The understanding that Sichuan Revolution was the fuse of Wuchang Uprising can not only be seen from the fact that the Qing Dynasty ordered Duan Fang to bring more than 2,000 Hubei troops into Sichuan to suppress the movement of protecting roads in Sichuan, which caused the Qing Dynasty's troops in Wuchang to be empty, thus creating favorable conditions for the success of Wuchang Uprising. It is important to see that the revolutionaries at that time, inspired by the Sichuan Railway Protection Movement, swept away their discouragement after the failure of the Huanghuagang Uprising, inspired the revolutionary spirit and accelerated the armed uprising, especially in the preparations for the Wuchang Uprising.
P588-589
Yin Xizheng was supposed to be represented by Zhang Peijue, the governor of Sichuan, but Yin recommended Hu Jingyi as an agent, and he fell into the trap of Yuan Shikai. /kloc-in July, Yuan Shikai officially appointed Hu Jingyi as the chief nurse. Hu Jingyi also stepped up his trust in Yuan Shikai, and sneaked into his confidant, Hu Zhongliang, a student in military equipment. He communicated with Yuan through Yuan's second chief of staff (1904, general manager of Sichuan Military Equipment School in Chen Ren, and took Hu Zhongliang as a mentor), and established a good relationship with Yuan. Yuan Shikai conferred the rank of Lieutenant General Hu and added the rank of General to make it equal to the treatment of Yin, so as to take Hu for his own use, which can not only attack Zhang Peijue, but also crowd out Yin at the same time. Hu Sui worked harder for Yuan Shikai to crack down on revolutionaries.
When Yuan Shikai appointed Hu as the governor to protect the country, he demoted Zhang Peijue, the deputy governor, to the chief of civil affairs, further weakening the position of the League in the military government. In September, in order to persecute revolutionaries, Yuan Shikai transferred Zhang Peijue to Beijing in the name of "inquiring about frontier civil affairs" and dismissed him from his post as chief civil affairs officer in Sichuan. The post of Minister of Civil Affairs is also held by Hu Jingyi. In this way, the military and political power in Sichuan is concentrated in Hu's hands. Yuan Shikai further cracked down on the differences with the party and vigorously helped Hu Paiyin. 19 13 On June13, Yuan Shikai appointed Hu Jingyi as Commander-in-Chief of Sichuan and Yin as Ambassador Kawabe. This appointment aroused the resistance of Sichuan people. On July 8, various organizations in Sichuan jointly issued leaflets denouncing Hu Jingyi's ten major crimes, such as "destroying parliament", "breaking the law", "selling officials to harm the people" and "inviting wolves into the room", and opposing his appointment as governor of Sichuan. (Zhou Kaiqing: Summary of Sichuan Affairs in the Republic of China, p. 358) However, the strength of the League was weak at this time, and the masses were disappointed that the revolution did not improve their plight at all. The revolutionary struggle in Sichuan has entered a low tide, and the struggle against Yuan and Hu is very weak. Hu Jingyi finally announced his appointment as commander-in-chief of Sichuan in July 15, and immediately raised his butcher's knife to the revolutionary people. Since then, Sichuan has been placed under the dark rule of Yuan Shikai, a big landlord and comprador representative. "When I was in Sichuan gay society, I did not hesitate to bleed thousands of miles and lay tens of thousands of corpses. In addition, Zhao Erfeng is violent and violent. ..... So Sichuan's reform has suffered more than other provinces. I went to an overbearing Zhao Erfeng and came to an overbearing Hu Jingyi, which was deeper than the fire of Manchu. " The Revolution of 1911 failed in Sichuan. (Xiong Kewu: "Seeking Hu Haowen")
The Nature and Characteristics of the Revolution of 1911 in Sichuan
P589-59 1
1. The patriotic movement of the people against imperialism's plundering of China's railway sovereignty and protecting the railway, and against the betrayal of the country and selling roads in the Qing Dynasty, began with the victory of the armed revolution that overthrew the rule of the imperialist lackeys in the Qing Dynasty. Comrade Mao Zedong said: "The Revolution of 1911 is the fate of revolutionary imperialism. The people of China want to change the life of the Qing Dynasty, because the Qing Dynasty is the running dog of imperialism. " (Selected Works of Mao Zedong, p. 1402) The history of Sichuan Railway Protection Movement developing into an armed anti-Qing revolution is the epitome and typical of the nature and significance of this revolution.
