☆ Modernization (modern society):

Political democratization, economic industrialization, ideological and cultural liberalization and democratization, the establishment of bourgeois humanistic values, gradually accepted in social life.

Generational civilization

The development of capitalism:

16-18th century, early bourgeois revolution.

/kloc-from the middle of the 0/8th century to the middle of the 0/9th century, world capitalism gradually developed, perfected and matured, and modern society began to be gradually established.

/kloc-in the second half of the 0/9th century, the capitalist social system expanded rapidly around the world, the rule of the bourgeoisie was consolidated and expanded, and modern society was developed.

19 at the end of the 20th century, capitalism entered the monopoly class, and the modern society ended and marched into the modern society.

☆ capitalist system:

Productivity: large-scale machine production

Advanced (progressive) production relations: employment relations

Ideology: It demands the destruction of feudal hierarchy and autocracy, which embodies the requirements of the freedom and development of capitalist system.

Limitations: inequality between the rich and the poor

☆ The reason why the bourgeoisie can rule the world:

Advanced production tools and convenient transportation make the capitalist economy develop continuously, and the advanced capitalist mode of production will inevitably overcome the backward mode of production.

☆ Factors promoting the development of capitalist society: bourgeois revolution, bourgeois reform, ideological and cultural liberation movement, industrial revolution and colonial plunder.

☆ The way in which capitalist countries establish capitalist systems;

1. Overthrow the feudal system and establish capitalist rule through bourgeois revolution (Britain, France)

2. Overthrow colonial rule through the War of National Liberation (American War of Independence)

3. Abolish the old system through top-down bourgeois reform (Russia, Japan).

4. War through foreign dynasties (Germany, Italy)

☆ Four bourgeois revolutions: the Russian serfdom reform of 186 1, the Meiji Restoration of Japan, the Reform Movement of 1898 in China, and Roosevelt's "New Deal" in the United States.

Ideological emancipation movement

The representative of the core idea of time essence

Renaissance Movement14 ——17th Century Bourgeois' Beating on Modern Society

The (first) ideological emancipation movement (the rise of bourgeois culture) humanism: oppose divinity with human nature, oppose theocracy with human rights, and oppose feudal privileges and hierarchy with freedom and equality. Shakespeare finch

Enlightenment17-18th century bourgeois-led (second) ideological liberation movement, which preached rationality, thoroughly liquidated feudal ideology and liberated people's thoughts from the imprisonment of religious theology and feudal autocracy (rationalism Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire).

Liberalism/kloc-Adam who was slightly liberal in the 0/9th century? Smith, Bentham, Comte, Dewey

Socialist Thought19th Century A Brief Introduction to Marxism (Scientific Socialism) Marx and Engels

Renaissance movement

1. The feudal rule of the Pope and the Catholic Church in medieval Europe bound people's thoughts, stifled human nature and hindered social progress and scientific development.

Exhibition, causing widespread dissatisfaction.

Background 2. /kloc-Around the 0/4th century, Italy, located in the most prosperous trade area in Europe, developed many city-states and began to generate new capital.

The bourgeoisie is dissatisfied with the church's control over the spiritual world and advocates "humanism"

3. Popularization and popularization of printing.

Root: the bud of capitalist economy

Meaning:14 ——17th century, many artists, scientists and thinkers explored and inherited the cultural traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, and pursued individuality, liberation and freedom.

Therefore, it shows the nature of human beings' continuous pursuit of progress, and has become a trend and fashionable ideological and cultural movement for a time.

Origin: Italy (the earliest seed of capitalist economy)

Scope of influence: almost all countries in western Europe

Influence: It broke the shackles of feudal rule and church theology on people's thoughts since the Middle Ages, emphasized and exerted people's role in the world, and promoted European ideology and culture.

The prosperity of the market laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society and promoted the establishment of the capitalist system.

An important source of accelerated development of European society in the future

The Significance of National Appellation Works

Italian poet Dante,

The Divine Comedy, a pioneer of the Renaissance, marked the beginning of Europe's transition from the Middle Ages to the modern society.

