Chapter I Ancient Egyptian Architecture

Four main periods in the architectural history of ancient Egypt:

First, during the ancient kingdom period (about 3000 BC), the centralized emperor autocratic system.

Emperor worship is not divorced from primitive fetishism, and memorial buildings are simple and open.

Second, during the Middle Kingdom period (about 2 1 century-BC18th century), the handicraft industry and commerce developed, resulting in the priestly class.

The emperor's architecture is gradually transformed from a mausoleum with expressive force outside to a temple with mysterious religious ceremonies inside with the help of natural landscape.

3. The New King Period (about BC16th century-BC 1 1 century) was the most powerful period in ancient Egypt.

The worship of the emperor is combined with the worship of the sun god, and the commemoration of the emperor has completely changed from a mausoleum to a temple of the sun.

The influence of western Asian architecture has come.

In 525 BC, ancient Egypt was conquered by Persians.

4. Later period, Hellenistic period, Roman period (conquered by Macedonian king in about 332 BC, conquered by Rome in 30 AD).

Great changes have taken place in architecture, and there are many Greek and Roman factors.

New types, shapes and styles have emerged.

The evolution of pyramids

The tomb imitates the house-the ancient Egyptians regarded the house as a place to live, while the tomb was regarded as a permanent place to live.

Evolution process: Mastaba-Mastaba superposition-polygonal pyramid-mature pyramid

1. ancient kingdom period: before the ancient kingdom period of 3000 BC, it took the form of mastaba.

During the ancient kingdom, the shape was built with a nine-story brick foundation under Mastaba, and then it was promoted to an early pyramid.

The first multi-layer pyramid was the Zhaosel Pyramid.

Compared with Mastaba, the pyramids:

1, the tomb is still underground.

2. The sacrificial hall was moved from the top of the high platform to the front of the tower.

3. The multi-layer abutment rises upward, becoming the main body of the appearance, a simple memorial.

4. The tower body excludes imitation wood structure, and its modeling style is consistent with that of noble tombs, simple and steady, which is suitable for stone characteristics and processing conditions.

5. There are still traces of imitation wood structure in the sacrificial hall.

Memphis and its graveyard from Giza to Shure's pyramid territory.

The pyramids of Giza in the ancient kingdom are the most mature representatives of ancient Egyptian pyramids.

Cuff, Ha Fula, Menkoala and the Sphinx are located in the pyramid of Havla.

The pyramids reflect the superb lifting, transportation and construction skills of the working people in ancient Egypt, their profound understanding of architectural art and their courage to use and transform nature. But these buildings are symbols of imperial power, showing "divinity"

Main features:

1 is an accurate square cone with simple form, which goes further than Zhao Saier.

The sacrificial hall and its affiliated buildings are very small, all of which get rid of the image of wooden structure and are unified with the characteristics of stone, simple geometry, square and simple handover. The entrance hall of the hall is hundreds of meters to the east, which has produced a strong worship mood in the sacrificial activities.

Second, the Middle Kingdom period, 21~18th century BC.

Background: Moving the capital and the canyon, with cliffs on both sides, is no longer suitable for building pyramids. With the progress of structural technology, the beam-column structure has created a vast internal space, and the significance of the internal art of memorial buildings has been improved.

The sacrificial hall becomes the main body, and the tomb is dug on the cliff to form the grotto tomb, and the cliff replaces the pyramid image)

Mausoleum of Manduhetup III

The internal and external space images are evenly matched, leaving a small golden pagoda, which is a transitional stage.

Colonnade is widely used.

The building complex has a solemn longitudinal axis, along which symmetry and solemnity are recognized, and statues, courtyards and halls are arranged in depth.

Emperor worship got rid of primitive fetishism, and complex religions were generally formed.

Third, the New Kingdom Period, BC 16~ 1 1 century.

BACKGROUND: Adapting to the religious form of autocratic system, a complete spectrum of gods was designed, which combined the emperor with the sun god above all else and was called the incarnation of the sun god. The worship of the emperor completely got rid of the worship of nature, and the power of the priests quickly became strong. Sun Temple replaced the mausoleum as a memorial building, occupying an important position.