2. The scale of armed struggle is huge, and it is spread all over Sichuan. The people use revolutionary armed forces to oppose counter-revolutionary armed forces, which shows that the people are the driving force that ruined the Qing Dynasty. During the Revolution of 1911, the main organizational form of Sichuan people's anti-Qing armed struggle was the Lu Bao Comrades' Association, and the leader was the bourgeois political party alliance.
3. The role of alliance is very important. In the stage of the road protection movement, the activities of "inspiring the people and guiding the revolution" were also very frequent, and the organization of the League developed to all counties in Sichuan. As a result, the patriotic movement to protect the railway quickly evolved into an anti-Qing armed revolution, which took place before Wuchang Shouyi.
4. The difficulty of revolutionary struggle. During the Revolution of 1911, Sichuan witnessed the earliest uprising and the latest independence. Sichuan uprising on September 7th, earlier than Wuchang Shouyi, established the first county-level revolutionary regime in the oil layer. However, the independence of the whole province is later than that of Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Shanghai, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Anhui, Guangdong and Fujian provinces and cities. The people of Sichuan had to fight against the reactionary forces of the Qing Dynasty for three months. Finally, Zhao Erfeng was executed and the revolution reached its peak as much as possible.
P34
Wu Ke is famous for his diligence in party affairs, and he has been suffering for what Yuan Shikai has done. He can't bear to sit back and watch, and things are difficult to handle. He was the first person to promote fine arts. Su Jingyi flatters and gives him the name. Therefore, even if punished, it should be Yuan Zhengming. Therefore, on August 4, 2008, the Yuan Jun and Chongqing General Command was established. It is generally believed that Wu Ke is the Commander-in-Chief and Yang Shu is the Director of Civil Affairs. Its troops are Long Guang, the brigade commander of the Ninth Infantry Brigade, and the heads Fang Huanan and Lu Shizhen are subordinate to it.
P35
Head Lu Shidi, battalion commander Andy and Zhang Minli were stationed in Wan County, Kuimen. At that time, the plan was that the north road could not seize the state, and it was necessary to attack Luzhou in the middle. This situation is natural.
On-the-spot record of defending the country and defending the country in Sichuan
P74
Yuan Shikai, who had ulterior motives and thought he rebelled against the Republic of China, thought that China had controlled Heshuo in the north, Guanlong in the west and Huaisi in the south. It was not difficult to sweep the rivers and lakes and collect Fujian and Guangdong. Therefore, expelling the party membership and denying politics are potentially harmful and abusive.
……
First of all, Zhongshan thinks it is urgent to seize Yuan and Sichuan Revolution. In the autumn of three years, Lu Shidi was the governor of Sichuan, Lv Chao was the governor of southern Sichuan, and Shi Qingyang was the governor of eastern Sichuan. Dish was appointed, Fan Yi was appointed as southern Sichuan, Ding Zexu was in western Sichuan, and Liu Guozuo was in northern Sichuan. Send, thank, xue back to sichuan to raise righteousness reactive power, make, difficult. Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, and posthumous title Hongxian sent Chao to Yibin. Qingyang enters the play; Yan Deji went to Daxian; Song Qibo and Liu are loyal to him; Zhang Xi is a little far away, each seeks an uprising, and then joins forces.
P75
Xiong Kewu, Xiang Chuanyi and others. They all entered Sichuan with the Yunnan Army, and got the commander of the South Sichuan Military Region of China Revolutionary Army under the command of Lu Chao, and Xiong Kewu, a native of Cai E, recruited for Sichuan, saying that it was to protect the country and recruit. I'm going to collect Sun Zepei, Wu Qingxi, Ding Zexu and Zhang Zun from western Sichuan, and I'm going to artesian well, calling myself commander in a hurry. I planned it with Liu, Fang Chaozhen. What I want to say is that he is independent in Chengdu. He is the fourth division commander of Sichuan National Defence Force ... Wang Jingcheng is independent in Tongchuan. He has an appointment with his teacher. ..... After passing through the wind tunnel, the northern soldiers disarmed, which surprised the blue people. Fu Deng attacked Cheng Jing, but he missed, and his men took an oath. In Xinglongchang, * * * promoted Wang Jingcheng as commander-in-chief of the Sichuan Army to quell the rebellion, and then entered Tongchuan, where Tan Chuangzhi was promoted to the position of Chief Executive. Chen Huan has sent Guo Xiang to join the army, and Jingcheng is a teacher. ..... The division moved to Xindu, and his subordinates went to Hanzhou, Deyang, Shifang, Mianzhu and other counties to confront Zhou Jun..
