Yuan Chonghuan (1584-65438 June 6 +0630 September 22) was born and raised in Han nationality. Born in the 12th year of Wanli (1584) on April 28th. Born in Dongguan, Guangdong, he was born in Beimen Street, tengxian, Wuzhou, Guangxi. Yuan Chonghuan was born in Dongguan, Guangdong. At the age of fourteen, he moved to tengxian with his father Yuan and his father Yuan Zipeng.

Yuan Du Shi Zu Chong Huan's husband.

In the seventh year of the Apocalypse, that is, the first year of Tiancong (1627), on the sixth day of May, Huang Taiji of the late Jin Dynasty led tens of thousands of troops out of Shenyang and mobilized troops to attack Ning (far) Jin (state) on the pretext that "Ming people built cities and wasteland in Jinzhou, Daling River and Xiaoling River". On the 11th, after Jin Jun arrived in Jinzhou, a mile away from Jinzhou, he camped in all directions and surrounded Jinzhou City. When Ji Yong, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, and Zhao Lvjiao, the company commander, were stationed in Jinzhou, they were responsible for fortification. When the nomads from the rear arrived, Zuo Fu and others retreated into Jinzhou to hold on. When Huang taiji got the news, he ordered the siege. After a few days of siege, nomads from the army suffered heavy casualties and found nothing. 16, the letter from Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, to Ji Yong and Ji Yong was intercepted by the late Jin soldiers, saying that "670,000 navy divisions will be mobilized to reinforce Shanhaiguan, Jizhou and the soldiers will also go forward to Tun, and Shahe and Zhonghou soldiers will all go to Ningyuan. Mongolian soldiers from all over the country have arrived at Taishan Tower. Huang taiji believed it, that is, he contracted the troops around Jin, gathered in the west of the city, and stopped the Ming helper. By 26th, the army of Houjin had besieged the city 15 days, with exhausted troops and low morale. On the 27th, the post-Jin army was divided into two parts: one part continued to stay in Jinzhou and dug three roads outside Jinzhou to surround it; The other, led by Huang Taiji, attacked Ningyuan by tens of thousands of officers and men. Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Liaodong, said, "Strengthen the wall, strengthen the foundation, avoid sharp attacks and be lazy, and block the camera. "Inscription by Governor Ji Liao and Minister Yan Mingtai of the Ministry of War:" Today Guan Yu is safe, Guan Yu is safe, Ningyuan is safe, Ningyuan is safe. You have to leave Ningyuan to care about the minister. And the battle to clear the encirclement should be dedicated to becoming a marshal. "The purpose of this performance is:" Ningfu is still in the town, and he was dispatched, thinking it was a stamina. "In order to ensure Ningyuan, the court did not allow Yuan Chonghuan to personally lead reinforcements to come to the rescue; Then Mangui, Youshilu and Zu Dashou led ten thousand troops and rushed to Jinzhou. On 28th, Liao Army and Hou Jin Army launched a fierce offensive and defensive war in Ningyuan City. Yuan Chonghuan armed to the teeth, array outside, with his back against the wall, to meet the strong enemy. Huang taiji will rush into the cover attack, and Baylor Azig will also participate in the war; Baylor Daishan, Baylor A Min and Baylor Mangutai "are all too close to the city to attack, so they try their best to persuade them not to advance". Tian Conghan's Huang Taiji was furious with the advice of the three Baylor: "Yesterday, the emperor took an examination of Taizu to attack Ningyuan, so it was impossible; Today's attack on Jinzhou failed. Just like a soldier on this battlefield, he can't win yet, so why can he make our country proud! "Liao Mingjun and 8 jin j after two cavalry, launched a fierce battle outside NingYuan city, the arrow flying horse across. Man Gui, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was shot by several arrows, and his mount was injured. You Shiwei's mount was also shot. Later, Jin Beier Zilhallan, Sahelian and Wakda were all injured. There were casualties in both armies. The Ming cavalry fought at the gates, and the artillery fought at the gates. Yuan Chonghuan came to the