During the period of the new king, the empress (the tomb of Hatshepsu) was built in the north of the mausoleum of Mantuhetup III.

Hatshepsu tomb

The layout and artistic conception of the building are basically the same as those of Manduhetup.

Larger in scale, wider in front, more closely combined with the cliff, more magnificent, with a layer of platform with colonnade in front.

Destroyed the pyramids completely.

Patterns of temples and temples:

Obelisk-tall door-enclosed courtyard-hall-secret room (the space from the hall to the secret room is reduced, the roof is lowered, the ground is raised, and the side walls are retracted)

Osiris column is a unique worship object in the emperor temple.

The artistic focus is 1. A grand drama adapted to religious ceremonies.

2. The inner hall is dark and daunting, which is suitable for the mystery of the ceremony.

Obelisk: 1: 10 (slenderness ratio), appearing in pairs. Combine the realistic scale with the psychological scale to strengthen worship.

Representative: Kanak Russo Abu Simbo (Nubia)

At the beginning and end of the religious ceremony, the slenderness ratio of the pillars in the Karnak Temple Hall is 1:4.66, and the gap between the pillars is smaller than the diameter of the pillars. The dense and thick columns create a mysterious and depressing effect and produce worship psychology.

The column is engraved with relief and color, with simple handover, even proportion and mature art.

Luxor is more exquisite.

Hellenistic period (declining period:)

The development of metallurgy, the application of ironware, the degradation of stone processing technology and the degradation of building technology.

Summary: The pyramids in Egypt embody-mastering masonry technology and stone beam-column system; Using natural forces to strengthen artistic expression (pyramids, grottoes); Memorial buildings pay attention to axis, depth layout and spatial sequence; Use sculpture (round sculpture, relief sculpture, line sculpture) to extract nature and patterns.

Chapter II Architecture of Two River Basins and Iranian Plateau

1. Classification of two river basins: downstream and upstream of Euphrates River and Tigris River.

2. Iranian Plateau-Persian Empire (mid-6th century BC)-secular architecture.

3. Lower Reaches of Two Rivers-High-rise Building-New Babylon City

4. What are the characteristics of buildings in the two river basins and the Iranian plateau?

A. The development pace of the two river basins is basically the same as that of ancient Egypt, and the high excavation of the Iranian plateau is a little late.

B. Religion basically believes in primitive fetishism, and secular architecture is dominant.

C. Various architectural forms and colorful decoration techniques have been developed.

D. The high-rise buildings in the lower reaches of the two rivers, the palaces in Persia on the banks of the Syrian River, and especially the magnificent new city of Babylon are all representative achievements.

chapter three

Crete: Rough and bold, strong defense representative: Knossos of Knossos.

Mycenae: Exquisite, Gorgeous and Unprotected Representative: Mycenae Tyrone

Common ground: the layout of the palace complex with the main room as the core, the I-shaped plane gate, the stone pillars with thick top and thin bottom, etc.

Greek architecture affecting the future.

Knossos is called "the city of the city"

Mycenae: The Lion Gate

Overlapping coupons: False arched coupons without horizontal thrust.

chapter four

1, the historical stage of ancient Greece

Homeric era (BC 1200-800 BC): There were no vestiges of slave social architecture in primitive society.

Antique period (800 BC-700 BC): Handicraft was separated from agriculture and promoted commerce.

The handicraft industry area (the earliest democratic Republic) appeared.

The largest Greek city-states are Sparta and Athens.

Religious stereotype hero (patron saint)

Evolution of the types of sacred buildings and temples.

Transition from wooden building to stone building

Column basic structural type

Classical period (500 BC-400 BC): the heyday of Greek culture.

Bo Shi War made Athens known as the center.

Holy land buildings and temple buildings are fully mature. Acropolis

Columnar maturation

Hellenistic period (400 BC-200 BC): Square became the center of the city.

city planning

Centralized form

2. Evolution of Holy Land Architecture

Acropolis: the settlement of slave owners

Holy land: a place for public gathering developed from the Acropolis;

In the most conspicuous place of the holy land, build the center of the whole building complex-the guardian temple;

These buildings pursue harmony with the natural environment. They don't seek flatness and symmetry, but are willing to adapt to and use all kinds of complex terrain, and temples are in charge of the overall situation.