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Lv Chao, together with the commander of the southern Sichuan area of China Revolutionary Army, called on the military and civilians ... The Yunnan Army won Yibin. When Xiong Kewu was in the Yunnan Army, although there were no soldiers, it was rumored that there were a group of soldiers, and all of them had their old divisions, and they colluded with each other, so they belonged to Chaobu, which reassured the public. Wu Ke has surpassed the army, and the rebels have returned to the army. So he recruited ambassadors for Sichuan to protect the country and took Lu Shidi as his staff. ..... Chen Huanbei abandoned Chengdu, and Cai E was ordered to supervise Sichuan, so he entered Chengdu.
When Yunnan became independent, Cai E was the commander-in-chief of the National Defence Force ... Seeing that the trend in party member was unstoppable, he promised independence.
P 108
After the coup, some members of Congress held an extraordinary meeting in Guangzhou, advocating the protection of the law, and elected Sun Yat-sen as the grand marshal of the military government, and Lu Rongting, governor of Guangdong, and Tang, governor of Yunnan, as deputy governors. Tang claimed to be the commander-in-chief of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Jing, and was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Sichuan. Therefore, Sichuan became the focus of the North-South struggle, each with a considerable force, so the Sichuan War resumed here. ..... At the request of the Sichuan Provincial Assembly, the Guangzhou Military Government appointed Xiong Kewu as Sichuan Governor and Yang Shu as Sichuan Governor. At this time, the big bear of the Sichuan army was reorganized, ... Tang Ren was the first general and deputy commander of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Coalition to aid Hubei, and Lu Shidi and other departments were stationed in the east. The first reason is that Tang of Guangdong, Chen Jiongming, Zhao Hengti of Hunan and Yunnan advocated "joint provincial autonomy", but the secretary-general of the military government and had close ties with Marshal Sun, while Xiong Yang had different backgrounds, different political views and different forces in Sichuan, so they were unable to cooperate all the time.
The contradiction between Luo and Liu
P 120
Luo Peijin has a high prestige in the group of Yunnan army noncommissioned officers and is known as a think tank. Former Minister of Civil Affairs of Yunnan, ordered Yuan Shikai to resign. Bao Guoxing was one of the organizers who instigated Yuan's downfall. The deployment and operational plans for sending troops to Sichuan, Hunan and Guangdong shall be drawn up by him. The National Guard entered Sichuan, and Luo was appointed as the chief of staff of the First Army. Tang granted full control over the Yunnan Army, controlled Cai E, and took over as Sichuan Provincial Government Affairs lord protector. After commanding military and political power, he still acted according to Tang's will. Luo people ..... On the basis of the troops recruited by Lu Shidi (Xi Qing, a native of Chengdu, a member of the League, the former commander of the Fifth Division), they reorganized and established the Fourth Division, and appointed Chen Zepei, the former chief of staff of the Left Wing Command, as the division.
P235
25. Cai E sent Liang Qichao to ask the central authorities to remove the Governor of Sichuan, and recommended Luo Peijin and Dai Kan as secret cables for military and civilian government affairs in Sichuan Province.
(191July 6 1 1 day)
Urgent. Mr. Liang Xinhui: Protecting secrets. After being treated by German doctor Aymis, the sore throat is worse, and the diet is hard to swallow ... I advise you to go to Shanghai for treatment as soon as possible, or even being dumb is useless. I was instructed by the governor of Sichuan to send a telegram to the Central Committee and recommend Luo Peijin as his replacement. ..... I hope my teacher can cut off the power center for me, get fired quickly, and let me go to Dongsheng to get sick. Luo and Dai are in charge of Sichuan affairs, which can ensure that they can be independent and gradually settle down. ……
P270
8. Liu Xiang, the brigade commander of Sichuan Army, demanded that the Beijing government handle Sichuan power fairly.
(19 17 April 17)
Jun Jian: According to Brigadier Huncheng of Chengdu, Governor Luo has sent a strong message to Chief Liu Cunhou and Chief Chen Zepei on the incident of downsizing, ordering all four divisions to be dissolved. The situation is even more urgent, which sounds staggering. ..... Hunan and others dare to disobey orders, protect Liu Chen and covet his position. If the central government can handle it fairly, the Sichuan Bureau will make a major decision from now on, and Hunan and others will be relieved of their responsibilities and returned to other places. Otherwise, people will be upset, the deadline will be poor, and the future of Sichuan Bureau will not be expected by Hunan and others. Stand by. It's horrible. Liu Xiang, Wang Qichang, Long Guang, Chen Jing, Lu Shidi and Dan Mao Xin. ..... Shinohara.
