Are you asking Andre? Andre paul guillaume Gide?
(1869165438+1October 22nd-1951February19), a French writer, is a representative figure in protecting gay rights.
Kidd was born in Paris on1October 22nd. His father, a law professor at the University of Paris, died in 1880. His uncle is a political economist. Charles. Charles gide. Gide grew up alone in Normandy and became a prolific writer in his early years. 1895 After his mother died, he married his cousin Madeleine Rondo, but they have always been a couple in name only.
189 1 year Germany published his first novel Andrew? Walter's Notes "(French:" Diary of Andre Walter "). 1893 and 1894, Gide traveled in North Africa. He's in Algiers with Oscar? Oscar Wilde saw it and later realized that he was gay. 1896, he became the mayor of Laroche-Baigner, a commune in Normandy.
1908, Gide participated in the literary magazine Nouvelle Revue fran? Aise'' (New France Review).
1920s, Gide inspired a group of writers such as Camus and Sartre. 1923, he published a book about Dostoevsky. When he defended homosexuality in Corey Tang (1924), he was widely criticized, and later regarded it as his most important work.
1923, he gave birth to a daughter named Catherine with another woman, Maria Van Rysselberghe. His wife Madeleine died in 1938. Later, with his nominal marriage as the background story, he created the novel Etnunc Ma in te (1951year).
1925 began to strive for a more humane living environment for criminals. 1926, he published his autobiography "If the seeds don't die" (French: "Les Granny Melter").
From July 1926 to May 1927, he and his nephew Marc Allégret performed in African colonies near the French equator. Before returning to France, he had been to the present Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic and Cameroon. His trip to Congo (French: "Voyage au Congo") and his return from Chad (French: "Retour du Tchad") are all related to his roaming. In the book, he criticized the immoral behavior of French businessmen in Congo and hoped for reform. In particular, he strongly criticized the "big privilege system" (French: "big concession system"). For example, under this system, some parts of the colony are owned by French companies, which can exploit all the natural resources in this area at will, especially rubber. He told the story that local people were forced to leave their villages to collect rubber in the forest for weeks, and he even compared this exploitation to slavery.
/kloc-in the 1930 s, he quickly became a communist, but after visiting the Soviet Union, his illusions about communism were shattered. His criticism of communism cost him many socialist friends. This situation was particularly serious after he broke off relations with communism in the' retreat' on 1936.
Gide left France for Africa on 1942, where he lived until the end of World War II. 1947 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Ji De died on February 9, 195 1, and his works were banned by Catholics in 1952.
Gide's novels include New Earth (1897), Moralist (1902) and laporte? Troite) (1909), discussing the moral dilemma he encountered in real life.
History of Chrysler Automobile Company Chrysler Automobile Company is the third largest automobile company in the United States, founded by walter chrysler in 1925. Its car sales rank ninth among global car companies. Its predecessor was Maxwell Motor Company. The company has subsidiaries in many countries around the world and is a multinational automobile company. The company is headquartered in Detroit, USA. 1925, Walter P. Chrysler [1] broke away from General Motors and established Chrysler Automobile Company. In the same year, the company acquired Maxwell Motor Company. 1928 bought Dodge Brothers Automobile Company. From 1936 to 1949, it once surpassed Ford Motor Company and became the second largest automobile company in the United States. However, in the early 1950s and 1960s, production was in a period of decline, and in the mid-1960s, the company was reorganized and stabilized. After 1974, Chrysler's business went downhill again, 1978 suffered serious losses and 1980 went bankrupt. Finally, the * * * federal loan guarantee of $654.38+$50 million saved Chrysler from bankruptcy. 1982 began to turn losses into profits. 1994, the company had a total of 1 15900 employees and a net profit of $3.7 billion, accounting for 14.7% of the American automobile market.
Notre Dame de Paris historical Chinese name Notre Dame de Paris French name Notre Dame de Paris English name Notre-Dame Cathedral Paris, France, the southeast end of Cite was built at 1 163 ~ 1345. Gothic architects Jean de Schell, Pierre de Montreuil and Jean Ravi have strong architectural styles.
It is located on the Seine River in the center of Paris. Its status and historical value are unparalleled, and it is one of the most brilliant buildings in history.
The church is famous for its gothic architectural style, the carving and painting art of altars, cloisters, doors and windows, and a large number of art treasures hidden in the church from 13 to 17 centuries. Although it is a religious building, it shines with the wisdom of the French people and reflects people's pursuit and yearning for a better life.