gate to command, "propaganda at the gate", inspiring soldiers and Li Qi to attack. General Peng Maogu smashed a big tent in the Eight Banners barracks with a red Yi gun, and other guns opened the slave-stealing camp on the Dongshan slope. After that, Jin Jun suffered heavy casualties. Liu Yingkun, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, reported that "there were thousands of thieves and foreigners, and corpses were everywhere". After the Jin Dynasty, Gil Harang, the third son Sahalian and the fourth son Wada of Daishan in Baylor were seriously injured, and the guerrillas Jueluo Baishan and Beiyu Bashi were shot. Lu Niu, Zhengbaiqi, Mongolians, Zhenbobou and others also died. 8 jin j after heavy casualties, the body full of Qian Hao. On the 29th, the late Jin Tiancong left Ningyuan with the troops led by Khan Huang Taiji and retreated to Jinzhou. Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Liaodong, said with delight, "In the past ten years, I have tried my best to beat slaves and horses. Starting from today, I don't know how fierce it is. When he was reinstated, he called him and chased him in different ways. The army hated the thief and defeated him in the First World War. The strength of this town mainly comes from. "Huang taiji attack NingYuan, jinzhou. First, on the 28th, when Hou Jinbing was fighting fiercely in Ningyuan, the Ming army in Jinzhou took advantage of Hou Jinbing's main force to move westward and its strength was weak, suddenly opened the city gate, swarmed out and attacked Hou Jinying's camp, giving the enemy certain losses. After a small initial victory, he quickly retreated back to the city. After Jinzhou Battle Report was sent to Huang Taiji, he felt that Ning and Jin were under attack between Scylla and Charybdis and had to withdraw troops from Ningyuan quickly. On June 3, Huang Taiji launched an attack on Jinzhou City. On the fourth day, Huang taiji was unable to attack the city and ordered to retreat to the camp. According to Zhao Lvjiao, commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, there were "no fewer than two or three thousand casualties" after the battle. The eunuch guarding the Ming Dynasty reported: "On the fourth day, tens of thousands of stolen slaves flocked to fight. Our soldiers killed thousands of minions and thieves with artillery, cupping and arrows, injured thousands, lost back to the thief camp and cried out. "On the fifth day, in the early morning, Tian Conghan Huang Taiji withdrew from Jinzhou. On the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Liaodong, said in Jinzhou, "... Who knows that the emperor is so strong, learning the law like a life, and the factory minister is so arrogant that anyone dares to die. Dozens of battles, large and small, were cleared. I really haven't seen martial arts for decades! "After the war in Ningjin, the Jin army besieged the city and the army held on. On the 25th, Ningyuan and Jinzhou ended. The Ming people called it "Great Victory in Ningjin", which was recorded in the China War History.

Platform response

Xi Zong collapsed, Chongzhen acceded to the throne, and Wei Zhongxian was punished. Courtiers please call Yuan Chonghuan back to Korea. In April of the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Chongzhen appointed the Minister of War of Yuan Chonghuan as the right deputy commander-in-chief of imperial academy, overseer of Hebei, Liao and military affairs of Deng, Lai and Tianjin. Yuan Chonghuan entered Beijing in July, and Emperor Chongzhen summoned the platform on 14th. Yuan Chonghuan made a generous statement and planned to restore Liaodong in five years. The emperor was overjoyed, and Yuan Chonghuan played again. Yuan Chonghuan said, "I have more than enough to govern the whole of Liaodong, but the public is not enough." Once you go abroad, you will become Wan Li. Is anyone jealous of kung fu? In other words, I don't want to push my elbow with my power, but I can also fool me with my opinion. "(Chronicle of Chongzhen) On 24th, Chongzhen gave Chonghuan a sword and acted cheaply. Yuan Chonghuan thanked Chen Fanglve, Chongzhen offered python jade and silver coins, and Chonghuan resigned from mang jade.

