic forest, scenic spot forest and nature reserve forest. " In this regard, article 3 1 stipulates: "It is strictly forbidden to cut down places of interest and historical sites in special-purpose forests, trees in revolutionary memorial sites and forests in nature reserves."

Protection of Natural Heritage Article 20 of the Mineral Resources Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "Without the consent of the relevant competent authorities authorized by the State Council, mineral resources shall not be mined in the nature reserves, important scenic spots and immovable cultural relics and scenic spots designated by the state." Article 22 stipulates: "When exploring and mining mineral resources, rare geological phenomena and cultural monuments with great scientific and cultural value are found, they should be protected and reported to the relevant departments in time."

Protection of Heritage Environment Article 17 of the Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "People's governments at all levels shall take measures for various representative natural ecosystem areas, natural distribution areas of rare and endangered wild animals and plants, important water conservation areas, geological structures with great scientific and cultural value, famous caves and fossil distribution areas, glaciers, volcanoes, hot springs and other natural relics, as well as cultural relics and ancient and famous trees. Article 16 of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "No industrial production facilities that pollute the environment shall be built near scenic spots, nature reserves, cultural relics protection units and other areas that need special protection designated by the State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; The construction of other facilities shall not exceed the prescribed emission standards. "

Planning and Protection Article 14 of the Urban Planning Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "In the preparation of urban planning, attention should be paid to protecting and improving the urban ecological environment, preventing pollution and other public hazards, strengthening urban greening construction and city appearance and environmental sanitation construction, and protecting historical and cultural heritage, urban traditional features, local characteristics and natural landscape." Article 25 stipulates: "The development of new urban areas should meet the construction conditions of water resources, energy, transportation and disaster prevention, and should avoid underground mineral deposits and underground cultural relics."

Learn from others

How to protect the world heritage abroad?

India

India is quite successful in the protection and maintenance of cultural relics and has accumulated many useful experiences. 1. Multi-party participation in raising funds. The first is to establish a national cultural foundation. The second is to encourage domestic private enterprises to participate in the protection and restoration work. The third is to seek international cooperation. 2. Senior professional and technical personnel. As early as 19 17, the Indian Institute of Archaeology set up a chemical treatment office, which was responsible for the chemical treatment and preservation of museum exhibits and other cultural relics, analyzing and studying the material sources and damage reasons of historical sites, and looking for ways to improve and preserve them. 3. Public support. Every year in India 165438+ 10/0/9 ~ 25 is World Heritage Week. At this time, the Indian cultural relics and archaeology community vigorously publicized and raised people's awareness of protection.

Mexico

The National Bureau of Anthropology and History of Mexico is the highest and only leading and managing organ responsible for the protection of cultural relics, and it has achieved the "three combinations" in the protection of cultural relics. First, the protection of cultural relics should be combined with poverty alleviation. Most cultural relics are located in remote and poor rural areas. Combine the cultural relics protection project with the poverty alleviation project, absorb the residents of the places where the cultural relics and historic sites are located to participate in the protection work, and at the same time protect the cultural relics and historic sites, drive the local poor people out of poverty and become rich. The second is the combination of cultural relics protection and rational utilization. On the premise of protecting cultural relics, we should develop tourism projects with ancient cultural relics as the main content, give full play to the social functions of ancient cultural heritage, and promote the development of tourism. The third is the combination of government and people. The concept of protecting cultural relics has a relatively broad and profound foundation among the Mexican public. There are many organizations and volunteers for the protection of cultural relics spontaneously established by the public in Mexico.

Italy

According to UNESCO statistics, Italy preserves 70% of the world's cultural relics. Italy's success in cultural relics protection mainly comes from three guarantees.

The first is policy guarantee. Article 9 of the Italian Constitution clearly stipulates that Italy has the responsibility to protect the country's artistic, historical heritage and scenic spots. In Italy, the management of urban buildings in various cities is quite strict, and it is not allowed to transform old streets and buildings casually. Not only can the appearance not be changed, but the exterior wall paint and window color should also remain the same.

The second is the guarantee of funds. First of all, the annual budget of about 2 billion euros ensures the expenditure of cultural relics protection. In addition, since 1996, the state has stipulated by law that 0.8% of lottery income will be used as cultural relics protection funds.

The third is the guarantee of specialized talents. The Italian Cultural Relics Protection Center, with a history of more than 60 years, is the base for training all kinds of cultural relics protection talents. This center offers restoration specialties, such as painting, sculpture and textile. Students should not only learn relevant historical and technical knowledge, but also learn knowledge of chemical engineering, physics and biology closely related to their work.

Knowledge hall

Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

This is a global international convention to protect precious human culture and natural heritage with modern scientific methods and corresponding systems. Unesco1972110/61October 17 was adopted by the general assembly, and China adopted 1985 65438.

The purpose of the Convention is to establish a lasting and effective system for the international community to collectively protect cultural and natural heritage of great value. The Convention stipulates that the determination, preservation and protection of cultural and natural heritage of great value is mainly the responsibility of the countries concerned, and the whole international community also has the responsibility to cooperate. States parties may apply for the inclusion of some cultural monuments and natural sites in the World Heritage List drawn up in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, and apply for economic and technical assistance provided in accordance with the provisions of the Convention to enable them to enjoy international protection.

World Heritage Committee

The UNESCO World Heritage Committee is an intergovernmental organization, established in1976165438+10, which is responsible for the implementation of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The World Heritage Committee mainly undertakes four tasks: 1. It is responsible for explaining the definition of world heritage when selecting the cultural and natural heritage listed in the World Heritage List. In the process of accomplishing this task, the World Heritage Committee can get the help of the International Council of Monuments and Sites and the International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources, which will carefully examine the world heritage nominations of the States parties and write an evaluation report for each nomination. The International Research Center for the Protection and Restoration of Cultural Relics also made suggestions to the World Heritage Committee, such as training in cultural heritage and suggestions on cultural relics protection technology. 2. Review the current situation of world heritage protection. When the heritage is not properly handled and protected, the World Heritage Committee will require the State party to take special protection measures. 3. After consultation with relevant States parties, the World Heritage Committee decided to include the endangered heritage in the List of World Heritage in Danger. 4. Managing the World Heritage Fund. Provide technical and financial assistance to countries that apply for assistance to protect their heritage.

199101On October 29th, China was elected as a member of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage Committee.