the opium war

1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.

2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, make unannounced visits, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. The destruction of opium in Humentan in June (1839.6.3 ~ 6.25, Humen destroyed opium) was a great victory of China people's struggle to ban smoking, which showed the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression and led this struggle.

3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China. (1842.8.29 treaty of nanking)

Lesson 2 The Crime of Foreign Powers Invading China during the Second Opium War

1.1856-1860, in order to further open the market in China, the British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War. After occupying Beijing, they set fire to Yuanmingyuan.

2. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, and occupied the northeast and northwest of China (the country that plundered the most territory of China)1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).

3.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.

Lesson 3 Recovering Xinjiang

As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then south, slowly advancing and rushing out" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, 188 1 year, China and Russia amended the treaty: 1884, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang.

Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War

1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, it signed the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.

Lesson 5 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

1.1In the spring of 900, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.

2. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Unit 2 Exploration of Modernization

Lesson 6 Westernization Movement

1. 19 During the 1960s and 1990s, the Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners" took "striving for self-improvement" as the slogan in the early stage, and adopted western advanced production technology to establish a number of modern military industries, such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. Later, some civilian industries were set up under the slogan of "seeking wealth", such as the establishment of Li Hongzhang in Shanghai. Hubei textile layout and so on. In the 1970s and 1980s, three navies, namely, Nanhai, Beiyang and Fujian, were established. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1938+0862, which is the first new school founded by the Westernization School.

2. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on)

Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement

1.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "Letter to the Bus" opened the prelude to the political reform.

2.1From June to September, 898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated a series of decrees, the content of which (P33): it is required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.

Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution

1. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary group, the Zhong Xing Society. 1905 Established a unified revolutionary organization, China League, with Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister, and adopted the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, abolishing absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic republic and reforming the land system. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country. Social magazine was first published.

2. The Xinhai Revolution of1911overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.

Lesson 9 New Culture Movement

1. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, set off a new culture movement, and attacked Zun Kong with four main ideas and four oppositions as the main content, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.

2. 19 18. Li Dazhao published two articles, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.

3. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the absolute negation or affirmation of the eastern and western cultures in the New Culture Movement influenced the later.

Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution

The May 4th Patriotic Movement and the Establishment of China.

1.1965438+On May 4, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "fighting for sovereignty from outside, excluding national thieves from inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing a "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and businessmen went on strike. Cao Rulin and other traitors were dismissed, and they refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, and it was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

The first congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held in Shanghai on July 23rd adopted the Party's program, and determined that the Party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize communism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement.

3. 1922 The Second National Congress of communist party, China decided that the Party's democratic revolutionary program is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.

Northern Expedition (1926-1927)

Huangpu Military Academy was founded in 1. 1924, with Zhou Enlai as the principal, and trained a large number of military and political talents.

2. 1926, the Northern Expedition of Guangdong National Government, aimed at overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, and Sheng Qiao; Destroyed Wu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River Valley to the Yangtze River Valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.

3. 1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie. It relies on imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.

A single spark can start a prairie fire.

1.1.927 August1Day (August 1st Army Day), Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.

2.1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, launched an attack on the rural areas with weak enemy forces, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.

The Red Army is not afraid of expeditions.

June 1. 1934 10 to June 1936 10 After the fifth "encirclement and suppression" failed, the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and carry out the Long March.

2. 1.935 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gukai and others, canceled the military command of Bo Gukai and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was decided that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would be in charge of military command. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution. This is the history of the party.

On the way of Long March, we crossed Jinsha River and jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy. 1936, 10 In June, the Red Second Front Army, the Red Fourth Front Army and the Red First Army joined forces and declared the victory of the Long March over. The victory of the Long March shattered the Kuomintang reactionaries, preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese nation

Unforgettable September 18

1. 193 1 When the September 18th Incident broke out, Chiang Kai-shek asked Zhang Xueliang, who was stationed in the northeast, to implement a policy of non-resistance, so that more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces were all occupied in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression.

2. After the September 18th Incident, the Communist Party of China (CPC) put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the national government stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s idea and launched the "Xi Incident" on February 2nd. After the incident, the whole country in China was * *.

Better be dead than conquered people.

1.1On July 7th, 937, the Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China at Lugouqiao, which caused the July 7th Incident of China people's national war of resistance against Japanese aggression. In the incident, Tong and Zhao died for their country and fell one after another, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.

2. 1937 13 February 13, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, created the Nanjing Massacre, and killed more than 300,000 China residents in six weeks.

Build the Great Wall with flesh and blood

1. During the Anti-Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) won the "Pingxingguan Great Victory", which was the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War; In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under Peng's command in August, which was the biggest battle for China's army to take the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the spring of 1938, the Kuomintang army won a total victory in Taierzhuang.

2. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Yan 'an on April 1945. The congress mainly discussed the major issues of what road China will take after winning the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. The party's political line was formulated: mobilizing the masses freely, defeating the Japanese aggressors, liberating the people of the whole country, and establishing a new-democratic China under the leadership of China.

3.1August, 1945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.

Unit 5 Victory of the People's Liberation War

Civil war bonfire

1. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, plotted to launch an anti-communist and anti-people civil war. In order to gain more time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, Mao Zedong was invited to Chongqing for negotiations. From August +0945 to October +65438/KLOC-0, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang and finally reached peace.

2.1In June, 946, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.

3.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led the troops into Dabie Mountain, threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.

Strategic Armageddon

From1.1September 1948 to1June 1949, the PLA launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin. The victory of the Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Campaign was launched by people in cars), and basically liberated the whole of North China in early 1949. The victories in the three major battles of 49666.686686666 (P98) wiped out and reorganized more than1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.

2.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.

Unit 6 Economic and Social Life

The Development of Modern National Industry in China

Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry" when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis after the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, and set up a series of enterprises such as Sheng Da Cotton Mill, schools and charities. During World War I, because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, enterprises got further development, but they were annexed after the war.

Lesson 20 Changes in Social Life

The most famous Chinese newspaper is Shenbao, 1872 was founded in Shanghai. The Commercial Press, 1897, established in Shanghai, is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.

Unit 7 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture

Lesson 265438 +0 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1)

Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Zhangjing Railway, which was the first railway designed and built by China people themselves.

2. Hou, who uncovered the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and its alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".

3. The representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to see the world in modern times are Wei Yuan and Yan Fu. Wei Yuan compiled a book called Seaside Map, which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compiling was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills in controlling foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the Theory of Natural Evolution, stating that "natural selection is the only way to survive".

Lesson 22 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)

1. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.

2. 1905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years.

3. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan and so on. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is march of the volunteers and Xian Xinghai is the Yellow River Chorus.