P266
Luo Peijin reorganized the 4th Division of Sichuan Army into the 1st Infantry Brigade, and gave orders to Brigadier General Lu Shidi.
(19120 February 7)
According to the fact that there are too many troops in Sichuan province, it is urgent to retreat. Before that, the supervisor will co-ordinate and deal with it separately. On February 27th, Chen Zepei, the commander of the 4th Division, ordered his 1st Division to be organized into an infantry brigade ... All this was completed before March 10 ... However, it took too long, and the editing matters in the Division were still not finished. This is a big delay. It is important to demobilize the troops. If it is difficult to postpone the order, dismiss the teacher immediately. The troops under the division's jurisdiction and all the handling incidents will be handed over to Lu Shidi, the brigade commander of the Seventh Brigade. This order.
Second, he and Yang Shukan led the Sichuan War for Yuan.
19 13 In August and September, the Sichuan-Yuan War led by Yang Shukan broke out, which was the first large-scale armed struggle against the dark rule of the Beiyang warlord government in Sichuan. Since the first year of the Republic of China, the revolutionary faction headed by Sun Yat-sen and the counter-revolutionary forces of Beiyang warlords headed by Yuan Shikai have been struggling for a long time in Sichuan, and the revolutionary faction ended in failure.
1. The establishment of the Shu army
1911165438+1In late October, members of the Sichuan delegation in Shanghai were exchanging views and organizing new troops to join the northern expedition conducted by the allied forces of various provinces. At this time, Xiong Kewu came to Shanghai from Shaanxi via Wuhan, and everyone pushed him to organize the Shu army. ..... After many twists and turns, the boy scout and Jia Yingquan, who were doing business in Shanghai and Shu, handed over their Lan Zhi shares of1700,000 yuan, equivalent to 250,000 yuan. ...
4. Characteristics of Sichuan Yuan War
First, it takes a long time. It took about forty days from August 4th to September 12 when Chongqing fell.
Second, heroic sacrifice. There are more than forty revolutionaries and martyrs of distribution schools, including Wang Tianjie and Zhang Baixiang. The number of deaths and suicides exceeded this figure, and more soldiers were killed or injured. Later, they were more widely implicated and persecuted.
Third, no bribery, no bribery, no corruption. In the southeast provinces, Yuan Shikai often disintegrated independent Yuan Jun by bribing officials, but none of the ministries in Sichuan accepted Yuan Shikai's bribe. The army is mighty, but it has not given a penny to the prosperous Chongqing business community and other counties. People will refuse to steal public funds in the chaos. Many people retreated from Chongqing to Wanxian, and fled to Shanghai or Japan and Nanyang with the donation of local garrison commander Lu Shidi.
Fourth, the various parts are scattered, neither surrendering to the enemy nor being bandits. Most of them handed over their guns to the township group or hastily abandoned their guns and dispersed. Better to die than to die.
These characteristics of Sichuan's search for Yuan Jun reflected the revolutionary dedication of the revolutionary party at that time to save the failure of the Revolution of 1911 and deal a heavy blow to the enemy, and its progressive role should be fully affirmed.
Three, Cai E and Xiong Kewu presided over the Sichuan Patriotic War.
1916 65438+1From October to July, the war to defend the country broke out in Sichuan, which was the second large-scale armed resistance against the dark rule of the northern warlords in Sichuan, and it was what Sun Yat-sen called the "three revolutions" in Sichuan.
The battle to protect the country was a continuation of the struggle of Sichuan revolutionaries against Yuan Shikai's military dictatorship and the restoration of monarchy under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen after the Sichuan War for Yuan, but the actual power was in the hands of Cai E, who was deeply influenced by the Progressive Party led by Liang Qichao.
1. Preparation for the War of Defending the Country and Defending the Country in Sichuan
After the defeat of the Sichuan-Yuan War, the lower-level officers and men of Yuan were distracted and the people's army was brutally suppressed. Most of the main leaders of the Kuomintang are in exile, and some of them joined the China Revolutionary Party founded by Sun Yat-sen in Japan in 19 14.