Toshiyuki Shimashima

In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), Yuan Chonghuan set sail from Beixunkou on May 25th, passed Songmu Island, Xiaoheishan Island, Snake Island and Frog Island, and docked at Shuangdao on the 28th. On the 29th, Chonghuan boarded Daoling and visited Longwang Temple. That night, Mao arrived. On the fourth day of June, Yuan Chonghuan rewarded three thousand five hundred and seventy-five Dongjiang soldiers with official salaries ranging from 320 to 520, with a salary of one yuan. And will pay one hundred and two thousand Dongjiang surplus. Yuan Chonghuan sent lieutenant Xu to discuss with Xie San. Then Mao should be ordered to print official documents in Lushun, east of Mao, and west of Yuan Chonghuan. He also ordered the establishment of Dongjiang camp system, and at the same time ordered preparations to recover Lushun in Zhenjiang. Mao didn't agree. On the fifth day of June, Yuan Chonghuan sent Dongjiang soldiers to land, which was even more rewarding. Mao asked, "When will Yuan Chonghuan travel?" . Yuan Chonghuan said, "Ningyuan is an important place. I will go there tomorrow. I invite your town to wander around the island and watch the soldiers shoot. " He also said: "I can't worship in the future. If the country wants to send it overseas, I will also worship together." After the memorial service, climb the island mountain. Xie Sanhui secretly dispersed the joint venture soldiers and surrounded them on all sides. Long Wen was surrounded by more than 100 accompanying officials, and the soldiers were isolated from the battalion. Yuan Chonghuan asked the names of officials accompanying Mao, all of whom were surnamed Mao. Mao Longwen said, "They are all grandchildren who open the door." Yuan Chonghuan said, "What's the point of everyone's surname being Mao? Everyone has a hero like you. I'd rather be a former officer and get more salary than you, but if not, I can't keep warm. Sadly, you have been working hard overseas, and you get rice every month to share with your family. You have also been worshipped by me and contributed to the country. After that, you will have no worries. " The officials fell to their knees crying. Later, he said to Long Wen: "Those who control the four towns and strictly forbid the sea are afraid of Leiden Tianjin and suffer from heart trouble." Now the Dongjiang reimbursement department is set up, and the money and grain are shipped out from Ningyuan without any inconvenience. Yesterday, I discussed with your town and wanted to take the road of landing, but I also proposed to move to the town, set up a business system, divide things into east and west, set up a Dojo, and collect money and food from the military and horses, all of which failed. Did the country spend a lot of money and food, but it was useless? I talked for three days. I hope you can go back to the shore. Who knew you were ambitious and cheated you to the end? You are arrogant and brave. How can national laws be compatible? " Say that finish, plead to the west, tied the hair, to crown petticoats. Mao is still stubborn. He won't accept it. Yuan Chonghuan added, "I suspect it's a scholar, but I don't know if it's a general of the imperial court. Immediately, he charged Mao with 12, and said to Dongjiang officials, "Mao is guilty. Do you think he should be killed? If I kill Long Wen, you will kill me, too. " All the officials were relatively pale and bowed their heads in mourning. Mao was speechless and bowed down for mercy. Yuan Chonghuan said, "If you don't know the law for a long time, you won't be killed. A piece of land in Dongjiang is not owned by the emperor. "Please sword, water camp battalion commander Zhao Buqi, He Lin army beheaded, make the flag officer holding a sword, beheaded in front of the account. He also ordered Mao to bury Long Wen's head in the coffin. The soldiers in the periphery are aggressive, and seeing that the soldiers in Yuan Chonghuan are well organized, they dare not commit crimes. Chong Huan also told Dongjiang officials: "Today, killing Long Wen alone in order to protect overseas soldiers and civilians is killing people and protecting others. You're still working, and you're going back to your country. It is not as serious as your crime. Liu Bei said, "There are 28,000 Dongjiang soldiers, divided into four meetings, one for Wen and the other for Xu Fu. In the other two associations, Dongjiang official is guerrilla Liu Xingzuo, and two deputy members are in charge. Will bring the soldier's pay one hundred thousand, distributed to the island's officials and people, make feng get up and go to Lushun. He also ordered Mao to be in charge of the sword and Dongjiang, and let him be in charge. After the announcement, we boarded the ship on the outlying islands and issued a license to appease the soldiers and civilians on the islands. He just bought commercial banks, sent officials to inspect prisons on the