Da? Finch Italian artist (painter),

Versatile cultural masters The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

Shakespeare's four tragedies Othello, King Lear and Hamlet Macbeth have pushed English literary creation to a new stage.

☆ Mona Lisa;

Mona Lisa's "mysterious smile" gives people infinite rich associations, and expresses the brilliance of human nature with cheerful eyes and heartfelt smiles. Sparrows

From the standpoint of humanism, it endows the characters with real personality and emotion, and vividly depicts the gentleness and elegance of a citizen woman.

Encourage people to boldly seek to get rid of the gorgeous secular life of religion and get rid of the bondage of religious themes completely.

☆ Renaissance is a movement of the emerging bourgeoisie to advocate bourgeois ideology and culture with the help of classical Greek and Roman culture, not ancient Greece.

The simple restoration of Roman culture is to use humanism as a weapon to resist feudalism, church and theology and serve the bourgeoisie.

☆16-/kloc-4 major changes in the 8th century: the Renaissance, the germination of capitalist economy, the opening of new air routes and the religious reform movement.

the Enlightenment

Capitalism in western Europe has developed rapidly.

Background Great progress has been made in natural science.

Feudal monarchy still exists, and people's interests are still violated and deprived.

The growing strength of the bourgeoisie does not satisfy the anti-feudal struggle of Renaissance humanism. It needs more powerful ideological weapons to destroy the feudal system.

Meaning:17-18th century, the era when many thinkers' theories inspired people's thoughts was the "rational era", and the thought advocated was "rationalism".

Natural Human Rights: Everyone is born free and equal.

Rousseau's "people's sovereignty theory": human rights are natural and inalienable natural rights.

Representative figure "social contract theory"

Montesquieu: On behalf of bourgeois radicals (petty bourgeoisie), he put forward the theory of "separation of three powers (executive power, legislative power and judicial power)"

Voltaire: A pioneer and one of the most famous thinkers of the French Enlightenment, he opposed feudal autocracy, especially his spiritual pillar, God.

Teach the church, attack the evil behavior of the Catholic church, and point out that the pope's strength is based on "prejudice and ignorance"

Significance: Nature provided a sharp ideological weapon for the American Revolution and the French Revolution, and provided a theoretical basis for the establishment of Marxist philosophy.

☆ The similarities between the Renaissance and the Enlightenment are: opposing absolute monarchy, denying religious teachings, and advocating democratic politics, freedom and equality.

☆ The Renaissance was aimed at European religious theology, while the Enlightenment was aimed at feudal autocracy.

New route opened

Source: With the development of commodity economy and the germination of capitalism, gold has become the most valuable commodity and the main means of exchange, chasing money.

Dreams and growing desire to get rich have become the material motive force for Europeans to expand overseas.

Reasons and conditions: the progress of shipbuilding and navigation technology in Europe, and the knowledge of the earth, compass, navigation and geography in China and Arabia.

Communication in Europe

Direct cause: Ottoman Turkish Empire blocked the passage of land trade between East and West;

Indirect cause: Kyle? The popularity of Polo's Travels makes Europeans think that the East is rich and profitable.

Objective: To explore the market and plunder wealth.

Time:15th century-17th century

Representative figures: Diaz, Columbus, Da? Magellan gama

Meaning:15th century-17th century, European countries are exploring, investigating, looking for gold and invading and expanding overseas.

Nature: colonial expansion activities

1, temper Europeans' spirit of taking risks, being brave in struggle and being strong and optimistic, and broaden their horizons.

For Europe 2, the expansion of the European market and the change of the European trade center, from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, made European countries join the colonial route.

Column, western European colonists plundered wealth from colonies, and European countries developed rapidly, forming a new bourgeoisie and accelerating Europe.

It affected the disintegration of feudal system and the development of capitalism, and provided overseas markets and primitive accumulation.

Positive role: It is another feat in the history of human navigation after Zheng He's voyage to the West, connecting all regions of the world and expanding the scope of human activities.

The space and scope of the mobile world connects Europe with Africa, Asia and America, breaking the isolation of all regions in the world in the past.

And isolated development, the real world history came into being.

