Lesson 1 Confucius and Laozi

First, Confucius

1, life writings:

Life: "three houses and one building". Writings: Five Classics: Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Yi, Spring and Autumn Period, Music, Language 2. Theory:

(1), political theory:

A. "Benevolence": the benevolent loves others; For the rulers, it is necessary to observe the people's feelings and oppose tyranny and arbitrary punishment; For all people, it is necessary to understand and be considerate of others, so as to adjust interpersonal relationships and stabilize social order. The way of love is "loyalty and forgiveness", and its content is to do to others what you don't want others to do to you.

B, "courtesy": "self-denial": a person should restrain himself and behave in accordance with the requirements of "courtesy"; "Li" is a hierarchical birthright system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The important standard to realize the ceremony is "correcting the name", so as to achieve the purpose of being justified, noble and orderly; Evaluation: It reflects the conservative side.

C, "ruling the country by virtue": the ruler should cherish the people's strength and educate people by virtue; While governing the country with "courtesy", we should gradually improve politics.

"Benevolence" and "courtesy" are the core of his thought.

(2) Philosophical point of view: (the concept of destiny, fear of destiny) "Stay away from ghosts and gods", "How can you get along with ghosts if you can't get along with people". Give priority to discussing and solving practical problems in the world and embody the people-oriented thought.

(3), educational thought:

Educational goal: "No class for everyone"

Teaching method: "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude"

Learning method: "knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing"; "review the old and learn the new"; "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"; Be conscientious to the teacher.

3. Historical position:

1. Its position in China's traditional culture: Confucianism advocated by it was carried forward by later generations and became the mainstream of China's traditional culture.

② Status in the history of world culture: Confucian ideology is profound and profound, which has an important influence in the history of world culture.

(3) His own historical value: he was honored as a saint and admired by later generations.

Second, Lao Tzu:

1, life writing: finishing by later generations: Tao Te Ching; Founder of Taoist school

2. Theory:

1. Philosophy:

A, "Tao": it is an abstract concept and the source of everything above the sky; "Heaven is Taoism, Taoism is natural", which excludes the absolute authority of "destiny".

B, dialectical thinking: contradictions are universal and can be transformed into each other; This change is achieved by "keeping quiet" without conditions.

(2) Political theory: "Governing by doing nothing": Simplify complicated things, don't bully people too much-be positive.

Ignorant policy-negative

3. Historical position:

(1) He was the first philosopher in the history of China's philosophy to explore the origin of the universe. (2) He had a profound influence on China culture.

Confucius and Laozi represented the thoughts of declining slave owners and nobles.

Lesson 2 A hundred schools of thought contend during the Warring States Period

First, the historical background of a hundred schools of thought contend:

1, social change is the fundamental reason for a hundred schools of thought to contend.

2. The divided political situation and the era of social change have led to unprecedented freedom of thought and speech.

3. The rise of private schools and the relative popularity of education have cultivated a large number of talents.

4. Under the turbulent merger situation, monarchs of all countries want to dominate and compete for hegemony, so in fact they all pay tribute to scholars and recruit talents.

Second, Confucianism.

Mencius and Mencius

1, Mencius thought:

1. Benevolent policy theory: rulers treat people with virtue, serve people with virtue, win the hearts of the people, and value the people over the monarch; To Wang Ba.

2. The theory of good nature: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom are innate-the principle of good nature; "Cautious independence" is its highest realm.

3. The concept of justice and benefit: cultivate the spirit of honesty; Righteousness before profit, giving up life for righteousness; Wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent.

2. The historical position of Mencius' thought;

Mencius became one of the four books. He is called "Yasheng".

2) Xunzi and Xunzi

1, Xunzi thinks:

(1) The concept of destiny: "Tomorrow is divided into different people", "Heaven is regular" and "Control destiny and make use of it"

2. Theory of evil nature: human nature is evil; Acquired education can change people from evil to good.

③ Political thoughts: "the unity of etiquette and law" and "the unity of Wang Ba".

2. The historical position of Xunzi's thought.

(1), regarded as a Confucian heresy (2), has a profound influence on China's philosophy.

Confucianism in the Warring States period represented the new landlord class.

Third, Mohism-the idea of representing the lower working people.

1, Mozi and Mohism: There is a strict organization, and the leader is called a giant.

2. Mohist thought

1. universal love: different from Confucius' benevolence, it is love without blood relationship and grade difference.

(2) Non-aggression: advocating the equality of all countries and opposing the unjust merger war.

Shang Xian and monk tong: regardless of grade, use talents; The highest position is held by a saint who respects authority.

Respect strength, save money and burial.