After the China Revolutionary Party was formally established in Tokyo, Sichuan members Yang Shukan and Xie Chi served as deputy ministers of the Political Department and General Affairs Department respectively, assisting Sun Yat-sen in preparing for the recruitment of Yuan.
19 15 in the spring, representatives of the former Sichuan Kuomintang Convener (the so-called "Nine-member Group"), Lu Shidi, Xiang Chuanyi, Shi Qingyang and Song Jixian, who were different from the China Revolutionary Party, attended the Xie Zhi and Yang meetings of the China Revolutionary Party at their home in Shanghai. Lu Shidi reported the strategy to Sun Yat-sen, and on June+10/October 65438+June 6, Sun Yat-sen officially appointed Lu as the commander-in-chief of the Sichuan Revolutionary Army, and on April 26, he appointed Long Guang as the minister of the Sichuan branch of the China Revolutionary Party. (Li Lelun: the turbulent situation in Sichuan after the war to protect the country, the first series of Historical Materials of Sichuan Warlords, p. 89-9 1; Xiong Kewu, who participated in the European Affairs Research Association, kept a certain distance from the leadership of Sun Yat-sen.
……
After 10, the armed struggle against Yuan initiated by China Revolutionary Party was launched in an all-round way and reached its climax. Sun Yat-sen sent Shi Qingyang back to Sichuan to fight for Yuan, ...165438+1October 2 ... appointed Lu Shidi as the secretary of Sichuan Branch to strengthen leadership. At the end of the year, Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Lu Shidi sent Lu Chao to Yibin, Shi Qingyang to Xiushan, ... each made an uprising and then United. I am preparing to enter Yunnan from Vietnam with Xiang Chuanyi.
When Lu Shidi arrived in Hong Kong, Yunnan had declared independence.
2. The course of Sichuan's war to defend the country.
19151221,Yunnan held a military meeting for Yuan, and decided to call Yuan Shikai to cancel the imperial system first, otherwise it would be solved by force. At that time, Cai E advocated inviting Yuan, Dan and others to attend the meeting, and decided to join the Yunnan Army in Sichuan to launch a campaign for Yuan. On 25th, Cai E and former Yunnan generals Tang, Ren Kecheng, Liu, Dai Kan and Li Liejun jointly declared their independence, issued a petition for Yuan, denounced Hongxian monarchy and called on all provinces to declare at the same time. Organize the military government to protect the country, with Tang as the commander-in-chief and Cai E as the commander-in-chief of the national army.
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Cai E ... Focus on Sichuan. 12 On February 26th, Cai E actively transferred troops to Sichuan. Cai E and Chief of Staff Luo Peijin led the second and third echelon regiments Zhao, Dong Hongxun, He, Lu Guofan and Zhu De to enter Yongning, Sichuan, with Luzhou as the main force in the middle road.
There are more than 3000 people from Cai 'e to Sichuan. ..... Whether the national defense forces can control Sichuan, if we talk about military strength alone, it is really difficult to win. Therefore, when Cai E launched a military uprising, he paid attention to political struggle and Liu Cunhou and others defected to Yuan.
……
1965438+May 2006 ... Cai E urged Chen Huan to declare Sichuan independence as soon as possible. ..... Lu Shidi united the army and the people to establish Chen Independence near Chengdu. At the beginning of May, the Second Mixed Brigade of Sichuan Army became electrified and independent, and served as the commander-in-chief of the Northern Sichuan Defence Force. Zhang Lan was the chief executive, with more than 5,000 troops, and the police consumption also spread to Chengdu. The general trend, on May 22nd, Chen Huan was forced to formally declare its independence.
3. The activities of the warlord Tuchuan after Sichuan's independence.
After Sichuan's independence, Cai E sent a telegram on June 6th urging Zhang and others to rebel against Yuan. Xiang General Shang Xiang Mingyu declared independence on May 29th, and Yuan died on June 6th. The war of defending the country and defending the country in Sichuan played a decisive role in smashing Yuan Shikai's imperial restoration.
……
/kloc-in June of 0/3, Cai E was stationed in Luzhou, and on June 24th, he was appointed as Sichuan Military Inspector and Governor's Ambassador ... On July 6th, Li ordered the provincial governors to be renamed as governors, and Cai was appointed as Sichuan Governor. ..... 14 In July, Tang announced the cancellation of the Military Academy. On July 25th, China Revolutionary Party issued a notice to stop all military actions. At this point, the war to defend the country was all over.