Drawing: The most common veranda temple is 6X 13 column, and the aspect ratio of the temple is 2: 1.

3 Drawing: Evolution of Column Order

The early temples in Greece were all made of wood, which was easy to rot and catch fire.

Protect the wooden frame with pottery tiles and pieces (the pieces are prefabricated in batches).

The use of ceramic tiles in turn promotes the normalization and standardization of building component forms.

Use stones instead of wooden frames.

Birth of column (column = column+cornice+base)

Ancient Greek order:

A: The typical type of large temples built of stone in ancient Greece is the veranda type. Therefore, the artistic treatment of columns, foreheads and eaves basically determines the appearance of temples, while the scrutiny and improvement of Greek architectural art mainly focuses on the form, proportion and mutual combination of these components. By the 6th century BC, a set of stable practices had been formed, which was later called the order by the Romans.

In ancient Greece, two kinds of cylinders were formed: Doric cylinder and Ionian cylinder (the third kind of cylinder: Corinthian cylinder).

Doric Temple is the representative of Parthenon.

The representative of Ionia is the erection of the temple and the victory temple.

Corinthian order The early representative of Corinthian order was the trophy pavilion.

Roman Pentecostal: Roman Dorian Pillar, Roman Ionian Pillar, Roman Corinthian Pillar, Tasmania Pillar, Composite Pillar.

Column comparison:

Li Duo Aconio

The city-state of Asia minor in Sicily, Italy

Men are strong and tough, and women are delicate and feminine.

A small and spacious room.

Column foundation and non-column foundation.

Emphasize volume, emphasize lines.

(See Figure p43 for details)

Style tends to be mature, first, unique.

Second, consistency.

Third, stability.

Summary of column: all Greek monument art comes from column;

The overall proportion of the temple lies in the relationship between its column diameter and height;

A relationship called "modulus"

Dominant building

Acropolis, Acropolis, Acropolis

Drawings: Mountain Gate (Hall of Victory)-Bronze statue of Athena-Parthenon-Installation of P44

Shanmen: The roof is disconnected to keep the overall proportion.

Chiton, with Aonio style in it, is asymmetrical on both sides of the mountain gate, balanced on the south side of the Victory Temple, and small, with Aonio style and end columns.

Parthenon: (The Highest Achievement of Doric Order) Project

The highest and only temple with columns is the most magnificent. In the city center, most local temples are like Rix. Corner columns are reinforced, rolled and have two layers of columns. The Doric column is combined with the Iono column.

Eric Dion, the temple of Eric Dion:

Breaking through the symmetrical pattern, it is Ionian, with large height difference, closed to the south, facing the Parthenon asymmetrically, and the facade changes greatly but is completely balanced. The colonnade with female statues is lively and light, dignified and elegant compared with the Parthenon.

Q&A: The architectural features of the Acropolis.

The Acropolis is the most outstanding architectural complex in ancient Greece, located on a steep and independent hill in the southwest of Athens, with a width of 300m from east to west and 130m from north to south.

The main buildings are the Parthenon, the statue, the Victory Temple and the mountain gate, which are dedicated to Athena, the patron saint of Athens. They are different in size, form and style. The buildings in the Acropolis are arranged freely according to the procedure of religious activities, and the buildings are patchwork. The layout of the building conforms to the terrain, and at the same time, it takes into account the appreciation on the mountain and under the mountain.

The building of the Acropolis is a three-vector entity.

The architectural layout of the Acropolis is not a rigid and simple axis relationship, but the result of long-term observation, thinking and practice.

The author of "Ten Books on Architecture" is (Vitruwe)

Open-air public theater

Mature type: the audience is semicircular;

Adopting hillside buildings, rising row by row, subject to structure and technology;

The radial longitudinal corridor is the main one, supplemented by the transverse corridor along the arc.

The difference between ancient Greek theater architecture and ancient Roman theater and Colosseum and its reasons.

