1, Early Kingdom of Israel

The ancestors of Israel lived in Sem, Mesopotamia, and later moved to Canaan for religious reasons, combining with the local nomadic culture. According to the Bible, the ancestors of Israel once lived in Egypt. It was not until the14th century BC that they left Egypt and settled in Canaan, and gradually occupied the area, and established a country with a combination of politics and religion-Israel.

? After the death of King Solomon in 922 BC, Israel split into two kingdom groups, and the southern group (namely southern Judah) had two tribes, named after the more powerful tribe Judah; However, the Northern Group (that is, the Northern State of Israel) has 10 tribes, and still maintains the name of Israel, led by Jeroboam; The two tribes living in the south, namely Judah and Benjamin, are still led by Rehoboam son of Solomon. After that, the United Kingdom of Israel ended and the country was divided into Israel in the north and Judah in the south.

Northland Israel was destroyed by Assyria in 72 1 BC. This country has a history of only 2 10 years.

The southern kingdom of Judah was destroyed by Babylon in 586 BC, and the country lasted for 344 years.

2. Captured Babylon

? Southern Judah was destroyed by Babylon, and after the fall of Jerusalem, Jews were brought to Babylon in large numbers, leaving only some old, weak and disabled Jews. Although Jews were exiled to other places at that time, they did not forget their religion and culture, and still held various religious activities under the leadership of some priests and Levites, and began to build synagogues. So after Babylon was destroyed by Persia (539 BC), Cyrus II ordered the Jews to return home to rebuild their homes, and many Jews returned to Israel. Finally, they began to rebuild the temple in the first 520 years, and rebuilt the Jerusalem wall from the first 445 to the first 443 years.

3. Hellenistic era

In 323 BC, Israel was ruled by Alexander the Great of Greece. After the death of Alexander the Great, Israel was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Ptolemaic dynasty was descended from Ptolemy I Soter, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, whose territory included Egypt. The Ptolemaic dynasty was very kind to Jews. At that time, Jews not only had religious freedom, but also many foreigners under Ptolemy believed in Judaism.

? 198 years ago, Israel was occupied by the Seleuc dynasty. Seleuc dynasty is the descendant of Seleuc I, another general of Alexander the Great, whose territory includes Turkey and Syria. Contrary to the Ptolemaic dynasty, they banned the religious freedom of Jews and even put the gods of Zeus in the temple, asking Jews to worship the Greek gods. Finally, these acts aroused the resistance of the Jews. Finally, the Jews, under the leadership of the Macabies family, the descendants of priests, drove away the army of Seleuc dynasty in 166, and the Macabies dynasty (166-63) began.

The first king of Maccabees was Judas Maccabees, who personally led troops to repel Seleucu's army four times. After the death of Judas, his younger brother Jonathan temporarily succeeded to the throne, but was killed by an officer who wanted to seize power. Simon, another brother of Judas, acted immediately, because the Seleucid dynasty could not regain control of Israel, and he hoped to sign a peace treaty with the new king. Seleucu never harassed Israel again.

? During the reign of Simon, Israel enjoyed a short period of prosperity. However, in the end, he died at the hands of a power grab named Dolly Buy. However, his son John H. Kanus outwitted him and became the ruler. Under the rule of John Hulcon, the territory expanded continuously, including Ishmael, Samaria and Libya. He beautified Jerusalem and issued coins for the first time.

? 105, John Hulcon died and was succeeded by Ali Tobruz I, but less than a year later, he was succeeded by Alexander Jeanne until the first 87 years. They also hated the Pharisees and favored Sadducees, so the Pharisees were severely persecuted. Later, Alexandra, the wife of Alexander Jenny, took over. She was a Pharisee, which in turn suppressed Sadducees. She died 69 years ago, and her two sons, Xu Erkang II and Alex Dobl II, fought for the throne for six years, and both lost. Their infighting created opportunities for the Roman Empire. In the first 63 years, Pompeii led the troops to capture Jerusalem, and Jewish independence ended.

4. Roman times

After the Roman Empire occupied Palestine, General Pompeii first made Xu Erkang, who supported him, the ruler of the Jews, but did not make him king. In addition, Jews were ordered to pay taxes to Rome every year. However, the exiled Alex Dobl II fled back to Palestine, and then a civil war broke out to seize power. During this period, Pompey also sent Ishmael's Antipat as a consultant to help him fight against Alexander Dobl II.

? Forty-eight years ago, after Pompeii died in the power struggle between Faisal and Caesar Julius, Antipat immediately changed his position and supported Caesar, so that Caesar promoted him as the governor of Judah, ranking higher than Xu Erkan. At the same time, Caesar was very tolerant of Jews and gave them religious freedom. With Caesar's support, Antipat became the most powerful person in Palestine. He is completely loyal to Rome. However, the Jews hated him because he was an Ishmaelite, a descendant of their former sworn enemy. So I was poisoned after a year in office. His son Herod took over as governor. Three years later, Caesar was also murdered in Rome.

? Herod was born in 74 BC and died in 4 AD. In his life as a politician and ruler, he was more able to represent the Roman government in dealing with Jews than anyone else. After Caesar's death, Rome was ruled by three high school students: Octavian, Anthony and Rabida. East Syria was ruled by Anthony, and Herod became Anthony's subordinate. Anthony was happy for Herod, which helped Herod a lot. At this time, there was another civil war in Judea, and Herod hurried to Rome to ask Anthony for instructions. Herod persuaded Anthony that only Herod himself could maintain the order in Palestine and asked Anthony to appoint him as the supreme ruler of all Judea.

? Herod was regarded as a sly and shameless man, who consolidated his territory in Judea all day. The achievements of these things were also established through assassination and conspiracy. Even, many people in his family died at his hands. Even his beloved wife, Mary Anne, was killed by him. After her death, Herod regretted it so much that he almost went crazy. His rule is terrible.