Cai E suffered from severe laryngitis in mid-July, and once called in sick for medical treatment in 1 month. Luo Peijin was appointed as the overseer and governor of Sichuan. ..... Tang continued to send troops to control Sichuan ... At the beginning of August, some arrangements had been made. On the 9th, Jiang Fangzhen, chief of staff, left Rongdong in a hurry and went to Japan for medical treatment. ... 1 1.8 died ... After Cai E left, Luo Peijin went against Cai E's wishes and frantically pursued the warlord regime policy of Tang controlling Sichuan, resulting in a scuffle between Luo Peijin and Liu Cunhou, and between Dai Kan and Liu Cunhou in Chengdu and Sichuan 19 17.
4. The contribution and consequences of Sichuan Defence War.
The victory of Sichuan's war to defend the country was jointly achieved by China Revolutionary Party headed by Sun Yat-sen and Cai E anti-Yuan forces closely related to the Progressive Party headed by Liang Qichao. Before Yunnan National Guard entered Sichuan, China revolutionaries did a lot of mobilization and organization work. After entering Shu, under the auspices of Xiong Kewu and Lu Shidi, he actively cooperated with Cai E and others to defeat the Union Army. Cai E's national defense forces fought bravely, winning more with less, and at the same time striving for Liu Cunhou's resistance to Yuan and the independence of Sichuan Army Chen Huan, making outstanding contributions. The victory of Sichuan's war to defend the country. On the one hand, Liu Cunhou, the general of Sichuan army who destroyed the restoration of Yuan Shikai's empire and the Beiyang government, expanded his political and military capital, became a warlord in Sichuan, and what's more, divided the revolutionaries. Some of them, such as Xiong Kewu, gradually broke away from the leadership of Sun Yat-sen and tended to the Tang Dynasty, and evolved into warlords in Sichuan, which lasted for four years. As a result, the national regime still falls into the hands of Beiyang warlords headed by Duan Hefeng, and the Sichuan regime is also caught in the dispute between the southwest warlords and the Sichuan warlords, which cannot be changed. Although the signboard of the Republic of China has been put up again, the democratic and harmonious system is in danger of being destroyed at any time.
Fourth, the Sichuan law-protecting war led by Sun Yat-sen.
19 17 June to May1918 May was the third large-scale armed struggle of Sichuan soldiers and civilians against the dark rule of Beiyang warlords under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen, and it was also an important part of the "four revolutions" led by Sun Yat-sen.
The war to protect France in Sichuan broke out under the extremely complicated historical conditions of social contradictions and struggles in China since the Revolution of 1911. Sun Yat-sen, the great revolutionary forerunner, insisted on the revolution, established a military government, instructed the Sichuan revolutionaries, directly expelled the representatives, and wooed the southwest powerful faction to achieve his goal of safeguarding the achievements of the Revolution of 1911. However, due to the obstruction of the northern and southern warlords, it failed, and it was impossible to reverse the situation in which the warlords fought in Sichuan and the people were miserable.
1. The domestic political situation of defending the country after the war
The bourgeois revolutionary democrats, led by Sun Yat-sen, have been fighting to defend the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 since the first year of the Republic of China. After the second revolution and the war to defend the country, although it played a leading and backbone role, its strength was not strong. Yuan Shikai just passed away,1965438+June 9, 2006. Sun Yat-sen spoke out to defend the Covenant Law and the National Assembly, and issued the Declaration on the Control and Restoration of the Covenant Law.
2. The process of the war to protect the law
……
First stage
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In June 65438+1October 65438+February, Sun Yat-sen appointed the protector Huang and Lu Shidi as the commanders and deputy commanders of Sichuan National Army, and Shi Qingyang as the ambassador of East Sichuan. In June 65438+1October 65438+August 65438, Sun Yat-sen appointed Huang and Lu as the commanders and deputy commanders of Sichuan Allied Forces. (Summary of Sichuan Affairs in the Republic of China, page 65438 +094.200.2038+0)
In the second stage, Sun Yat-sen fought for the Tang Dynasty to join hands with the East (1917 65438+February 2008 to1965438+May).
65438+February 65438+March, Chongqing garrison electrified Xiong Kewu to protect the law. 2 1 day, Sun Yat-sen telegraphed that Tang and Tang would work together to "jointly deal with each other".