Negative impact: the vast Asia, Africa and Latin America have become colonies and semi-colonies, falling into backwardness and poverty for a long time.

The significance (status) of the time-funded national route

Dias 1487 Portugal crossed the Atlantic Ocean eastward to Portugal → West Coast of Africa → Cape of Good Hope → Indian Ocean and found the Cape of Good Hope.

Open a sea route from Europe to India

Columbus 1492 Spain to the west Spain → Atlantic Ocean → America

Da? Gamma 1497 Portugal moves eastward Portugal → west coast of Africa → Cape of Good Hope → Indian Ocean → west coast of India to realize Europeans starting from the coast of Africa.

Long-cherished wish to reach the East

Magellan1519 ——1522 Spain travels west to Spain → Atlantic Ocean → Pacific Ocean → Indian Ocean → Atlantic Ocean → Spain travels around the world for the first time in human history.

☆ The reasons why Spain and Portugal have opened new routes many times:

Superior geographical location, located on the Atlantic coast; Weak national strength, unable to compete for the European continent; Good shipbuilding and navigation skills.

Columbus discovered America:

Objective: To find a new route to India, China and gold.

Process: Columbus claimed to be the territory of the Spanish royal family everywhere, and now it is in Central and South America from Mexico to Argentina, except Brazil.

Foreign countries became Spanish colonies (reflecting the colonialist nature of the new air routes), but no new air routes to China and India were found.

Ok, they didn't have a golden dream. Before they died, they mistakenly thought they had arrived in India in Asia, so the indigenous people in America were called "Indians".

The islands in the Caribbean are called "West Indies".

Personal talent and belief, self-study to obtain professional knowledge such as geography, astronomy and navigation, firmly believe that the earth is round.

The reason for success is the support of the Spanish royal family.

See "Opening of new routes" and "Reasons"

Magellan:

Progressiveness: He is a great navigator. He sailed around the world from1519-1522, completed the first voyage around the world in human history, and confirmed the theory of the earth circle.

World navigation has made great contributions to the development of human society.

Limitations: It is a colonial robber, and the opening of the new air route has a colonial color, which has opened the prelude to long-term bloody colonial rule and colonial plunder.

☆ After the opening of the new air route, Indians were savagely plundered and genocide by colonialists, and their situation was extremely miserable.

☆ The countries that opened up new sea routes had basically the same areas of early colonial activities as the countries that opened up new sea routes, such as Spain mainly in America and Portugal mainly in.

In Africa, Asia

Early bourgeois revolution

Time:16 ——18th century

Features: violent form (armed struggle, people's uprising) and legal form (using legislative means)

Examples: Dutch bourgeois revolution, British bourgeois revolution, American revolution and French revolution.

The root cause: the development of capitalist economy is blocked.

The nature of common ground: bourgeois revolution

Similarities and differences between the leading class and the bourgeoisie

Results: Victory was achieved, the social nature was changed, and the bourgeois regime was established.

Difference:

British bourgeois revolution, American War of Independence, French Revolution.

The fundamental reason is that the feudal rule of Stuart dynasty seriously hindered the development of capitalist economy, and the British colonial rule in North America seriously hindered the development of capitalist economy in North America.

Time1640-16881775-17831789-1794.

The essence is the bourgeois revolution against feudal autocracy. The colonial people fought for national liberation and opposed feudal autocracy.

The leading class, the emerging bourgeoisie, new noble, the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie in the north of the United States and the plantation bourgeoisie in the south.

As a result, the bourgeois dictatorship with constitutional monarchy was established and Britain became a capitalist country with constitutional monarchy.

The United States became a federal country with a presidential system.

France became a republic.

Promulgate the bill of rights, the declaration of independence and the declaration of human rights.

affect

For Britain, it is a turning point in British history to establish a political system that represents the interests of the upstarts and the bourgeoisie, embark on the road of rapid development of capitalism and take the lead in starting the industrial revolution.