In 1 year, Jesus Christ was born in this terrible era. After he ascended to heaven, his disciples established a church in Palestine for the first time, started Christianity, and made Jerusalem a missionary center of early Christianity. But early Judaism regarded Christians as heresy (some orthodox Jews still regard Christianity as heresy), so they persecuted and even killed Christians, so many Christians left Judah and went to foreign cities such as Antioch and Alexandria to start preaching to foreigners. Finally, Christianity has completely become the religion of foreigners.

/kloc-After the Jewish rebellion in Palestine was suppressed in 0/35, the Romans expelled all the Jews from Palestine, and the Jews began a great diaspora for nearly two thousand years. Only a few Jews can hide in the mountains of Palestine and still be alive. At the same time, in the late 1 century, the missionary base of Christianity had been transferred from Jerusalem to Antioch, Alexandria, Rome and other foreign cities in the Roman Empire, with more and more foreigners, but fewer Jewish believers. Coupled with the persecution of Christianity by the Roman Empire, Christian activities in Judea also decreased. But in 3 13, after Christianity established the state religion of the Roman Empire, Christianity in Judah became active again. Before the Islamic Empire occupied Jerusalem, Christians in the Roman Empire were free to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem.

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5. Islamic era

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After the establishment of Islam in the seventh century, it expanded at an alarming rate. After Islam took control of the whole Arabian Peninsula in 632, it attacked two declining countries in the north: the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and the Persian Empire (Sassanian Dynasty). In 6 19, Islam occupied Jerusalem. Since then, the residents in the Palestinian areas have gradually become Islamized.

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6. Zionism

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? The World Jewish Nationalist Organization was founded in 1897 and actively engaged in the cause of founding the country. Before World War I, Turks controlled the Palestinian areas. 19 14 After the outbreak of World War I, due to the alliance between Turkey and Germany, Britain used Arabs to resist Turkey and promised to establish an independent Arab kingdom including Palestine after the war. But at the same time, the Jewish nation-building action was also supported by Britain, so the British government violated its promise to Arabs. The British Foreign Secretary published the Balfour Declaration in June, 5438+091711.The British government supported the Jewish occupation of Palestine and made efforts to achieve this goal. So the Jews returned to Palestine to buy land and prepare for occupation. So in the1860s, there were only 12000 Jews in this area, but by 1922, it had surged to 84000 and bought a lot of land.

The increasing conflict and opposition between Israel and Palestine has made the British government please both sides. The British government accepted the jurisdiction of the League of Nations on April 25th, 1920. The British government put forward a partition plan in July 1946, but it was opposed by both sides. In the following year 10, the general assembly adopted a partition plan, because the Jews wanted to occupy more than half of their land for thousands of years, and the Arabs resolutely opposed it. Britain had previously indicated that if the Arab-Israeli sides could not accept the proposal of the General Assembly, Britain would withdraw its troops and hand over the appointment right on May 1948. The Arab League, meeting in Lebanon on August 1947, decided that if the General Assembly passed the partition plan, it would secretly send troops to Palestine, thus triggering the first Israeli-Arab war.

When the General Assembly adopted the partition plan in 1947, the unrest in Palestine began to expand. Although the number of Jews is small, with the military support of western powers, especially the United States, they already have a perfect national organization, so they actually have an advantage in aggression. Before the first Israeli-Arab war broke out, Arabs near Jewish settlements were expelled or controlled.

1May 948 14, Britain terminated its trusteeship over Palestine, and the next day, Israel immediately declared its founding, with Ben Gurion as its first prime minister. Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq resisted Israel and sent troops to Palestine at the same time. Israel attacked and the Israeli-Arab war officially began.

After the founding of Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq jointly launched an attack on Israel, and the Arab-Israeli war entered the second stage. In the north, Syrian, Lebanese and Iraqi troops are blocked at the border. Jordanian troops attacked from the east and occupied East Jerusalem. The Jewish militia successfully stopped the Egyptian army on the southern line. At the beginning of June, the United Nations declared a one-month ceasefire, and Israel also established the National Defence Force. After months of fighting, the two sides declared a ceasefire and drew a temporary border, the so-called Green Line. Israel occupied more than 27% of the territory of the Trust Zone in western Jordan, and Jordan acquired the mountains of Judah and Samaria, that is, the West Bank. Egypt acquired a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast, namely the Gaza Strip.

? A large number of Arabs fled or were expelled from this newly established Jewish state. According to United Nations statistics, the number of refugees is as high as 7 1 10,000. The refugee problem caused by the Arab-Israeli conflict continues to this day.

? Survivors of Nazi genocide and Jewish refugees fleeing Arab countries doubled the population of Israel in one year. In the following 10 years, 600,000 Eastern Jews immigrated to Israel.

1967 in may, the tension between Israel and its neighbors escalated again. Egypt expelled the UN peacekeeping troops stationed in Gaza and declared the strategic Dylan Strait closed to Israeli ships. Israel thought it was an undeclared war, so it launched an attack on Egypt on June 5. In the Six-Day War, Israel defeated the Arab countries with the military strength of the American government and destroyed their air force. Israel has completely occupied the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights. 1949 The Green Line is despised as the administrative boundary of Israel in the occupied territories. Despite the sovereignty dispute over the occupied territories, Israel has occupied East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights in violation of international law and United Nations resolutions. After the signing of the Israel-Egypt peace treaty, Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt.

? 1973 10 10 On October 6th, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the traditional Jewish festival, and launched the Yom Kippur war, but failed to recover the territory lost in 1967. The relative calm in the postwar years brought peace between Israel and Egypt.