island and robbed merchant ships. Hong xiu, a businessman who became famous overnight, etc. On the sixth day of June, a sacrificial ceremony was prepared to pay homage to Long Wen's coffin. As the saying goes, "It is the law of the imperial court to behead you yesterday, but it is our private affair to sacrifice you today". Then I shed tears, and all the generals shed tears and sighed. On the ninth day of June, I arrived in Lushun, where the loyalist greeted me, issued an announcement and set sail for home. Although Chongzhen was dissatisfied with Yuan Chonghuan's decision to kill Mao first and then Mao, Mao had twice led troops to Lu to rob money and food, boasting that he knew Nanjing like the back of his hand when riding a horse to Dengzhou, which was full of misdeeds. In his letter to Huang taiji, he said, "I will accept what Khan wants, and I will follow it without exception." "I will take Shanhaiguan, and I will take Shandong, if. So this is a piece of cake ",there has been a tendency to defect, and Chongzhen himself has long been dissatisfied with Mao, thinking that Mao" has traces of communication with foreigners ",so he was very happy with Mao's death and beheaded Mao Jiayu for Yuan. According to "A Brief Introduction to the North of Ming Dynasty", "Liao people were tortured in the north, and it was difficult to return to China when they wanted to escape to China. They tried their best to escape. After a few days, Long Wenhui covered them up and killed them to repay them. This was their great evil. It is arrogant, has a lot to do and demands too much. I am suspicious and tired of North Korea's theory. Israel can't have a heavy army, nor can it live on the island. Chonghuan was very happy when he beheaded Long Wen for the first time. He received many suggestions. "The current affairs novel Zhenhai Chunqiu in the late Ming Dynasty described Yuan Chonghuan's killing Mao as one of the conditions for Yuan Chonghuan to make peace with the latter Jin Dynasty, which was copied by some historical books at that time, but there was no relevant content in Yuan Chonghuan's letters with the latter Jin Dynasty. Meng Sen, a great historian, said: "Mao Dongjiang's soldiers used the imperial court as an excuse to trade and contraband as a market, which greatly helped the enemy. However, although Bai Huan commanded the soldiers and asked him to take care of the salary of Dongjiang, he refused to do so in order to gain market with the enemy, and he did not want to expose his army. Chonghuan beheaded Long Wen, prepared his soldiers and verified his salary. Dongjiang was promising, but his body was slaughtered, and Mao soldiers had nothing to rely on. They killed themselves, and the phase rate decreased. Critics also regard this as a crime of worshipping Huan, and do not think that the crime of killing Chonghuan is still controversial, but only used to expose it. " (Meng Sen's Lecture Notes on the History of the Ming Dynasty) Lee Kwang Soo, a famous historian, once denounced Luo Zhenyu, a adherent of the Manchu Dynasty who overturned Mao's conviction and a great traitor of the puppet Manchukuo: "In Gui You, that is, in the 22 nd year of the Republic of China, Roche never used the chronology of the Republic of China, so he only wrote it. In the September 18th Incident, the Japanese aggressors set up a puppet organization, and Roche was one of the first ten ministers. In his later years, it was a shameful thing. Taking Mao Longwen's "collaboration with the enemy and treason" as a great contribution is tantamount to using the traitor Kong Geng and others to slaughter compatriots. Mao collaborated with the enemy in the original work, which contains historical data of the Qing Dynasty. Whether Roche saw it or not, it is also obvious that the old archives of Manchuria in Jinliang and Mao's affair in Ji Yun. As early as the publication of this book, Roche saw it with his own eyes. He also tried to compile a series of historical materials, including Mao Longwen's various sins, but he refused to collect them. He only believed in the book Dongjiang suicide note and collected consistent rumors. " (Lee Kwang Soo on Luo Zhenyu's "Dongjiang Legacy")

Change of oneself