For Europe, it quickly spread to other European countries, promoted the bourgeois revolution in Europe and the development of world history, and attacked and weakened the feudal forces in Europe. It was a 1 "all-European revolution", the first large-scale bourgeois revolution waged by colonial people for national liberation in the history of the world, and an outstanding example of war in which the small wins the big, the inferior wins the superior and the weak wins the strong. 2. Breaking the shackles of British colonial rule, realizing the political independence of North American colonies, greatly liberating productive forces, opening the way for the rapid development of American capitalism and modern civilization, and establishing a capitalist system; 3. The progressive political spirit of the bourgeoisie embodied in the War of Independence had a far-reaching impact on Europe and even the whole world, which promoted the outbreak of the French Revolution and the vigorous rise of the national liberation movement in Latin America.

Progressiveness: The complete destruction of the feudal autocracy in France is the biggest and most thorough revolution in the bourgeois revolutionary era, which has made the idea of democracy and republicanism widely spread and had a far-reaching impact on the development of human society.

Limitations: the democratic rights we strive for are only enjoyed by a few people, and democracy, equality and freedom for all are still the ideals and goals written on the banner.

☆ Documents issued by the early bourgeois revolution:

Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Human Rights, Civil Code

(Napoleonic Code)

Time16891776.7.417911804.

Character-Thomas? Jefferson-Napoleon

Promulgating body, Parliament (National Assembly), Constitutional Conference of the Second Continental Congress-

content

Strictly stipulate the power of the king in economic, political, religious and other affairs; Determine the basic principle that Congress has the highest power; Clearly stipulate the rights that citizens should enjoy. 1. Natural human rights: all men are born equal, and the creator endows them with some inalienable rights (life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness); 2. People's sovereignty theory: the people establish the government with the consent of the ruled. Once any government destroys these goals and principles, the people have the right to change it or abolish it and establish a new government; 3. Declare independence: The United Colony has since become and should become a free and independent United States; Remove all affiliation with the King of England and all political ties with the Kingdom of Great Britain, and completely abolish them from now on.

1, natural human rights: people are born free and always equal; 2. Property right is a sacred and inviolable right of human beings.

For the first time, it confirmed the basic principles of bourgeois civil law, such as equality of civil rights, abolition of aristocratic privileges, unrestricted property ownership and freedom of contract, and absorbed various social legislation and theoretical achievements since the Great Revolution.

Bourgeois rule, which affects the establishment of a political system "constitutional monarchy" that represents the interests of the upstart and the bourgeoisie: retaining a unified monarch and a political system in which Congress has the highest power in the country, providing constitutional guarantee for limiting kingship, achieving supreme status for the law, and making the rule of man move towards the rule of law.

The written declaration of North America 13 colony's independence from Britain clarified the national system of the United States after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The democratic principle of "freedom and equality" embodied in it became the banner against feudal monarchy and bourgeois revolution in Europe at that time: 1, and the principle of "freedom, democracy and equality" became the banner against feudal autocracy and hierarchy, which played a great role in the anti-feudal war and was also the banner of bourgeois revolution; 2. Advocate a modern society ruled by law and put forward the concept of respecting and protecting human rights.

Limitations: only protecting the interests of the bourgeoisie is the first civil code of bourgeois countries. Its legislative spirit and principles were borrowed and imitated by many later European countries, which became the legislative norms of capitalist countries, consolidated the achievements of the French Revolution, cracked down on feudal forces and promoted the development of French capitalist economy.

The purpose of enacting the Bill of Rights is to limit the kingship (the power of the king) and ensure the power of the Congress.

The core content of the Declaration of Human Rights: natural human rights (everyone is born free and equal), and property rights are sacred and inviolable rights of human beings.

Western bourgeois revolution

Direct cause (fuse): 1638 Scottish people's uprising

Features: Deprivation of the royal power, retention of the throne, alliance between the bourgeoisie and new noble, long-term, vacillating, repetitive and incomplete.

The two sides of the war: the feudal forces headed by the king and new noble represented by the Congress.

The symbol of the beginning: 1640 the convening of the new parliament (parliament)

Feudal forces and new noble successively broke out two civil wars.

Process 1649 King Charles I was guillotined, the feudal rule of Stuart dynasty was overthrown, and Britain entered a republic.