……
On February 29th, 65438, Sun Yat-sen called Tang et al. and agreed to the call, so that Tang and Liu were appointed as the commander-in-chief and deputy commander-in-chief of Guo Jing Allied Forces in Yunguichuan respectively. 10 9, Xiong Kewu became the commander-in-chief of the armies in Guo Jing, Sichuan.
……
From February to May, due to Cen Chunxuan's repeated attempts to reconcile the southern warlords with Feng, the Franco-Prussian war suffered setbacks in some provinces. During this period, Sun Yat-sen's series of instructions on the war to protect France in Sichuan were not implemented, and the situation in Sichuan changed greatly.
……
Despite Sun Yat-sen's instructions, Tang refused to formally take over the post of marshal of the military government, and at the same time tried his best to win and support the regime that commanded the military and political affairs. In fact, he was resisting a series of orders from Sun Yat-sen.
……
On May 4th, Sun Yat-sen was forced to resign as the Grand Marshal of the Extraordinary National Assembly, and sent a telegram to expose all kinds of crimes committed by the southwest warlords ... On May 2nd1,Sun Yat-sen returned to Shanghai and Zhu Zhixin with a heavy heart.
3. Lessons from the failure of the Sichuan Law Protection War
Although the war to protect France in Sichuan led by Sun Yat-sen failed, it has far-reaching historical significance and valuable experience and lessons.
The war of protecting the law in Sichuan is an inseparable part of the bourgeois revolutionary democratic revolution represented by Sun Yat-sen, which fully embodies the spirit of this progressive political faction to fight for its own revolutionary ideals, severely hits the forces of the northern warlords in Sichuan, makes no small contribution to opposing the dark rule of the northern warlords, lays a good foundation for Sun Yat-sen to lead the people of Sichuan to adhere to the democratic revolution, and is a glorious page in the history of revolutionary struggle in Sichuan.
The war to protect France in Sichuan was another failed attempt by Sun Yat-sen to establish a revolutionary regime by relying on the southwest warlords. ..... Its failure made Sun Yat-sen know something about the southwest warlords, which became one of the promoting factors for him to turn to find new social forces.
..... 19 17, China Revolutionary Party has existed in name only. In March, Sun Yat-sen failed to realize the idea of rebuilding the revolutionary party to restore the revolutionary spirit, and announced that the party would be renamed "China Kuomintang". Since the Second Revolution, party member and Xiong Kewu, the old allies who broke away from Sun Yat-sen, became warlords in Sichuan through the war to protect France in Sichuan. Since then, Sichuan has become the focus of contention and melee between the southwest warlords and Sichuan, which is the result of the long-term contradictory struggle between the military and political forces in Yunguichuan since the Revolution of 1911.
Warlords and melee in Sichuan in the second quarter
First, the northern army, the Yunnan army and the Guizhou army ravaged Sichuan and competed for the old Sichuan army.
1. The focus of the contradiction between Yunnan-Guizhou warlords and Sichuan warlords
19 17 At the beginning of August, Cai E put forward the arrangement of military and political rehabilitation and requested the appointment of Beiyang government ... In mid-September, Luo Peijin and Dai Kan officially took charge of Sichuan's military and political power ... This winter, Luo Peijin took various measures to strengthen Yunnan's strength, weaken the Sichuan army and shelve Dai Kan.
……
1965438+At the beginning of March 2007, Luo Peijin called the generals of various armies to Chengdu to hold a meeting to reduce the Sichuan army ... On March 6, a famous teacher of the Fifth Division accused Luo Peijin of "Yunnan is strong, Sichuan is weak, and the deployment is unfair" and signed a telegram to Beijing. ..... On the evening of April 14, Luo ordered the dismissal of Mr. Chen, and ordered the brigade commander of the seventh brigade of the division, Lu Shidi, to take over the troops under the division and handle all matters. (Luo Peijin's order to commander Lu Shidi about cutting the fourth division of Sichuan Army into an infantry brigade, Historical Materials of Sichuan Warlords,No. 1, p. 266)
Second,
1.
At the beginning of Xiong Kewu's military and political power in Sichuan, the original station of Yunnan-Guizhou Army did not change. For all the troops in Sichuan, it is only on-site defense. However, since there are clear regulations and announcements, it is the beginning of the establishment of the defense zone system. ..... The order could not be applied to the Yunnan-Guizhou garrison, and the divisions of the Sichuan Army followed suit, gradually becoming too big to fail. ..... 19 19 In April, Xiong Kewu clearly published the List of Garrison Areas in Guo Jing, Sichuan ... (The defense situation of Lu Division was not listed in the list, but later Lu was stationed in Wanxian County, and it still belonged to reinforcements in Hubei).