In October of the second year of Chongzhen (1629), there was a "self-change", and Huang Taiji led tens of thousands of Qing soldiers to bypass Mongolia and avoid the defense zone of Zhao Lvjiao, a Shanhaiguan general loyal to the Ming Dynasty. 127 October 65438+ broke through Daankou, and was trapped in Zunhua and Santun camps in early June 165438+. Governor Wang Yuanya and company commander Zhu Yanguo committed suicide. The capital was shaken, martial law was imposed, and at the same time, various military forces were ordered to keep the king out of the country. Yuan Chonghuan, the supervisor of Hebei and Liao, had long expected the move of the latter. To this end, Yuan Chonghuan once officially told Emperor Chongzhen, saying, "If you are in harmony with Heaven and other places, you should listen to the governor as a government. I dare not cross the line." (On May 16, 2002, Chongzhen went to the Ministry of War of the Official Department and presented the book titled "Begging for Redundant Officials to Help the Country" by Yuan Chonghuan, the Minister of War). It is clear that the thistle gate is weak and should be heavily guarded. Not only that, Yuan Chonghuan went to play the flute again and said, "Ji Menling is on his back, so the troops don't add it. If you become a guide, you will commit crimes through slavery, and there will be unknowns. "Because the Ningjin defense line is strong and Huang Taiji can't break it, he will take Mongolia as a guide and break through the Great Wall to threaten Beijing." September is an ugly year. If Yuan Chonghuan wants the Qing army to March westward, please close the door in Ningyuan first, and send Xie Shangzheng, a participant, to prepare. Wang Yuanya, governor of Shuntian, said: This is a warning. Send it all back, and the teacher will not bear fruit. "(Record of Chongzhen, Volume II)" Chonghuan echoed: "I will keep Ningyuan and never dare to invade the official circles. It's just that Zunhua's defensive position is weak all the way, so it's appropriate to set up a Yong ying general company there. "So invited wang wei. The Ministry of War was disintegrated by Wang Weixin and refused to give it at once, making it difficult to move. "("stone postscript ") GaiChongHuan has been in liao since he took office, money is tight; Just after the New Year, the barriers in Jinning have changed. We're going to equip horses. We have a clue. I'm determined to cross the river, but I'm afraid the thistle gate will be weak, so please stay with heavy troops. I have made a special statement, and I will urge it next. However, Yuan Chonghuan's two visits failed to attract enough attention from Emperor Chongzhen, and the reinforcements sent were also sent back. Yuan Chonghuan was right about the unfortunate consequences. In the second year of Chongzhen, that is, the third year of Tiancong (1629), on October 26th, the Eight Banners captured Longjingguan and Daankou of Great Wall Pass respectively. When the Yuji City was "ruined and abandoned by both the army and the people", the late Jin army did not encounter any stubborn resistance and successfully broke through the Great Wall. On the 30th, the enemy arrived in Zunhua City. Zunhua is located in the northeast of Shi Jing, 300 miles away from Shi Jing. 1 1 On the first day of the month, the capital was under martial law. Although according to the division of labor of the imperial court, Yuan Chonghuan was mainly responsible for the defense outside Shanhaiguan, and Liu Ce, governor of Hebei and Liaoning, was responsible for the defense inside Shanhaiguan. Yuan Chonghuan, as Du Fu's poem in Hebei and Liaoning, is duty-bound to defend the whole Hebei and Liaoning region, and the late Jin fighters came from outside Shanhaiguan. First, on129, Yuan Chonghuan went from Ningyuan to Shanhaiguan, passing through Zhonghousuo, and there was news that 8 Jin Army had broken Daankou. Yuan Chonghuan has made the following military defense arrangements: 1. Strictly observe Shanhaiguan Pass. Because Zhao Lvjiao, the company commander of Shanhaiguan, has been transferred to Shanhaiguan, and Zu Dashou, the company commander of Ningyuan, also entered Shanhaiguan with the elite, so Yuan Chonghuan ordered Zhu Mei, the former company commander, and Xu Fu, the company commander, to guard Shanhaiguan in case the latter seized the opportunity to seize the customs. Second, strictly observe the main roads in the capital. Yuan Chonghuan ordered general Yang Chunshou Yongping, guerrilla Shou Qian 'an, army commander Liu Zhenhua Shou Jianchang, general Zou Zongwu Shou and guerrilla Cai Yushou Yutian. Third, strictly observe the Gyeonggi area. In Jizhou, Sanhe, Miyun, Shunyi and other places near the northeast of the capital, strict protection measures were taken to prevent the late Jin from entering Beijing from the northeast road. Yuan Chonghuan ordered Cao, the company commander of Baoding, to stop the enemy in Jizhou, and led an army, with Zu Dashou as the pioneer, to dispatch and coordinate in Jizhou. Life Fu Xuan company commanders Hou Shilu keep three rivers, Baoding company commanders Liu Ce keep Miyun. While making overall arrangements, Yuan Chonghuan intercepted Jin Jun's southward advance, and its measures were as follows: 1. Interception by Zunhua. Because Huang Taiji's army broke through Longjing Pass and Daankou, pointing to Zunhua, an important town in JD.COM, Yuan Chonghuan wanted to stop the army of Houjin here, so he urged Zhao Lvjiao, the company commander of Liao Ping, to lead 4,000 troops to rescue Zunhua. He led the troops to gallop for three days and three nights, traveling 350 miles, and arrived at Santun Camp east of Zunhua. Zhu, the battalion commander of Santun, refused to enter the city, so he had to ride a horse to Zunhua. 