Notre Dame de Paris was originally called "Our Lady" in French, which means "Our Lady". This lady refers to no one else, but the virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. Notre Dame Cathedral (20 photos) is not the first religious building where it is located. According to some cultural relics excavated under the church, the site has been used for religious purposes, which can be traced back to the time of the Roman emperor Tiberius. There may be a temple dedicated to Roman and Gaul gods in the eastern half of Sidi Island.
As for the first Christian church built on this site, there are different opinions. The former site of Notre Dame has a tortuous history. In the 4th century, it was a Christian church in memory of St Stephen, and in the 6th century, it became a Romanesque church. This church has 65,438+02 cornerstones, taken from the original Roman temple ruins. It is also said that in 528, Childbert I of Merovincians further rebuilt the cathedral on the basis of the original church.
By the time of Louis VII in the12nd century, the original Romanesque church had been destroyed. 1 160 Maurice de Sully, who was elected as the bishop of Paris, decided to build a magnificent church in this place comparable to Saint Etienne's Cathedral. According to historical data, there used to be two churches here, one is St. Danny's Cathedral and the other is Notre Dame Cathedral.
As early as 10 century, Saint-Denis Cathedral has become the religious center of Paris and even the whole of France. However, it is precisely because of this importance that people began to find that the original St. Stephen's Church was not in line with its heavy responsibility. In addition, the original church has become obsolete over time, and they began to consider rebuilding it.
Notre Dame de Paris was founded in 1 163 and completed in 1345. The church used to be a gathering place for artisans' organizations and educational organizations all over Europe.
Because of these historical origins, the most famous Sorbonne University in Paris is located here. /kloc-During the French Revolution at the end of 0/8, most of the treasures of the church were destroyed or looted, and displaced sculptures and beheaded statues were everywhere. The only big clock has not been melted. Notre Dame at this time has been riddled with holes.
Later, the church was changed into a hall of reason, and later it became a wine cellar. It was not until 1804 that Napoleon came to power that he returned to religion. The famous French writer victor hugo once described Notre Dame in his novel Notre Dame.
This novel was written in the romantic era in the history of French literature. After the book 183 1 was published, it caused great repercussions. Many people wanted to build Notre Dame, which was dilapidated at that time, and launched a fundraising plan.
It also attracted the attention of the authorities at that time to the tragic situation of Notre Dame. The restoration plan began at 1844, and was carried out by historian and architect Ole.
Hosted by Eugene Violet-le-duc, it recreates the long-lost glory of Notre Dame de Paris. 1845, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lazio (1807- 1857) and violette le-Duke were in charge of the comprehensive renovation of the church. The project lasted for 23 years, and the minaret and the sacristy were repaired, so we are here today.
Today, Notre Dame de Paris is still a masterpiece of French Gothic architecture, almost maintaining its original original style. Notre Dame also shows the development history of Gothic churches.
1239 King St. Louis placed a crown of thorns in Notre Dame. 1302, Philip Lebel held the first royal national convening meeting in Notre Dame.
Then there are various ceremonies: grace ceremony, wedding, coronation, baptism, funeral and so on. 1430 coronation of young king Henry iv 1455 * * Joan of Arc lawsuit. Joan of Arc, a national heroine, won a great victory for France, but was later betrayed and burned at the stake.
Many years later, Notre Dame took revenge, held a ceremony and erected a statue of Joan of Arc in the courtyard. Since then, future generations have been honored as "Joan of Arc". Margaret of valois married Henry of Navarra on 1572.
The funeral of the Grand Duke was held in 1687. 1708 Louis XIV modified the altar according to his father's wishes to commemorate the Virgin Mary.
1804 65438+On February 2nd, the Pope sent VII to crown Emperor Napoleon. The Roman emperor was baptized here in 18 1 1 year.
1944 On August 26th, the commemoration ceremony of the liberation of Paris was held in Notre Dame de Paris. 1945 read out the hymn of victory in the second world war 1970 1 1.02 General De Gaulle's state funeral was held here.
On May 3rd1980, Pope Paul II held an unusual prayer meeting here.
The history of the Eiffel Tower 1880 France just got rid of humiliation in the Franco-Prussian War. In order to show its national strength, the French Parliament has made a decision: 1889. From May 5 to October 6, Paris, France will hold the World Expo again, with the theme of celebrating the victory of the French Revolution 108.
