The name, for each of us, is too familiar. When everyone is born, parents and elders will give their children a heroic or auspicious name. Some people, even if they are pregnant in their mother's womb, want their parents to rack their brains to look up the dictionary, or spend a lot of money to ask "masters" and experts to name their children in advance. Most people's names may have obvious gender characteristics, such as "Gang" and "Qiang" commonly used by men and "Hua", "Ling" and "Hong" commonly used by women. Or have obvious brand of the times, such as men born around 1949 and 1950, and names such as "Jianguo" and "aiding Korea" are more common; People born in the sixties and seventies often take names like "Weidong" and "Satellite". Since the reform and opening up, people's naming principles have become broader and even "arbitrary". Various "exotic" names such as Duanmu Queen, the glory of the king and Durex are also frequently seen in the media. Different from modern people, the naming principle is still based on the pursuit of good luck, which has always been very casual. The naming etiquette of the Qing royal family experienced a development process from loose to strict, and finally formed a strict, even rigid and cumbersome naming etiquette in the Kangxi period. Violators will be severely punished. Perhaps readers who have seen many movies and TV plays in the Qing Dynasty will easily name the Qing emperors 12, Fu Lin, Michelle Ye, Yin Zhen, Li Hong ... Puyi, which is very common. What etiquette should I follow? The fact is that since Kangxi, the royal family of the Qing Dynasty has formulated and implemented strict naming etiquette. Li Hong, Yin Zhen, Pu Yi and other famous names are the "achievements" of the specific implementation of this etiquette. First, before entering the customs, Manchu people named the customs. Before entering the Central Plains of Dingding, Manchu took the life of the newborn, usually after the child's full moon. The naming method is also relatively simple and simple. There are three common naming methods: named after the age of an elder in the family at birth. For example, when someone is born, his/her grandparents and other elders are just seventy years old. He/she may be named "Nadanzhu" (Manchu, meaning 70). According to the birth order, the eldest son usually takes Aji/Aji (fine) Ga, the second son takes Jules (also known as Jia Xin/Jia Xin Ga in literature), the third son takes Yilan, the fourth son takes Duyin, and the fifth son takes Duyin. Named after animals, such as the Qing emperor Nurhachi, which means wild boar skin (in recent years, some scholars have raised objections to this transliteration, thinking that the name of Nurhachi is Uighur. "Nur" means "light" in Uygur language; "Hachi" means "hachi", which means "holy source" in Uygur language, and also means "prince" and "prince" in Chinese. The whole meaning of "Nurhachi" should be "Light Saint", a very tall name); His younger brother, Shuerhachi, means "little boar skin"; Yalhazi means leopard skin. Nurhachi's son Dourgen, whose name means "Badger". Nuerhachi stills were named by the royal family and even Manchu people in the early years of Kangxi after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, focusing on the auspicious and safe future generations. Therefore, these names have many meanings to express peace and stability, such as Lehe and Nuoqin. Second, the royal surname under the influence of sinicization after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, due to the influence of the Han surname culture, especially the lineage of the Han emperor, the royal surname changed fundamentally in the Kangxi period, forming a set of strict and cumbersome naming etiquette. This etiquette mainly includes the following three aspects: the definition of characters in Yong Zhengdi stills of Yongzheng Dynasty (1). Influenced by the naming custom of the Han people, Emperor Kangxi first adopted the long-standing custom of a certain generation using a certain word to name their descendants, stipulating that the name should be two words. For sons, the first word is "Yun" and the second word is "Yun", such as his sons, Min Yun (later Yong Zhengdi), Yun Xiang, etc. Grandchildren, the first word is "Hong" and the second word is "Day", such as Honghui, Hongzhou, (the traditional Chinese character is "Li", followed by Emperor Qianlong); Among the 10 1 grandchildren of Emperor Kangxi, only three grandchildren, Fuyi, Fu Hui and Fu Pei, born to Yong Zhengdi and Nian Guifei, did not follow this ritual system. Great-grandchildren, the first word is "Yong" and the second word is "Jade", such as Yong Lian, Yan Yong and Yan Yong (later renamed "Armadillo" by Emperor Jiaqing). This naming ceremony was