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After this table was published, the Sichuan Army was reorganized into eight divisions. However, Liu Xiang, Xiang Chuanyi, Liu Chengxun, Lv Chao, Shi Qingyang, Yan and Chen Hongfan served as teachers in each division in turn. Huang and Lu Shidi are still the chief and deputy commanders of Hubei Province. The garrison area has also changed.
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It can be seen that Sichuan, which is rich in economy and competing with the old and new forces in the political and military fields, is the product of the dark rule of Beiyang warlords and the southwest army's attempt to occupy Sichuan in the early Republic of China. ..... During the period when Xiong Kewu, the leader of the Kuomintang New Sichuan Army, was the overseer, the zoning system was finally formed.
2. The bad consequences brought by the regional protection system to the people of Sichuan.
When the defense zone system was just formed, Xiong Kewu subjectively wanted to seek temporary stability, consolidate his rule in Sichuan and seek the unification of military orders and decrees. But objectively, it has deepened the contradictions and struggles of various armies ... Before and during the establishment of the defense zone system, there were insurmountable contradictions between Yunnan-Guizhou Army and Sichuan Army, and between Sichuan Army and Sichuan Army. First of all, Tang, the careerist of Yunnan-Guizhou Army ... In the Franco-Prussian War, he never held the post of Marshal of the military government headed by Sun Yat-sen, but was awarded the title of Commander-in-Chief and Chief Executive Officer of the Yunnan-Sichuan-Guizhou Coalition with Cen Chunxuan as the core (he took office on July 22, 2008), defeated the old Sichuan Army in the name of legality and put the new Sichuan Army led by Xiong Kewu under his own control.
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Liu Xiang and other Sichuan generals advocated "unified military orders", that is, Ao was not allowed to establish an independent kingdom in Sichuan, which was governed by Sichuanese and unified under the military and political leadership of Sichuanese.
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1965438+On February 9, 2009, Xiong Cai officially assumed the post of Sichuan overseer of the military government presided over by Cen Chunxuan. The telegram called him the great president and prime minister of Beiyang government, which was about one year behind the appointment of Sun Yat-sen or Tang, reflecting the separatist tendency of the North-South government to try to monopolize Sichuan, neither accepting the leadership of Sun Yat-sen nor being controlled by Tang.
Secondly, within the Sichuan Army, there are not only contradictions between the old and the new Sichuan Army, but also contradictions between the "nine-member group" headed by Xiong Kewu and the "industrial group" headed by Xie Zhi and Yang Shu Kan.
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Those supported by Xie didn't arrive in Chongqing until September 2008. At the meeting of the Allied Forces in September, Yang was not clear about Tang's ambition to control Sichuan ... Yang Sui further cooperated with members of the industrial group. /kloc-Yang Wei's father consulted with Lu Shidi, Huang, Shi Qingyang and others about the specific plan of bear dropping during his mourning in Chongqing in February, 2008. Tang Yao Ji made further use of the contradictions within the Sichuan Army in an attempt to get rid of Xiong Kewu, the main obstacle for him to control Sichuan. Therefore, Xie Zhi and Yang Shukan, leaders of industrial groups, and Tang Dou, leader of Yunnan warlord, tend to overthrow the bear market. The contradictions and struggles among the factions within the Sichuan Kuomintang gave Tang, who wanted to be the king of Yunnan, an opportunity, and at the same time, the contradictions and struggles with the attempt to monopolize Sichuan were developing day by day.
After Sun Yat-sen left the military government in Guangzhou, he was still very concerned about the situation in Sichuan. Write to Xiong Kewu, ... 19 19 1.7 to Liu xiangpu, ... April 1 to Yang Shukan ... May 26th, write to Xiong Kewu respectively. (Historical Materials of Warlords in Sichuan, Series II, pp. 244-242; The great pioneer of the democratic revolution tried his best to unite the revolutionary forces in Sichuan and oppose the Beiyang government, but failed to achieve the expected results.
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1920 Summer and Autumn (10 May-June), melee broke out between Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou armies. Since then, although the Yunnan-Guizhou army was forced to withdraw from Sichuan, the old and new Sichuan armies have been at war for years, and their strength has doubled, and the people of Sichuan have continued to suffer serious hardships.