1May, 886, bidding for the World Expo Building in France * * *; Design a tower in Paris's Ares Square. There are two conditions: the tower can attract tourists to buy tickets; It can be easily demolished after the World Expo.
On March 3rd10889, the main building of the Eiffel Tower was completed. The Eiffel Tower became the most classic building of the 1889 World Expo.
On May 6th, 1889, the World Expo officially opened with a cannon on the Eiffel Tower. The sound of guns on the tower every morning and the light on the tower at night not only became the most popular building at the World Expo, but also constituted the romantic life in Paris.
According to the 20-year contract signed between Paris and Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower will be demolished in 1909. But Paris at this time is inseparable from the Eiffel Tower.
After the advent of radio technology in the early 20th century, no one proposed to demolish this tower, because it is the highest point in Paris. In addition to its commemorative significance, the wireless telegraph center on the tower gave the French navy the most advanced means of communication in the world.
The radio equipment on the tower intercepted a large number of enemy secret messages during World War I, including the famous Matahari spy case.
19 10 On May 23rd, the Eiffel Tower began to tell the time on time, and the night signal covered more than 5,200 kilometers, which made the world realize time synchronization. The French physicist Wolff discovered cosmic rays by measuring the different radiation intensities at the top and bottom of the tower.
Since then, the Eiffel Tower has become the earliest radio and television transmitting station. It is with "natural beauty" and loyal service that the Eiffel Tower can "redeem itself" when its life expires. Prometheus, who was bound, was finally liberated and became the apple of all French people's eyes.
Before the Empire State Building appeared in new york in A.D. 1930, the Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world, which once led this growth trend. You can see towering TV towers, sightseeing towers and tourist towers in almost any city. As the famous motto of the World Expo says, "Everything starts with the World Expo".
1989 March 3 1, Eiffel Tower 100 years old. The Paris Tower Management Company specially held a grand commemorative event, which recreated the historical scene that Eiffel led everyone to the summit a hundred years ago: "Eiffel" wore a black dress, wore a wide-brimmed hat and held the national flag, and 30 "celebrities" and "construction workers" climbed the stairs with the grand drum music.
When he put the tricolor flag on the top of the tower, the 2 1 salute rang, pigeons flew around the tower, and colorful balloons floated in the blue sky. On the fence of the platform on the second floor of the tower, a colorful banner of "Celebrating the Tower 100" written in words from all over the world is hung.
Tourists from all over the world eagerly witnessed this spectacular sight. 199 1 year, UNESCO listed the Eiffel Tower as a cultural heritage in the World Heritage List.
Extended data:
The Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high, the antenna is 24 meters high and the total height is 324 meters. The Eiffel Tower is made up of many scattered steel components-it looks like a pile of model components.
Steel member 18038, weight 10000 tons. During the construction process, 7 million holes were drilled,12,000 metal pieces and 2.5 million rivets were used. Except four legs are reinforced concrete, the whole body is steel, a total of 7300 tons of wrought iron.
The tower is divided into three floors, which are 57.6m,115.7m and 276. 1 m respectively. There are restaurants on the first and second floors, and observation deck on the third floor. There are 17 1 1 steps from the tower foundation to the top of the tower.
The Eiffel Tower was originally built to celebrate the 0/00th anniversary of the victory of the French Revolution/KLOC-,and later it gradually became a tourist attraction, mainly for tourists.
At the same time, the Eiffel Tower will also play a great role in scientific experiments: aerodynamic experiments, material endurance research, mountaineering physiology, radio research, telecommunications issues, meteorological observation and so on.
120 years, the Eiffel Tower has experienced a process from technology to art to symbol. Now, the Eiffel Tower, as a craft design building with mixed technology and art, has appeared in front of the world as a humanistic symbol.
People's Network-Eiffel Tower: Prometheus of Liberation
Baidu Encyclopedia-Eiffel Tower
The development history of Castilian people: Castilla was only a county in the east of Leó n at a very early time, and it became an independent region in 1 1 century. At that time, Castilla made its capital in burgos and later moved to valladolid. In the next 400 years, Castilla led other Christian countries in the north to recapture the central and southern parts of Spain from the Moors who had been controlling the Iberian Peninsula since the 8th century.