1653 Cromwell became the "lord protector" and the dictator who ruled Britain.

1660 the official monk took charles ii back, charles ii became king, and the Stuart dynasty was restored.

Symbol of the end: 1688 "Glorious Revolution" ("Palace Coup"): The Restoration Dynasty in James II was overthrown and William and Mary came to power in Britain.

Cromwell: led and overthrew the Stuart dynasty, established the bourgeois republic, but later destroyed it.

☆ The reasons why British people regard religious belief as very important:

A person's religious belief reflects his political attitude. For example, Catholics conservatively support kingship, while Protestants advocate overthrowing kingship and establishing capitalism.

Degree, develop capitalism.

☆ The meaning of the allusion "The wind can enter, the rain can be tight, and the king can't enter":

After the British bourgeois revolution, the king's power was strictly restricted, and private property was sacred and inviolable.

☆ The reason why "citizens have the right to refuse the king, but they have no right to refuse poverty": the capitalist system is a system that produces inequality between the rich and the poor.

☆ Why Britain practices democracy but does not abolish the king:

1. Economic base: With the development of capitalist economy, the strength of the bourgeoisie and new noble has gradually grown.

2. Political premise: 1688 "Glorious Revolution"

3. Historical Tradition: 14 15 The Magna Carta of Freedom established the basic principle of "the law is supreme and the royal power is limited" and became the political basis of constitutionalism.

4. Theoretical basis:17th century enlightenment thought.

☆ At present, the king of England is unified and dies, and the Prime Minister leads the cabinet and holds the executive power of the country.

American War of Independence (1775- 1783)

17- 18 century, Britain established 13 colony in North America, which formed the foundation of modern America and engaged in the evil "triangle trade".

Background Capitalism in North America has developed, formed a market and formed a unified American nation.

1756—— 1763 Britain and France fought a "seven-year war" for colonial rule in North America, and Britain defeated France.

Due to the financial difficulties of the long-term war, Britain raised taxes on the colonies in North America and implemented a high-handed policy, which hindered the development of North America and caused sharp contradictions.

Direct cause (fuse): 1773 Boston tea party.

Fighting sides: North American people and British colonial rulers.

Start sign: 1775.4. 19 gunfire from Lexington.

1776.7.4 the second continental congress adopted the declaration of independence, decided to organize a continental army, and appointed George? Washington is the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

At the beginning of the process: the American army was frustrated, and the British army was far more powerful than the Army.

Turning point: 1777. 10 saratoga: the victory of the us military in the battle of saratoga boosted morale and strengthened confidence.

178 1. 10 Battle of Yorktown: British commander Cornwalli surrendered to Washington in Yorktown, and the military confrontation phase ended.

End sign: 1783 The United States and Britain signed the Paris Peace Treaty, and Britain officially recognized American independence.

This is a just war against British colonial rule, and it has been helped in many ways.

The reason for the victory All the North American people fought bravely and persevered under the correct leadership of Washington (the fundamental reason)

Extensive international assistance (France, Netherlands)

Washington:

At the second continental congress, Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the continental army, and 1777 438+00 led the American army to win the battle of Saratoga.

178 1. 10 British commander Cornwally surrendered to Washington in Yorktown and formulated the 1787 Constitution. Washington was elected as the first president of the United States, 1796.

After being re-elected for two terms, he voluntarily gave up the right to continue to be elected president of the United States, led the American people to achieve national independence and created a precedent for democratic politics.

He is the father of the United States, a great politician and one of the most famous historical figures in the United States.

French Revolution

Political reasons: the feudal autocracy of Bourbon dynasty aggravated the class contradiction under the feudal hierarchy.

Economic reasons: the development of capitalist economy, palace corruption and financial crisis.

Ideological rationality: the spread of enlightenment thought

Direct cause: the convening of the third-level meeting.

Signs of the beginning: 1789.7. 14 The people of Paris launched an uprising and captured the Bastille.

The era when the representative class came to power was overthrown.

Yang Fei, the big bourgeoisie, promulgated the Declaration of Human Rights.

The industrial and commercial bourgeoisie of Gironde179217931792.9.22 established the first Republic of France;

King Louis XVI was executed.