1 1 On the fourth day of the month, Zhao Lvjiao led reinforcements to Zunhua City, where he met the Manchu left-wing four banners and Mongolian soldiers under the command of Houjinbei Le Azig, strayed into an ambush, and the arrow fell from his horse, and he died in happeneth, completely annihilated. Zhao Lvjiao's death was a great loss to the Ming army, and Yuan Chonghuan lost his best general and the best opportunity to rescue the capital. On the same day, 8 jin j attack ZunHua city. Later, Kim advised him to surrender for the first time and was rejected. Wang Yuanya, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, held fast to the city and resisted tenaciously. The next day, Zunhua "should be on fire" and Zunhua fell into the city. Governor Wang Yuanya walked into the yamen and hanged himself. The officers and men, the people and the rebels in the city were slaughtered. Then, after 8 jin j attacked Santun camp east of Zunhua, Zhu Laijun, the deputy company commander, fled. Zhu's company commander posted the names of the escaped generals on the street, and then hanged himself with his wife Zhang. On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, the Jin army broke the third battalion. The Ming dynasty lost the opportunity to stop the post-Jin army in Zunhua. Zunhua's fall was reported to the Ming court, which shocked the people and frightened the ruling and opposition parties. When "Jidong County, the wind and cranes are frightened, people have no solid ambition" (Chongzhen Long Edition, Volume 28). Huang taiji ordered 800 soldiers to keep Zunhua. After the pro-unification, 8 Jin Army went south and headed for Beijing, approaching Jizhou. At this time, Yuan Chonghuan personally led 9,000 soldiers and horses, turned sharply south, and carried out his second idea: intercepting the army of Houjin in Jizhou. Second, Jizhou intercepted. On the fifth day of November, Yuan Chonghuan, led by company commander Zu Dashou and lieutenant He himself, rode his horse into the Shanhaiguan Pass and defended Beijing. At this point, Yuan Chonghuan's three generals, Zu Dashou and He, have been arrested and entered the customs, which shows that Yuan Chonghuan has made up his mind to defend the capital to the death at all costs. On the tenth day, Yuan Jun entered Jizhou. Jizhou is the barrier between Zunhua and Tongzhou, which is about 140 Li away from Tongzhou in the eastern suburb of Beijing. Yuan Jun stopped in Jizhou and said, "If you are strong, you will not advance" (Chongzhen Long Edition, Volume 28). Huang Taiji was defeated by Yuan Chonghuan twice. This time, instead of confronting Yuan Chonghuan's army, he went to Tongzhou from the northeast via Shunyi. So Yuan Chonghuan's plan to intercept Huang Taiji's army in Jizhou fell through again. Third, Tongzhou intercepted. Tongzhou is only 40 miles from Beijing. Yuan Chonghuan led the troops to Tongzhou urgently, trying to intercept Huang Taiji's army in Tongzhou. On the first day of December, Yuan Chonghuan's army arrived in Hexi. Hexi affairs is between Tianjin and Beijing, about 120 miles away from Beijing. At this time, Huang taiji's army was close to Tongzhou. He guessed Yuan Chonghuan's military intentions and had no intention of fighting Yuan Chonghuan in Tongzhou. Instead, I bypassed Tongzhou via Shunyi and Sanhe and went straight to Beijing. In this way, Yuan Chonghuan's military intention to intercept in Tongzhou failed again. As can be seen from the above deployment, Yuan Chonghuan's strategic goal at this time is to keep Houjin out of the capital and adjust his troops to defend against the city. Because Yuan Chonghuan has been fighting with the late Jin for many years and knows the advantages of the late Jin cavalry in the field, the Ming army can only win by fighting in the city. Zhao Lvjiao's 4,000 cavalry fought in the plain and were completely annihilated, which is proof. Although Yuan Chonghuan was determined to "defend the capital and face the enemy", he blocked the Eight Banners Army's way to Beijing. But three interceptions designed by Yuan Chonghuan failed, so the front was pushed to Beijing. Yuan Chonghuan held a military meeting on Hexi affairs to discuss progress. At the meeting, Zhou Wenyu, the deputy general soldier, said: "Private should be close to the enemy, not enter the capital. And the enemy is in Tongzhou, and I am stationed in Zhangjiawan. I eat western food every fifteen miles. If the enemy is easy, I will fight, and if the enemy is strong, I will occupy. This is also an overall strategy. " (Addendum to Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty) In other words, it is not appropriate to enter Beijing without a clear purpose! Yuan Chonghuan said, "Zhou is right. My brother is afraid of cheating on slaves, like Jizhou, who obviously hides in the dark and doesn't