(1) In ancient Greece, the theatres were mostly built on hillsides, surrounded by open-air buildings. In ancient Rome, the theater and the Colosseum were independent of the city center. The shape of the theater was basically the same as that of the late Greece, except that the dressing room was enlarged and became a huge multi-storey building.

(2) The reason for this difference lies in the development of production technology. Because there was no application of arch roller and concrete in ancient Greece, large buildings could be built only by testing the terrain, which was not as free as in ancient Rome.

Chapter V Ancient Roman Architecture

The historical stage of ancient Rome

Wang Zheng period: masonry and ceramic components; Overlapping coupons (fake arch coupon structure)

Republican period: large-scale municipal construction; Temples, theatres, arenas and baths; The appearance of basilica; Roman Colosseum

Imperial period: memorial building, Arc de Triomphe; The five classic columns are mature; The technology of adding arch coupons to beams and columns is mature; Ten books about architecture

The development of arch coupon technology (arch coupon technology is the greatest feature and achievement of Roman architecture)

As early as the reign, there were overlapping fake coupons; Natural concrete (active volcanic ash+lime+crushed stone) greatly promoted the development of ancient Roman arch voucher structure; A cylindrical arch appears; The appearance of the dome replaces the simple cylindrical arch (the dome covers the space of the square plane, resulting in the modularization of the building plane); In order to break through the limitation of load-bearing wall, cross arch appeared (cross arch covers a square plane, only four corners need columns, but continuous load-bearing wall is not needed, which liberates the internal space of the building and promotes the modularization of the building plane); There is a vault system (a row of cross arches are connected in series to balance the longitudinal lateral thrust, which is resisted by several cylindrical arches on both sides. The longitudinal axis of the cylindrical arch is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the row of cross arches, and their lateral thrusts cancel each other, and only one thick wall is needed at the outermost side.

Development and stereotype of column type

Roman five pillars: Tasmanian pillar (simple stigma, no groove in the column body); Roman Doric column (slender proportion, column foundation); Ionian column; Corinthian stage (more gorgeous and slender); Composite column (scroll+Corinthian leaves)

A to solve the contradiction between column type and arch coupon structure: there is a kind of coupon column type (column type is combined with arch coupon, column type has no structural function, arch coupon is load-bearing structure), that is, decorative columns are pasted on the wall or pier, one from the column base to the cornice.

There is a kind of continuous coupon (with column bearing), that is, the coupon foot falls directly on the column with a short eaves in the middle.

B Solve the contradiction between column and multi-storey building: stacked column, that is, the first floor adopts tasker Gaud column or Roman Dorian column, the second floor adopts Ionian column, the third floor adopts Corinthian column, and the fourth floor adopts Corinthian pilaster; Macro column, that is, one column runs through two or three floors, which breaks through the limitation of horizontal division.

C to solve the contradiction between the column type and the huge volume of Roman architecture: the column type is more detailed, and the composite line foot replaces the simple line foot; Reuse Corinthian columns; A new composite column is also very popular, adding a pair of Ionian scrolls to the Corinthian stigma.

Summary: Roman columns tend to be gorgeous and fine, and most of them are no longer structural components, but only decorations, which are backward compared with Greek columns.

Vitruvius and Ten Books on Architecture (Summary of Architectural Design and Urban Construction Experience in Ancient Greece and Rome)

Content: The book is divided into ten volumes, including the cultivation and education of architects, the general rules of architectural composition, columns, urban planning principles, the design principles of municipal facilities, temples, public buildings and houses, the nature, production and use of building materials, architectural construction practices, construction and operation, decoration, hydrology and water supply, construction machinery and equipment, and so on.

Main achievements: 1. Established the basic system of European architectural science; 2. The practical experience of Greek and early Roman architecture is systematically summarized. 3. The basic theory of urban planning and architectural design has been established comprehensively; 4. According to the Greek tradition, the rational principle is combined with intuitive feeling, and the idealized beauty is combined with the beauty in real life, and some basic principles of architectural art are discussed.

5.5~5.9

The evolution of the square In Roman cities, there is generally a central square, and the skirt of the square is the most gorgeous at this time. They clearly show the close relationship between architectural nature and political situation, and show the changing process from a Republic to an imperial system to a mythical emperor.