1085, after castilla captured Toledo, it was renamed as New Castilla. 12 12 The Battle of Tolosa in Las Navas declared that the Moors had lost their rule in most parts of the south. 1230, Castilla unified Leon. In the next ten years, Castilla successively captured Có rdoba (1236), Murcia (1243) and Seville (1248). Sign ALCA &；; After ccedil Hovasse Treaty, the Canary Islands were also owned by Castilla from March 6th, 460/kloc-0.
1469, the wedding of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castilla brought the two kingdoms together. Their merger finally formed a unified entity in Spain. 15 16, Charles V, the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, became the monarch of these two kingdoms. Check the list of Spanish monarchs and the genealogy of Spanish royal family.
It is generally believed that the territory of Castilla consists of Cantabria, Castilla-Leon, Castilla-La Mancha and Community of Madrid.
Website of French newspapers and magazines, 1. Tv5 is a French news station facing the world. Generally speaking, the best way to learn French is audio-visual practice://tv5.fr/tv5site/programs/accueil _ continental.php2.rfi is a radio station open to the whole world. There are news about French facilities and news at normal speed on the website, and mp3 can be downloaded. The website I gave you is their program. Click directly on the program name to enter the download page://rfi.fr/radiofr/listes/001/liste _ assignments _ theme.asp 3. Le Monde is a relatively neutral news website (French newspapers are divided into two groups, such as Le Liberté, so I won't write it because it is a far-left newspaper. But if you are interested, you can look at the news above. : //lemonde.fr/4.le figaro, or le figaro, is the oldest French newspaper, which is characterized by a large layout and many pages. It is the authoritative newspaper in France. Lefigaro.fr/5.Paris Competition is paris match Pictorial, which is a comprehensive magazine. Paris * * * Watch /6. Le Point, which is rich and interesting, is also a magazine, but I think its content is more serious than paris match, mostly about current politics or cultural events://le point.fr/sommaire.7. France 2 is the website of French TV stations, providing video news and watching their domestic news: //france2.fr/
Finally, I wrote this down, hehe, this magazine is rarely read by even the French, mainly for various scholars. If you are interested in this aspect, you can browse it, but the article is quite difficult to read. ://Monde-diploma.fr//Well, I wrote these websites, hoping to help you! ! .
Cartier brand history founding year: 1847.
Place of establishment: Paris, France
Cartier brand history: 1847, Louis-Francois Cartier took over his master Adolphe Picard's jewelry workshop at No.29 Montur Street in Paris, where Cartier brand was born.
1899 Cartier moved to its current address, Paris Peace Street 13. Later, Cartier's three brothers Louis, Pierre and Jacques inherited the family business. They traveled all over the world, from India to Russia, from the Persian Gulf to the New World. Cartier established branches in London and new york in 1902 and 1909 respectively, which laid the foundation for Cartier.
Cartier quickly won the favor of the European royal family. 1902 Prince of Wales, who was about to become King Edward VII, once praised Cartier as "the jeweler of the emperor and the emperor among jewelers". He also appointed Cartier as the royal jewelry supplier of the British royal family in 1904. The exotic culture experienced by the three Cartier brothers when they traveled around the world deeply influenced the style of Cartier's fine products.
Nowadays, whether it is high-end jewelry or contemporary jewelry series, such as Le Baiser du Dragon (kiss of the dragon), Cartier boutique conveys brand value with excellent production technology, unique style and professional technology.
Long before pocket watches and watches were widely used, Cartier showed great interest in watch manufacturing. 1888 mentioned the first female watch in Cartier's file, which is a big trend for Louis Cartier in the future. 1904, he asked Santos to show his watch to his Brazilian pilot friend Santos Dumont. The success of this watch prompted Cartier to continue to introduce other watches. Cartier's watchmaking traditions in the 20th century were formed: Tonneau (1906), Tortue (19 12), Tank (19 19) and Baignoire (12). Pasha de Cartier (1985), Fran Aisi (1996). Collection of Privée Cartier Paris Series: 1997 Cartier decided to integrate its classic watches and the best handmade watches into a series, including Roadster (2002), dédeclaration(2003) and Santos 100 (2004).
19 1 1 year, Cartier introduced a well-known classic invention: Cartier magic clock. The clock hands floating in the air seem to run alone and have no movement. The production technology of the magic clock is still a unique skill that Cartier refuses to disclose. There are many different styles of magic clocks, including the "Chimera" clock and the "porch" clock that imitate Buddhist temples.