fight with me. If you pass through the capital, you will never meet the enemy's heart. Once shaken, your relationship will be unbearable. " "Your father is in a hurry, why do you want a T-shirt (leisure)? If you get help, you will die without regret. " (Zhou Wenyu's "The Story of Bian Shi", Volume 1) After the Hexi Affairs Conference, Yuan Chonghuan led nine thousand Guan Ning fighters to travel day and night, with a journey of 120, and ran wildly in infernal affairs, ahead of Huang Taiji, and arrived outside Guangqumen, the outer city of Beijing, on the 19th. In fact, when Yuan Chonghuan marched into Jizhou, some officials in the Ming Dynasty said that he was suspected of bringing nomads from Beijing, so Emperor Chongzhen ordered Yuan Chonghuan not to cross Jizhou without his knowledge. Now he leads his troops into Beijing without authorization. So, from the moment he arrived in the capital, Yuan Chonghuan was actually caught between Scylla and Charybdis, but he didn't know it very well, or he didn't pay attention to himself at all. At the same time, the troops led by Man Gui, the company commander of Datong in Ming Dynasty, and Hou Shilu, the company commander of Fu Xuan, also camped outside Deshengmen in Beijing. On the 20th of the next day, 1 1 month, the Eight Banners arrived at the gates of Beijing. The Ming Dynasty Beijing Defence War is about to begin. Yuan Chonghuan led nine thousand cavalry in Ning Guan, and arrived in the capital at the gates before Huang Taiji on November 19th. The next day, the battle to defend the capital began. The first battle of Jingmen started outside Desheng Gate. The Ming army outside the city is mainly the loyal army of Datong company commander Manchu and the company commander Hou Shilu. In addition, the garrison troops in the city also took part in the battle. Battle of Deshengmen: 1 1 On October 20th, Huang Taiji personally led Belle Daishan, Bellegy Haralang, Yue Yi, Du Du and Sahalian. And command Manchuria right-wing four banners and right-wing Mongolian soldiers stormed Manchu and Hou Shilu's troops. After that, 8 jin j fired first. After the fire, the Mongolian soldiers and the Red Flag Guard attacked from the west, and the Yellow Flag Guard rushed to kill from the side. After that, the two armies rushed in, fought hard and chased after the city. The Ming army in the city bravely drew a bow and shot at the enemy. Soon, Hou Shilu was defeated, and Manchu led the army to fight alone. The Ming army entered the city and fired a gun to cooperate, but it accidentally injured Manchu officers and soldiers, causing heavy casualties. Man Gui was injured in many places, and took more than 100 defeated soldiers to rest in Guandi Temple outside the city. The next day, the defenders opened the casket of Deshengmen and gave it to the defeated soldiers who had returned home. On the same day of the Battle of Deshengmen, a fierce battle also took place in Guangqumen. On the day of the Battle of Guangqumen, Mang Kuertai led Manchukuo's left-wing banner and two thousand Mongolian soldiers to attack Yuan Chonghuan's army. At this time, Yuan Chonghuan and Jinzhou company commanders Zu Dashou led nine thousand fighters outside the Shawo gate. In this Guangqumen War, 9,000 Ning Guan fighters fought bloody battles with tens of thousands of Mongolian soldiers of the Eight Banners. From San (then 10) to You (then 18), guns were fired in unison. Fighting for 8 hours, fighting for more than 10. In the battle, an enemy wielded a knife to cut Yuan Chonghuan, and only Yuan got up and took the knife rest, and the blade was folded. Mang Gurtai's arrows rained down, and Yuan Chonghuan was hit by several arrows. His ribs are like hedgehogs, and they can't be penetrated because of his heavy armor. As Yuan Chonghuan fought to the death, Ning Guan's soldiers were hacked and killed, and the Taiwanese army in Manggu was defeated. Yuan Chonghuan will guerrilla forces such as Liu Yingguo, Luo and Qian Zongdou. And catch up with the enemy by the canal. The enemy rushed to cross the river, and countless people were trapped in the ice and drowned. In World War I, Ning Guan fighters killed thousands of enemies, and all three armies of the Qing army, Abatai, Azig and Siegel, were defeated. Guan Ningbing also suffered hundreds of casualties. After this war, Baylor, Qing soldiers, held a meeting to review. Abatai, the seventh brother of Huang Taiji, wanted to be knighted by military law. Huang Taiji said: "Abatai lost two sons in the war. In order to save his son, he didn't fight as planned, but he was not timid. How can I convict my brother? "I forgave him. It can be seen that the Qing army was defeated in this battle. 1 1 20th, Yuan Chonghuan once again used Ren Shouzhong, the township leader, to dive into Haizi with 500 gunners. He was far away from Huang taiji's barracks and attacked in all directions. Huang taiji's army was in chaos and moved out of Haizi.