1) During the Roman Republic, from 509 BC to the first 30 years, the square inherited the tradition of late ancient Greece. It was the center of social, political and economic activities of the city and was also used as an arena.

(Yes: Ricca, Brazil, Pompeii Square as a court and conference hall)

Typical example: Romanu Square in the center of Rome is surrounded by the most important cathedrals in Rome, such as Emily Cathedral and prony Cathedral.

Its composition and layout clearly reflect the characteristics of the Roman Republican system.

2) During the Roman Empire, ancient Rome changed from a republic to an imperial system, and the square clearly showed that public places became the personal memorial places of the emperor, which were open ~ closed, freely arranged ~ symmetrical with the axis, with the temple of the emperor as the whole composition center.

Typical example (1) The building next to Romanu in Caesar Square at the end of the Republic is Caesar's personal memorial hall.

For the first time, it established a new square system with temples as the main body and closed symmetrical axes.

Draw lessons from the late ancient Greece.

Announced the end of the Roman Republic and the arrival of the imperial era.

(2) The successor of Caesar in the ancient capital square in Austin, Austria, established a personal dictatorship and built it next to Caesar.

(3) After the completion of the Trajan Square Empire, the Roman emperor established a set of red tape to worship the emperor, which was built on the edge of the ancient capital Austin.

Referring to the architectural features of the Eastern monarchies, the square is symmetrical in axis and multi-storey in depth.

Its main entrance is a three-span Arc de Triomphe.

When you enter the square at 120*90, there is a semicircular hall in the center of the Liangce Corridor, which forms the horizontal axis of the square to avoid monotony.

At the intersection of vertical and horizontal axes stands a gilded bronze statue of Trajan.

At the bottom of the square stands Urbia Basilica, one of the largest churches in ancient Rome.

Then there is the small courtyard of 24* 16, followed by the courtyard with veranda.

The architect of this square is No.4 Apollo Road in Syria. This deep and multi-level layout is a tradition in Syria.

Summary: From Roman slave mother to Trajan Square, the evolution of form clearly reflects the transition from Republican system to imperial system, and then the process of gradual deification is strengthened step by step.

In this process, he developed a multi-level symmetrical axis layout, recognized his artistic characteristics and strength, and mastered the skills of unified composition of architecture and outdoor courtyard space, serving to consolidate the imperial power system and deify the imperial power.

Theatre and Colosseum

Theater: The shape comes from Greece.

It is natural that its functional structure and artistic form are interrelated, and its modeling has been very professional, which shows that Roman architecture has reached a high level.

Typical examples: marcellus Square and Pan Da Theatre in Orange Square.

Colosseum: Since the end of the Republic, it has spread all over the city.

Typical example: Colosseum 188* 156 is one of the masterpieces of ancient Roman architecture, and its construction speed is miraculous.

1) The spatial relationship of the whole set of arch structures is complex, but the treatment is orderly and the whole structure is simple, and the area of the bottom plane structure only accounts for 1/6.

2) The materials used are economical and reasonable.

The concrete of the foundation adopts hard volcanic rock as aggregate, the wall adopts tuff and travertine, and the concrete aggregate of the vault is pumice.

3) The gathering and assembly of the audience should be arranged properly, and the crowd should not be mixed. Stair number is easy to find a seat.

4)L facade has no priority. The reality of stamp columns enriches the contrast between light and shade of Fiona Fang, and the horizontal division of stacked columns strengthens his sense of wholeness.

5) The structure, function and form are unified.

Temple: basically inherited the Greek religion, so it also inherited its temple shape. The largest temple in the east is the Baalbek Temple in Syria.

Typical example: Pantheon: Form: The concentrated form covered by dome, which is the representative work of single space and concentrated composition. The diameter of the dome is 43.3m, and the top height is 43.3 m. In order to reduce the weight of the dome and make it thinner, five circles are made inside the dome with a wall thickness of 6.2m m..

The facade is divided into three layers, and the third layer covers the lower part of the dome, so the dome is not fully displayed for the following reasons: a, reducing the influence of the lateral thrust of the dome.

B, heightening the wall, the body shape is more uniform.