Jacobins's petty-bourgeois interests 1793 1794.7.27 pushed the revolution to a climax and implemented the "revolutionary terror policy".

process

Sign of the end: 1794.7.27 "Hot Moon Coup", ending jacobins's rule.

☆ French feudal hierarchy: Catholic priests/nobles/civilians (urban bourgeoisie, peasants, civilians, citizens)

☆ Achievements of the First Empire of France: Defending the Achievements of the French Revolution

☆ The main force that pushed the French Revolution to its climax was the people.

☆ First Republic of France: 1792- 1804.

The First Empire of France (bourgeois military dictatorship): 1804 Napoleon was founded.

The second empire of France: that establishment of Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte.

The Third French Republic: 1870.9 was established.

☆ Napoleonic era:1799.1.9 coup in foggy month-185438+05.6. 18 Battle of Waterloo.

Napoleon:

The reason for the early success: the outstanding military and political talents of the individual were suitable for the specific historical environment of France at that time and conformed to the trend of historical development.

Reasons for the later failure: foreign wars threatened the sovereignty of European countries and infringed on the interests of other people, which were resisted by all countries and continued year after year.

The movement in France caused economic difficulties.

Evaluation: He was an outstanding bourgeois politician, strategist and military dictator during the French Revolution. 1799165438+1launched a "foggy month coup" on October 9.

After that, we took measures to develop capitalism, promulgated codes, established legislative norms of capitalist society, and promoted bourgeois democratic politics.

Cheng, to cultivate talents, encourage scientific research and science and technology education to make contributions. But Napoleon also had limitations, and his foreign wars were mixed.

The early war defended the achievements of the French Revolution and shook the feudal rule of the European continent, which was just. However, subsequent wars violated the sovereignty of many countries.

It harms the interests of the people of the invaded country, leads to people's resistance, and finally the empire collapses.

☆ The coup of foggy moon: 1799 438+0 1.9. Napoleon launched a coup and seized state power. After the coup, he established an executive government and took office for the first time.

Domestic policy: promulgation of laws and regulations;

Measures: Consolidate political power, vigorously strengthen centralization, implement iron fist rule, and actively develop capitalist economy.

1802 Napoleon made himself the first lifelong ruler by amending the constitution.

Event 1804.5 Napoleon revised the constitution again, changing the first Republic of France into the first empire of France.

1804 438+02 Napoleon became the bourgeois emperor and began to rule the first empire of France.

1804- 18 10 Napoleon formulated the Civil Code (Napoleonic Code), the Commercial Code and the Criminal Code.

☆ Foreign policy: waging war;

Complexity:

Pre-natural period: a national war against aggression and interference, defending the achievements of the French Revolution and shaking the feudal rule in continental Europe.

Later period: aggressive war with strong hegemonic color.

1805 438+02 Austerlitz War

18 10 the Austrian princess Louise married Napoleon, and Napoleon's empire reached its peak, and her iron hoofs traveled all over Europe except Russia.

Event 18 12 Napoleon led an army to attack Russia and ended in failure.

18 13 Battle of Leipzig: The French army was defeated by the forces of the Sixth Anti-French Alliance of Germany.

18 15.6. 18 Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon was defeated by the forces of the anti-French alliance in Waterloo, Belgium, and retired from French politics.

Influence: it defended the achievements of the French Revolution, accelerated the transition of European society from the Middle Ages to modern times with bayonets, and accelerated the disintegration of European feudal system.

Make some achievements of the French Revolution spread to conquered European countries through violence, defeat European interference forces and strive for European hegemony.

☆ The decisive factor for Napoleon to enter politics: the bourgeoisie expected stable rule to safeguard its own interests.

☆ The Civil Code shows that Napoleon was a bourgeois emperor and did not destroy the achievements of bourgeois revolution, which was Napoleon's greatest influence on later generations.

☆ What Washington and Napoleon have in common is to promote the process of bourgeois democracy.

☆ People who have made outstanding contributions in the transition from the rule of law to the rule of man in human society: Washington, Napoleon and Sun Yat-sen.