Be wronged by rice

Tan Qian, a adherent of the Ming Dynasty, recorded in Guo Que: "At the end of Xin Dynasty, Hunan, Jiangxi and courtiers were called to Taiwan to ask questions. The elephant said to him, "Chahan Hudun, Rabbit Han, King Bushtu of Shunyi, God of Hala, and the little prince Bai Huangtai of Jijuyuan. Buha Jucha Khan branch, old tribute. Since Huang taiji and the Han dynasty, the Han dynasty has stopped paying tribute. Gengwu, Qin Long, my closed city, was plundered by Buha Department many times. Last year, Bunny went to the West, and Harasin was condemned. Huang taiji was spared and went east to build slaves. His brother didn't want to fall into a rabbit, and Huang Taiji died. There are few people in Harbin today. Talk more than 36 families, and we should also contact each other on this day. We can get 30,000 people with Hala God. Of all the ministries, Shao Yong is the strongest, with more than 300,000 people. If we unite the soldiers of Busitu, we can invade Han. " The emperor said, "Why don't you put your heart on China people? "Yes, I said," Relax. " The emperor said, "if you don't care, so what?" "Like dry secret language is not heard. The emperor is good, and his life is against Yuan Chonghuan's plan. Xianggan, please give me 52 thousand silver. This incident was also recorded in the Dragon Edition in September of the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, but "building slaves" was taboo in Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that Duo Yan was the object of netting by the Ming court. And Yuan Chonghuan was accused of being the target of the enemy, which is the wordy department mentioned above. So we can't accuse Yuan Chonghuan of stealing rice from the city. Moreover, Yuan Chonghuan later sold rice with the permission of Emperor Chongzhen: "If foreigners are attracted, they will be hungry. Find out how many tribes there are and exchange rice by the amount of rice. "."Guoque "Volume 89 records:" At the beginning, there were fried rabbits and warm rabbits outside the Great Wall of Guangning, which were as expensive as Britain. There are thirty-six gatekeepers in Jiyun Town Three Associations. The cloud says the west. I'll reward them all. Although Lu Jian is powerful, it has little potential. To be sure, both China and foreign countries welcome the upper hand. It's called Tong Jian Lu, and there are rewards. The barbarian has fallen. You will be hungry beyond the Great Wall. Please invite Xiaomi. Refuse to be firm and guilty. So, all the tigers in the East ran away, but they all folded into Lu Jian, and they were not controlled by Hansel. "Thus, Tan Qian believes that Chongzhen did not know how to seize the opportunity to win over the Mongols during the famine period, which was the main reason for the Mongols to invest in the late Jin Dynasty and lead to its invasion.

Slaughter to death

Ming Sizong (1610-1644) arrested Yuan Chonghuan in early December of the second year of Chongzhen (1629). After half a year's imprisonment and trial, in August of the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Ming Sizong said that "Yuan Chonghuan's entrustment is invalid, and he only relies on bullying the city, stealing the city rice, cutting the handsome with money, driving the enemy far away, and defeating the enemy without fighting." At the gate, four sets of reinforcements were dismissed. He also secretly pulled a Lama and insisted on going to town. In August of three years (Zhe), he was sentenced to death in Xicheng and abandoned in the city. On the day of execution, Yuan Chonghuan was fearless. He was tied up and taken to the execution ground. "The executioner cut off a piece of meat, and the people paid for it and ate it raw. The meat will be sold out soon. Then gut and gut, and sell them one by one. The people bought it and swallowed it raw with soju, with teeth and cheeks flowing. " Yuan Chonghuan died at the age of 47. (The Book of Chambers). The legendary Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, Huang Taiji (1592- 1643), arrested two eunuchs with double spies in the Ming Dynasty, and then deliberately made them think that they had heard the secret language between Manchu generals, saying that Yuan Chonghuan had a secret agreement with Manchu, and Huang Taiji asked one of them to return to Beijing. Ming Sizong gets the recruit, thinking that Yuan Chonghuan rebelled; Some scholars, such as Yan Chongnian, tend to think that Ming Sizong killed Yuan Chonghuan because of the imperial eunuch's frame-up, and Huang Taiji's double spy was only the reason why Yuan Chonghuan was imprisoned. Regarding the counter-conspiracy, the Biography of Yuan Chonghuan in the Ming Dynasty recorded: "I will set up a room in Qing Dynasty, saying that Chonghuan has a secret agreement, so that the eunuchs can know it, even if Yin goes." The man ran to the emperor and the emperor believed him. 1February, summoned again, bound and imprisoned. "Ming Beilue" records: "In the capital, there are people who loudly worship Huan and lead Lu to commit crimes, and they are very gnashing their teeth. First of all, I went hunting and captured many of my people. Two of them who were ordered to investigate Chong Huan were also captured. Lu regarded him as a gentleman, so he took notes and pretended to be Yuan's suicide note. He replied, "I see, Master Xie Yuan." Then pretend to be shocked: "it's for listening, so tie it up and chop it!" " Therefore, I left a slave and set him free. Go home and do it. Call Chonghuan in again, that is, send a letter to the prison. "Before the execution, Yuan Chonghuan read his last words: A lifetime of career is empty, and a lifetime of fame is in a dream. Don't try to be brave after death, loyal souls still keep Liaodong.