Our great motherland is an ancient civilization with a long history. Besides being called China, there are many nicknames. Today, let's learn about the nicknames of the motherland through the poet's exquisite poems.
Kyushu:
It originated from the legend that Dayu controlled water and demarcated Kyushu. Kyushu, according to legend, after the flood control, China was divided into Kyushu, Hebei, Yanzhou, Qingdao, Jing, Yang, Liang, Yong, Xu and Yu. Huainanzi Topography also shows that there were nine states in ancient China: Shenzhou, Zizhou, Rongzhou, Yaozhou, Jizhou, Taizhou, Jeju, Bozhou and Yangzhou. Since then, Kyushu has generally referred to China. Also from Kyushu are Jiucheng, Jiuyou, Jiutu and Jiuqu. In the Song Dynasty, a map of China was drawn. Gong Zizhen, a famous poet in the Qing Dynasty, wrote when he visited Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province: "Kyushu is angry and convinced by the wind and thunder, and thousands of troops are studying sadly." I advise God to shake hands and make peace again, and not stick to one pattern. " President Mao Zedong quoted this sentence in his article and spread it widely. In the poem, "Kyushu" means China.
The ancient name of China.
During the Shang Dynasty, because the politics and political culture of enriching the people were better than before, the Chinese people living in the Central Plains and some ethnic minorities in the north and south all surrendered to the Shang Dynasty. Huaxia was the main ethnic group at that time, and later people took Huaxia as the name of China. Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once said in a poem: "It's important to be extremely dry in three things, and to slander Mrs. Xia in Xinghua" (Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty (Volume 526-Volume 6) and Wen Kai Jiang Song (Volume 6)). The word "Huaxia" in the poem is China.
The old name of China
The ancient book Historical Records? It is mentioned in Biography of Mencius Gou Jian that there was a man named Yan Yan in the State of Qi during the Warring States Period. He said: "China was named Chixian Shenzhou." Later, people called China "Chixian Shenzhou". However, it is used more separately, either Chixian or Shenzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi said, "Besides, the fragrance of chrysanthemum is new and the wine is ripe, and China Sima is crazy" (Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty, vol. 36 1-32, Appreciating the Happy Sunshine of Huangfu Ten Teenagers after a Long Autumn Rain). "Shenzhou" in the poem is another name for China.
China
Before the Qin Dynasty, Chinese people called their motherland China. After the Qin Dynasty, it gradually developed into a multi-ethnic country, so it was called the "Chinese nation". "Zhong" means China, and "Hua" is the abbreviation of the Chinese nation. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said: "After several years in the East China Sea, China still exists today." ("Tang Poetry" Volume 573-84 "Sending People to Japan") The poet called China "China".
In addition, China is also called "Yuyu", "Midsummer", "Zhongzhou" and "Four Seas".
Besides Kyushu, there are twelve nicknames and five meanings for ancient China.
In the literature of Zhou Dynasty, the word China has five different meanings: First, it refers to the capital, that is, the capital city. The second refers to the territory directly ruled by the son of heaven. Three refers to the Central Plains. Four refers to domestic. Xia Wuzhi is also a country where Han people live and build. Since the Han Dynasty, people have often referred to the Central Plains Dynasty established by the Han people as China. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Southern Dynasty called itself China, while the Northern Dynasty was called Rousseau. The Northern Dynasties also called themselves China, and in turn called the Southern Dynasties "islanders". Liao and the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty were in opposition, so they all called themselves China and did not recognize each other as China.
Strictly speaking, China in history is not equal to the scope of China today. China was not used as the official country name in ancient China. For example, the Han dynasty surnamed Han and the Tang dynasty surnamed Tang. Established the titles of later dynasties, including Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming. When the Qing Dynasty signed a traitorous treaty with foreign countries, the name of the country was Qing Dynasty. It was not until after the Revolution of 1911 that China was referred to as "Republic of China". After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the word "China" became the abbreviation of People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC). Besides, there is only one China in the world, and that is People's Republic of China (PRC), with its capital in Beijing. Of course, China has many nicknames because of its long history.
(1) Chixian and Shenzhou were first named in Biography of Historical Records Mencius and Xun Qing, and Zou Yan's remarks were mentioned during the Warring States Period. He said that China was called Chixian Shenzhou, and later people called China Chixian Shenzhou, but they were all used separately, or Chixian or Shenzhou.
(2) China and ancient times are both "flowers", which means beautiful and brilliant. One explanation for China is that people in the ancient Central Plains thought they lived in a well-dressed and magnificent civilized area, so they called themselves China. Another way of saying it is: Zhou people like bright red color and regard red as a symbol of good luck, so they call themselves Hua; There is another saying: China was omitted in ancient China.