Both modeling watches and simple and complicated mechanical watches convey Cartier's love and persistence in clock technology. Cartier has always made proud achievements in the field of innovation and rich clock connotation. Cartier watches have the same style, and they are displayed on every watch. Its style is not only highly respected all over the world, but also represents the classic and lasting aesthetic style of the brand. Just like Santos watch, it has been more than 100 years since it came out, and it still inspires Cartier's new watch series.
Brand concept: As "the jeweler of the emperor, the emperor of jewelers", Cartier's goal is not only to simply make jewelry and watches, but to express bold and avant-garde style through new creation based on its rich and outstanding history.
Cartier's endless creativity and excellent design have become a leader in the watch industry.
The history of Angkor Wat, Angkor Wat
The remains of Angkor Wat are the largest cultural heritage in Southeast Asia, which refers to the remains of stone tile buildings on the north bank of Tonle Sap Lake in Siem Reap Province, northwest Cambodia. Angkor Wat was once brilliant, and in its heyday from 12 to 13, it was a great empire that ruled the whole Indochina Peninsula. Many magnificent cities and buildings have sprung up one after another, making Angkor Wat, the prosperous imperial capital, more prosperous. But its glory is short-lived. After the decline of Angkor Dynasty, the city was lost in the jungle unconsciously, and the scene was bleak. Now it is still eroded by tropical harsh nature, and its precious remains are facing the crisis of collapse.
Angkor is the spiritual center and religious center of Khmer people. Angkor is also a holy place for travelers. Angkor was the capital of Khmer Kingdom in Southeast Asia in the 9th-/Kloc-0th-5th century (Angkor originated from Sanskrit Nagara, meaning city). At the beginning of the 9th century, the Angkor Dynasty (802- 143 1) had 25 kings successively, ruling the southern tip of Indo-China Peninsula and a large area of land between Vietnam and the Bay of Bengal, and its sphere of influence far exceeded the territory of Cambodia today. At the same time, a lot of construction has been carried out, leaving more than 600 temples and pagodas with Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles, such as Angkor Wat and Bandie Temple, all of which shine brightly. 143 1 year, Thai troops captured and looted Angkor, and the city was abandoned. Subsequently, the prosperous Angkor was lost in the jungle of 45 square kilometers in Fiona Fang. In the16th century, it became a miscellaneous tree ruin and was gradually forgotten by people.
Angkor Wat in Fiona Fang, with an area of 10 square kilometers, commonly known as the Great Angkor Wat, is the last capital of the Khmer Empire. It was built at the end of the 9th century, after Jayafman VII (65,438+065,438+0865,438+0-about 65,438+026,5438+05) drove away the invading Zhanpo people.
Angkor Wat is a city surrounded by cities, with a length of12km. There is a stone bridge on the moat outside the south gate of Angkor Wat. There are a row of 54 stone busts on the railings on both sides of the bridge, one representing the gods and the other representing the demons. They have the serpent king incarnated by cobra in their hands. It is said that there were many crocodiles in the moat about 100 meters wide in ancient times to resist the enemy's attack. Drilling into the small south gate, the old trees leaning on the ground are neatly arranged on both sides of the road. There is a gentle morning light in the gap between the trees, the breeze blows, and the dead leaves click on the front window of the car and fall to the ground, which is unspeakable.
In the center of Angkor Wat, a spectacular bayon temple was built according to the Buddhist concept of Mount Sumi. Around the central minaret are 49 Buddhist pagodas, all of which are carved with huge Buddhist faces. These mysterious Buddha faces smile and have different expressions, which are somewhat mysterious in silence. The four faces of the four-faced Buddha represent kindness, sadness, joy and abandonment respectively, and sadness and joy are intangible. The murals in the cloister of Baiyun Temple are also rich, ranging from palace fights to citizens' lives, but the mysterious "Khmer smile" of the four-faced Buddha leaves the deepest impression on tourists.
Within the scope of Angkor Wat, there are also famous buildings such as Bapeng Temple, Phimeanakas, Leprosy Hospital and Elephant Terrace.
Angkor scenic area has a large scope, and you can rent motorized or non-motorized vehicles for sightseeing.
Angkor has three kinds of tickets: one-day tour, three-day tour and seven-day tour, so the prices are different. You can visit all Angkor monuments, including Angkor Wat and Angkor City. Tickets are provided with photos, and the ticket office provides free snapshots. Before the tickets are sent to you, the conductor will read the relevant rules in your mother tongue. I bought a ticket for the next day, and I can enter for free after 4 pm that day.