C, at that time, there was no artistic experience in dealing with the whole dome, and there was no such aesthetic habit.

Chapter 6 Byzantine architecture

I. Times

In 330 AD, the Roman emperor moved the capital to Byzantium in the eastern part of the empire and named it Constantinople.

In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: East and West.

The Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, is also the center of the Orthodox Church.

Byzantine Empire existed in 330- 1453, and its architecture flourished in the 4th-6th century.

Second, achievements.

The dome structure and centralized architecture in ancient Rome were developed, and the dome structure supported by four or more independent columns and centralized architecture under the command of the dome were created.

Decorative art of color mosaic and pastel painting.

Third, the structure

Practice of combining sail arch, drum seat and dome.

The development process of dome: The dome technology and centralized form of Byzantine architecture were developed on the basis of the experience of Persia and West Asia.

Drawing on the tradition of Palestine, it has made great innovations, completely solved the problem of using dome structure and architectural form on the square plane, and made the centralized architecture develop greatly.

Sail arch: the spherical triangular part on the other four corners between the horizontal cut and the four tickets.

Sail arch, drum seat and dome-the structural mode and artistic form created by Byzantium (to be represented by drawings).

Mechanical characteristics and principles:

This structural scheme not only makes the transition between the dome and the square plane natural and concise in form, but also concentrates the load on the four-corner pillars, and there is no need for continuous bearing walls at all, which makes the space under the dome greatly free.

The outer wall has no lateral thrust at all, and only four pillars support the dome inside, which is much more flexible in both internal space and internal treatment.

The external outline of the church is square, and the equilateral cross formed by four cylinders with the same length is divided into five spaces, some of which are covered with lower domes or vaults at four corners to offset the lateral thrust of the four vaults, so that the whole church structure is connected into a system.

Greek Cross: The central dome and its four cylindrical arches form an equilateral cross.

Fourth, decorative arts:

Basic features: large area surface decoration is needed.

The interior is rich in color and simple in appearance.

Mosaic: the gap is wide and obvious, and the masonry is firm, but the composition is not rigorous and cannot conform to the geometric shape of the part.

Pastel painting: 1 dry painting, 2 wet painting.

Stone carving: technical features: keep the original geometric shape of the component, and form patterns by hollowing out and triangular cross-section grooves.

This practice comes from Almunia.

IV. Representative examples

Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople-Located in Constantinople, it is the central church of the Orthodox Church.

Three major achievements: 1, structural system-clear structural relationship and orderly hierarchy.

2. Internal space-both centralized and unified, and tortuous.

3. Bright colors.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Characteristics of the Greek Cross Church

The plane of the church is cross-shaped, and the four cylindrical arches balanced by the central dome are equal in length; Or the four walls are replaced by domes, and the appearance is five domes with the center as the main body, such as St. Kyle's Church in Venice.

6. Churches in Eastern Europe and other Orthodox countries

Adopt improved Byzantine architectural style.

Generally, churches are small in scale, and their characteristics are: the external shapes are mostly full domes held high above the elongated drum seats, which command the whole to form a central vertical axis and form a concentrated composition.

Russia: Helmet dome with exposed top.

Eastern Europe, Transcaucasia: embossed continuous coupon decorative belt under eaves and waistlines.

Chapter VII Medieval Architecture in Western Europe

First of all, early Christian architecture

The church architecture in the feudal scuffle period in western Europe lasted for more than 300 years from the beginning to the end of the Western Roman Empire.

The typical church form developed from basilica in Rome.

(1) Latin Cross Church.

At the eastern end of basilica in Rome, a semi-circular altar was built, which was covered with a semi-dome, with an altar in front and a music scene in front.

Due to the increasing complexity of religious ceremonies, a horizontal space was built in front of the altar, forming a cross-shaped plane, which is much longer vertically than horizontally, that is, the Latin cross plane.

Its form symbolizes the crucifixion of Christ, suits the needs of rituals and becomes the orthodox system of the Catholic Church.

(2) Representative examples.

St Paul's Church in Rome.

(3) Style characteristics.

Simple figure, thick wall, rough masonry, thick mortar joint, church without decoration, thick and closed, lacking vitality.