(3) Zhu Hua, because people in the Zhou Dynasty claimed to be China, so many vassal states in the Central Plains enfeoffed by the Zhou Dynasty were called Zhu Hua, and Du Yu of the Jin Dynasty said in the annotation of Chunqiu Zuozhuan that Zhu Zhu was China. "
(4) China. Before the Qin Dynasty, Chinese people called their country China. After Qin unified the six countries, the territory included other nationalities except the Han nationality, so there was the saying of the Chinese nation. Since Chinese is "China", China is the abbreviation of the Chinese nation. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Wo wrote: "The land of China belongs to the border town, and foreign clouds come from the island." From this perspective, China people have already made use of China and foreign countries at this time. (5) Summer had the meaning of "big" in ancient times. As we all know, the first slavery dynasty in Chinese history was the Xia Dynasty founded by the son of Dayu. It was recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji that "Yu sealed Xia as a country". Later, people often called China "Xia".
(6) Huaxia, during the Shang Dynasty, the national strength was strong and the population was large, so the merchants made the Huaxia people living in the Central Plains and some ethnic minorities in the south and north obey the merchants. The Shang Dynasty originally belonged to the Dongyi tribe, which expelled Wang Xia and won the world. At that time, the population of the Chinese nation was still the majority. Later, people took China as a synonym for China.
(7) Summer is similar to flowers.
Midsummer, Fangxia and Xiahan are all synonymous with China. In midsummer, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty explained: "Looking at the summer is not allowed, looking at the four generations and resisting the border." From then on, "midsummer" refers to "China". The letter to Xia, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty explained, "What did Xia Great Man do with his letter?"
(9) Yucheng, Yuji and Yudian are household names in Dayu's water control. According to legend, in order to control the flood as soon as possible, Dayu did not enter the house for three times. Therefore, in order to remember Dayu's great achievements in water control, later generations called China Yucheng, Yuji (Dayu's water control footprint is all over the country) and Yudian (the temple means "governance")
(10) Kyushu, this word must be the most familiar to everyone. According to legend, after Yu's flood control, Kyushu was defined according to the mountains and rivers, namely Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Liangzhou, Yongzhou, Xuzhou and Yuzhou. So later generations called China Kyushu. Huai Nan Zi also records that nine states were established in ancient China: Shenzhou, Zizhou, Rongzhou, Yan, Jizhou, Taizhou, Jeju, Bozhou and Yangzhou. Later, the word Kyushu derived many words: Jiuyou, Jiuyou, Jiutu, Jiuqu and Jiumu. Therefore, the nine-domain map drawn in Song Dynasty refers to China.
(1 1) Bazhou, "The Biography of Han Xu Empress" said that "the customs are different, and the eight States are Huaide".
(12) Within the sea, etymology notes the word "four seas": The ancients thought that China was surrounded by the sea on all sides, so they called China within the sea and foreign countries overseas.
Of course, what China people call themselves at this time. There are other different dynasties coexisting with Chinese dynasties in the world. For example, ancient India called China "Sinian", that is, "the east is an earthquake, and the sunrise is in the east, so the clouds are aurora." During the Han Dynasty, the Huns called the Han Dynasty "Han" because they had been at war with the Huns for many years. At the same time, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened the Hexi Corridor, mainland silk and other commodities spread widely in Rome, so the Romans also called China "Cerise", which means "the country of silk".
When the Khitan was founded in 907 AD, China was also called "Khitan" because as a powerful nomadic tribe, Khitan had frequent contacts with the West. Now China's address in Russian is transliterated from the word "Qidan". In modern times, China was called "zhina" by this island country with an area of only 378,000 square kilometers and perennial earthquakes.
Textual research on the original meaning of the word "China"
Huaxia people call their four ethnic groups barbarians, barbarians, Rong and Di, and call themselves "China". The word "China" first appeared in the documents of the Zhou Dynasty, and later it has different meanings with different objects. Generally speaking, there are six concepts as follows: First, it refers to the capital (capital), such as the note in The Book of Songs: "China is also the capital". Second, it refers to the areas directly ruled by the Emperor of Heaven. For example, Zhuge Liang said to Sun Quan, "If we can compete with China with the people of wuyue, it is better to retreat as soon as possible." . Third, it refers to the Central Plains, such as Historical Records Biography of East Vietnam: "Dongou invites the whole country to be a disciple of China". Fourth, it refers to the mainland and China, such as "Historical Records of Emperor Wu": "Eight famous mountains in the world, three barbarians and five China". Fifth, it refers to the areas where Xia people live, such as the Analects of Confucius: "In the summer, China is also". Six refers to the country established by China or Han nationality, and this title often appears in Historical Records and Hanshu. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, people often refer to the Central Plains Dynasty established by the Han people as "China". Because of this, when ethnic minorities entered the Central Plains, they called themselves "China". For example, the Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Xianbei people, called itself "China" and the Southern Dynasty called it "Island Yi". At the same time, although the Southern Dynasties established by the Han nationality moved away from the Central Plains, they still called themselves "China", called the Northern Dynasties "Rousseau" and the Northern Wei Dynasty "Wei Lu". For another example, the Song Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty all called themselves "China" and did not recognize each other as "China".