followed by later emperors and became custom-made. When the stills of "Princess Huanzhu" were finished, Yan Yong, the sixth son of the emperor, carefully drew the "Year of the Dynasty" and presented it to the emperor's grandmother, Qianlong's mother and the filial piety queen mother. Gan Long inscribed a poem on the painting. Among them, "Yong exempts a good plan" makes the queen mother feel greatly gratified. Emperor Qianlong especially liked this poem when he saw the empress dowager, and also found that the word "Yong" happened to be the code name of the prince of the dynasty, so he decided to use the words "Yong, Mian, Yi and Zai" as the code name of the royal family. Four generations of characters were written, namely, Pu, Yu, Heng and Qi. Emperor Xianfeng wrote four words, namely, Tao, Lu, Zeng and Qi, and their radicals for future generations to name. Prince Gong's game, which is well known to later generations? Zai Tian, Emperor Guangxu and the last emperor Puyi all followed this naming convention and named them after themselves. Puyi and Wanrong 2 taboos. At the same time, Emperor Kangxi also imitated the traditional etiquette of the Han nationality and implemented the "taboo" system. Anyone with the same name in the royal family should change his name to avoid the names of elders. The above-mentioned imperial name and the second word are radical characters, and cannot be used unless they are descendants of the emperor. The names of the nearest imperial clan, that is, the emperor's nephew and grandnephew, must be the same as those of the emperor's direct descendants; The radicals of the second word must be avoided and cannot be used at will, except those given by the emperor. In the eleventh year of Qianlong (1746), Emperor Qianlong happened to see a man named Yong Cong in the imperial clan, who had the same name as his seven sons, so he made a special allusion: "He renamed Yong Cong outside Yongchang. ..... Later, the name of the outer room shall not reuse the words drawn up by the Imperial Palace. "In order to clearly distinguish between the near imperial clan and the distant imperial clan, some emperors in the Qing Dynasty specially named the second word of the near imperial clan to show their favor. When Emperor Qianlong wrote the radicals of "Yi" and "Yan" for his great-grandchildren, he also took the radical of "Zi" as the second word in his great-grandchildren's name. Any violation will be severely punished. Qianlong stills In the sixth year of Jiaqing (180 1), Emperor Jiaqing issued a decree that all descendants of the emperor's brothers were given names by the emperor, which further strengthened the royal naming ceremony formulated by Kangxi. In the 11th year of Jiaqing (1806), Emperor Jiaqing learned that his nephew, Wang Mian Yi in Duoluo Tea County, not only privately named his eldest son and second son, Yi Ming and Yi Xun, but also did not use the word ""defined by Emperor Qianlong. Emperor Jiaqing was furious and ordered to denounce Mianyi as a private word "gold" and named his two sons as Iraq, unlike those who were close to sects and alienated from each other. Why? Guanxi paid a heavy price for this: she resigned from Ganqingmen, got the position of minister in the bodyguard and the minister in charge of the surrounding area, and handed it over to Zongrenfu for investigation. He privately named his sons Yi Ming and Yi Xun, and changed the imperial edict to Yi Hua and Yi Yan. Influenced by him, Prince Yi Yongxuan, betrothed Wang Mian En, Baylor Yongxun, Beizi Yongshuo and other aristocratic families were all handed over to the Ministry for discussion. " Emperor Jiaqing Stills of Emperor Jiaqing (3) Adhere to the traditional naming customs of Manchu. After the Qing royal family settled in the Central Plains, although it absorbed the naming etiquette of the Han nationality, it did not abandon the naming tradition of the Manchu, but tried to keep the tradition of prohibiting single writing and three-character names of Manchu names. Manchu is a phonetic alphabet. When writing, the letters are linked together, which is different from writing Chinese characters alone. Before Qianlong, except for a few royal families, the names of other clansmen were all in Manchu, and the characters were also in Manchu. During the Qianlong period, influenced by the writing habits of Chinese characters, the method of writing Manchu phonetic names separately in the imperial clan of the Qing Dynasty gradually became popular. In this regard, in the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong (1760), the emperor issued a special decree: "The imperial edict requires Manchu place names to be written in series, not in a single word. ..... If there are duplicate notes, the author will