(4) type.

The long axis of the hall is east-west, the entrance faces west, and the altar is in the east.

There is an inner colonnade courtyard in front of basilica, a washing pool in the center (later developed into a baptismal hall), and a lighting tower at the intersection of the vertical hall and the horizontal hall in basilica.

A bell tower was built to summon believers to worship and act as lookouts.

Second, Romanesque architecture.

10 ~ 12 century, an architectural style in European Christian areas, also called Roman architecture, looks like Rome and Romanesque.

(1) modeling features.

Inheriting early Christian architecture, the plane is still Latin cross, and there are one or two bell towers in the west.

(2) Examples: Pisa Cathedral Group, Ulm Cathedral in Germany, Anglum Cathedral in France.

Third, Gothic architecture.

165438+an architectural style that originated in France in the second half of the 20th century and was popular in Europe from 12 to15th century.

(A) structural characteristics

As the load-bearing component of the vault, the rest of the filling and maintenance parts become thinner, which makes the vault lighter. The independent flying crib resists its lateral thrust at the starting point of the transverse arch in the middle hall, and forms a frame structure with the skeleton joint, which reduces the vault height of the side gallery and increases the high side window in the middle hall. Using double-center pointed arch, pointed arch and reducing lateral thrust can make arches with different spans equal in height.

(2) Internal characteristics

The central hall is generally not wide but very long, and the distance between columns on both sides is not large, forming a powerful momentum from the entrance to the altar.

The height of the nave is very high, the stigma of the beams and columns on both sides is weakened and faded, the vertical line controls the indoor division, and the pointed arches intersect at the vault, like tall and straight branches growing from the ground, forming a strong upward momentum.

These two trends reflect the reverence for God and the yearning for heaven.

(3) External characteristics

The external buttress, tower and wall are vertically divided upwards, and all the parts and details are spires at the top, so the overall shape is full of the feeling of rising to the sky.

(4) Decorative features:

Walls with few murals or sculptures.

The altar is the focus of decoration.

The big window between the two pillars is made of stained glass, which is very decorative.

(5) Representative buildings:

France: Notre Dame de Paris, Amiens Cathedral, Reims Cathedral.

Britain: Salisbury Cathedral, with prominent horizontal division, is relatively soothing.

Germany: Cologne Cathedral and Ulm Cathedral are cold and steep with weak horizontal lines and dense vertical lines.

Italy: Milan Cathedral and Pisa Cathedral have many traditional factors.

Spain: Boggs Cathedral, a large number of architectural techniques are integrated into Gothic architecture, forming the Mudanga style.

(6) Style characteristics

Completely unaffected by ancient Rome.

The interior space is spacious and concise, and the momentum leads to the altar, which has the feeling of vertical rise.

/kloc-After 0/5th century, France developed into a "brilliant" Gothic architecture; Britain developed into a "vertical" Gothic building.

(vii) Medieval secular architecture

1. Venice Governor's Office: The facade is very creative.

One of the most beautiful buildings in medieval Europe.

2. Semi-exposed wooden buildings: civil buildings, wooden structures are colored to show a brisk character.

Chapter VIII Renaissance P 130

1453 Turkey conquered Constantinople and scholars fled.

/kloc-At the end of 0/6, the Renaissance ended.

The first section spring news Florence cathedral dome primrose

The first dome building in western Europe built on a drum platform.

The main church is generally Latin cross-shaped, and the oriental music scene is almost centralized.

Structure: 1. The outline of the vault is sagittal, roughly double-centered;

2. The structure of skeleton coupon is adopted, and the dome is divided into inner and outer layers, with the middle being empty.

Meaning: 1 The Catholic church regards the centralized plane and dome as pagan temple shapes, which are strictly excluded, and craftsmen ignore church commandments.

Therefore, it is a symbol of breaking through the spiritual autocracy of the church in architecture.

2. The previous dome, half exposed to Shimada Hanzo, is not an important modeling method.

Use drum sets to show all the domes.

Therefore, it is a symbol of the primitive spirit of the Renaissance.

3. The structure and structure are greatly initiated, which is a sign of the general progress of science and technology during the literature review period.