The Evolution of the Regional Concept of "China"
The scope referred to by the word "China" has experienced an expanding process from small to large with the passage of time. When "China" appeared in Shangshu, it was only the name people used to address the Guanzhong and Heluo areas where they lived in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the region to which Zhou belonged could also be called "China", and the meaning of "China" extended to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including the vassal states. With the territorial expansion of vassal states, "China" became the title of all countries. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the area not belonging to the Yellow River basin but within the jurisdiction of the Central Plains regime was called "China", and the name "China" eventually became the common name of China. Since the middle of19th century, "China" has become a special term, which refers to all the territories of our country.
In fact, although the name "China" has a written history of 3,000 years, it is only a regional concept. From Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty, no dynasty or regime took "China" as its official name. As a country name, "China" began after the Revolution of 1911. 19 12 On New Year's Day, the Republic of China was founded and internationally known as the Republic of China ("China"). At this point, the name "China" became the official name with the concept of modern country. The great People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) was founded in 1949, and the concept of "China" was perfected and enriched to today's meaning.
A Textual Research on the Alias of "China"
In addition to the above-mentioned "Huaxia", China is also called "China", "Kyushu", "Four Seas" and "Shenzhou". "China" originally refers to the Yellow River basin, and the word "China" first appeared in Pei's annotation in the History of the Three Kingdoms. With the expansion of the territory, all the places under the jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty are collectively called "China", which refers to the whole country. In the Tang Dynasty, Han's poems said that "China went to the border town and foreign clouds came from the island", and "China" was compared with "foreign". Therefore, "China" is also called "China" for short, and China people living abroad are called "overseas Chinese".
The name "Kyushu" originated in the mid-Warring States period. At that time, there were constant disputes and wars between countries, and people longed for reunification, so the idea of dividing up the Central Plains came into being, including Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang and Yong Jiuzhou. Other ancient books, such as Er Ya Di Shi, Zhou Li Paper Workshop and Lu's Spring and Autumn Tour to Shi Lan, also recorded "Kyushu". Although the specific state names are different, they all record 9 States. "Zhou" officially became an administrative region in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The later States became more and more detailed, and the jurisdiction was smaller, but the central area was roughly equivalent to the scope of Kyushu in the Warring States Period. So "Kyushu" became the name of China, which has been used ever since.
In ancient times, China was known as the "Four Seas", which was named after the sea around it. Inspired by overseas traffic, Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period, boldly put forward the theory of "Great Kyushu". He believes that "Gong Yu" Kyushu can only be counted as a state, called "Chixian Shenzhou"; Nine states of the same size are just a small Kyushu surrounded by the sea. There are nine such small Kyushu, which constitute the big Kyushu; Kyushu is surrounded by Daying County. Therefore, "Shenzhou" only accounts for 8 1% of the world. Although the facts of later generations prove that this is only a hypothesis, the name "Shenzhou" has been used to this day.
Textual research on the name of "China" in world culture
In ancient India, Greece, Rome and other countries, China was honored as Cina, Bo and Sinai. Many developed countries almost always call China by terms close to it. Chinese transliteration: zhina, zhina, zhina, Heini, Sinian, etc. These are the foreign language equivalents of Qin, or they are thought to be derived from the pronunciation of Si, and some people think that they are derived from China or tea in Minnan dialect.
China is called "Khitan" by the Russians, which obviously comes from another source. The Liao Dynasty established by the Khitans was powerful and controlled the whole Mongolian Plateau and its surrounding areas, and the fighters were invincible wherever they went. At that time, the Russians, who had just made their mark in the Eastern European Plain, first heard that there was only Khitan in the East, and called China "Khitan", which has been in use ever since.
People's Republic of China (PRC) (China)
People's Republic of China (PRC) (People's Republic of China (PRC)), referred to as "China" for short, was founded in 1949, 10, 1, located in the east of Asia and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class, based on the alliance of workers and peasants, with the five-star red flag as the national flag and march of the volunteers as the national anthem. The national emblem consists of the national flag, Tiananmen Square, gears and wheat ears. The common language is Mandarin and standardized Chinese characters. Beijing, the capital, is a unified multi-ethnic country with the Han nationality as the main body and 56 ethnic groups.
China's land area is about 9.6 million square kilometers, the coastline of the eastern and southern continents is10.8 million kilometers, and the area of inland and coastal waters is about 4.7 million square kilometers. There are more than 7,600 large and small islands in the sea area, of which Taiwan Province Island is the largest, with an area of 35,798 square kilometers. China borders 14 countries and is adjacent to the sea of eight countries. The provincial administrative divisions are 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions.
China is one of the countries with the longest history in the world, with splendid culture and glorious revolutionary tradition, and the number of world heritage is ahead of the world. 1949 after the founding of new China, it entered the period of socialist revolution and construction. 1956 realized the transition to socialism. Since then, socialist construction has developed in twists and turns in exploration. After the "Cultural Revolution", we carried out reform and opening up and concentrated on socialist modernization along the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. After long-term efforts, Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era.
China is the most populous developing country in the world, ranking third in land area and second in economic aggregate, and will continue to be the biggest contributor to world economic growth. In 2020, the total economic output will exceed 100 trillion yuan [7 1]. China adheres to an independent foreign policy of peace, is a permanent member of the UN Security Council and an important member of many international organizations, and is considered as one of the potential superpowers.