be punished. "But because the imperial clan's single name has become a practice at that time, if the imperial edict is strictly implemented, it will be punished. Ganlong had to take a flexible approach and wrote a letter saying: "The names of the imperial clan of the near school can still be written alone, but the imperial clan of the far school cannot be written alone. Banning the use of three-character names has also become one of the means for the Qing rulers to stubbornly maintain the Manchu tradition and refuse to assimilate into the Han nationality. Before the Tang Dynasty, Han people used one word as their first name, which was combined with their surnames, such as Kong Qiu, Cao Cao and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. Since the Tang Dynasty, two-character names have gradually become popular, such as Li Shimin, Wu Zetian, Zhao Kuangyin and Zhu Yuanzhang. Together with the surname, it is called three characters. Li Shimin stills The royal family of the Qing Dynasty was originally named in Chinese characters, using only two words. Since Qianlong, people in the imperial clan have been imitating the naming method of the Han nationality, naming their descendants with three Chinese characters. For example, Bowman named his son Manjishan. In view of this growing trend, some people suspect that he forgot his roots and violated the system. In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), Emperor Qianlong issued a edict to severely reprimand: "A man who is full of good fortune is actually named Man." ..... JiShan is sleeping, very noble. Ji Mountain is named after * * * because it takes Man as its surname instead of Jue Luo. What is the reason? ..... We must let the princes of the clan mansion find out and make changes. This is strictly forbidden and cannot be done in the future. "In the nineteenth year of Jiaqing (18 14), because the imperial clan used three-character names, Emperor Jiaqing made a special edict." If Chinese is used, two characters are forbidden. The king and Beizi, who were in charge of the clan mansion, did not care about this, and each of them was punished for three months; Both the householder and the elderly were fined for six months. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, with the collapse of the Qing regime, more and more Manchu people changed their names to Han people. However, some Qing royal families, especially the recent royal families, still follow the royal naming etiquette. Until the founding of New China, many people were named according to the custom of China. Wen said that in the early nomadic life, Manchu people were given simple names, or according to the order of their children in the family, or according to things closely related to production and life, or according to their appearance, or according to the age of their elders at birth and so on. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains of Dingding, with the increasingly frequent exchanges between Manchu and Han nationalities and other nationalities, the cultures became more and more integrated. Influenced by the traditional culture of the Han nationality, the rulers of the Manchu Dynasty made strict naming ceremonies for the children of the royal family during the Kangxi period, such as determining the names of generations in advance and avoiding using the names of elders. Later, Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing gained a lot. In order to maintain the purity of the royal lineage, rulers such as Qianlong and Jiaqing also severely punished the children of the imperial clan for disobeying the ancestral system, naming them privately, violating the naming etiquette of the first emperor without authorization, enviing and imitating the custom of the three-character name of the Han nationality. However, with the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the naming ceremonies formulated by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were mostly in name only, and most Manchu people used the same naming methods as Han people. Reference 1. Feng erkang: 1 the naming of Manchu people in the 7th century, Journal of the Palace Museum,No.1,0996. 2. Li Xuecheng: A Preliminary Study of Manchu Names, Journal of Liaoning Radio and TV University,No. 1, 2002. 3. Ma Jingyu: A Preliminary Study on the Historical Evolution of Manchu Names, Manchu Studies,No. 1 1. (Author: Haoran literature and history) This article is an original work of literature and history science from the media Haoran literature and history, and it is forbidden to reprint without authorization! The pictures used in this article are all from the Internet unless otherwise specified. If there is any infringement, please contact the author to delete it. Thank you!