3. The historical position of Mohism.

(1), on behalf of the lower working people, especially the interests of craftsmen.

(2) The Warring States period once became a prominent school, but later it was not important.

Fourth, Taoism.

1, Zhuangzi and Taoism

2, Zhuangzi's thought:

1 "Homogeneous substance": The essence of everything in the world is the same.

2. "Free and unfettered": meaning: take a detached attitude towards the change of things; Method: There is nothing to hide.

(3) Heaven and man "do not dispute" (the concept of destiny)

④ Achievements in literature and aesthetics.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) legalist

1, Han Fei and Han Feizi

2. Han Fei's idea is:

(1), the combination of law, art and potential, to establish a centralized monarchy.

(2) Today will prevail over the past and advocate reform and innovation.

3. The historical position of legalist thought.

(1), at that time, adapted to the needs of the establishment of authoritarian centralization.

(2) In the later generations, the interaction between Confucianism and superficiality became the theoretical basis of China's ancient social ruling thought.

Sixth, military strategist.

1, Sun Tzu's Art of War

2. Wu Qi and Woods: Pay equal attention to morality and martial arts, and teach precepts first.

3. Sun Bin and Sun Bin Sun Tzu's Art of War: Pay attention to the laws of war, build momentum and the role of people.

Seven, the historical significance of the situation of a hundred schools of thought contend.

1, Confucianism: gave birth to political ideals and moral norms in China's traditional culture.

2. Taoism: the philosophical thought that has constituted traditional thought for more than two thousand years.

3. Legalist theory: the idea of change has become a theoretical weapon for progressive thinkers and politicians to reform and govern the country.

★ Fully understand Confucianism, France and Taoism.

During the great historical changes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people representing all social classes and strata formed various schools from their own economic and political interests, among which Confucianism, France and Taoism were the most important schools.

In theory, Confucianism advocates rule by virtue, rule by courtesy and rule by man, emphasizing moral influence; Legalists advocate "breaking away from the law", implementing the rule of law and emphasizing violent rule; Taoism advocates letting nature take its course and "governing by doing nothing". These three are highly complementary.

In practice, the practice of governing the country in the early years of Qin and Western Han Dynasty proved from both positive and negative aspects: in turbulent times, it is difficult for warlords to achieve national reunification with the Confucian line, while the Legalist line can achieve such an effect; At the beginning of the unrest, the population withered and the production was destroyed. Therefore, Taoist inaction politics should be practiced to share the interest with the people in order to restore and develop production. When the country is stable and on the track of normal operation, it can no longer be ruled by violence with harsh laws, but by the Confucian line.

The three showed a trend of mutual integration. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu adopted the rational thought of Taoism based on the Confucian line and supplemented by the Legalist line, which laid the basic pattern of China's feudal social ruling thought. Among them, Confucianism constructs the humanitarian spirit in traditional culture; Taoist thought constitutes the philosophical basis of feudal orthodoxy; Legalist thought has become a theoretical weapon for the reform of progressive politicians in past dynasties. The combination of the three forms the basic spirit of China traditional culture.

Attachment 1: A Comparison of Hundred Views on Destiny:

Confucianists

Confucius

Keep a long distance from sb.

Mencius

Fate is the embodiment of the people's will.

xunzi

Tomorrow, everyone is divided, and destiny is used.

dao jia xue pai

Laozi

Heaven, Taoism is natural; There is a way for people before heaven.

Zhuangzi

Heaven and man are invincible, and man cannot transform nature.

mohists

Mozi

God has a will, and ghosts and gods also exist. They believe in ghosts and gods.

Appendix 2: A hundred schools of thought contend: idealism; Everyone has his own worldview of heaven, earth and people; Expose and criticize the status quo.

Lesson 3 The Great Unity of Han Dynasty Thought

First, the study of Huang Lao in the early Han Dynasty

1, social background: economic downturn, implementation of rest and recuperation policy.

2. Prevailing time: about 70 years from the early Han Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

3. Social status: it is the political guiding ideology and is in a dominant position.

4. Main contents:

(1) Huangdi theory: governing the body (preserving health)

(2) Laozi's theory: governing the country (governing by doing nothing, doing nothing actively)

5. Features: Learn from others' strengths and be proactive.

6. Function: Make the society in the early Han Dynasty recover quickly.

7. The reasons for the decline of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty:

(1) Subjectively, Huang Lao's theory cannot meet the needs of strengthening the development of centralized situation.

(2) Objectively, after self-adjustment, Confucianism has integrated a new theoretical system serving centralization, namely Dong Zhongshu's new Confucianism.

Second, oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone.

1. The theoretical source of Neo-Confucianism: Yang Gong Chunqiu is the backbone, which combines the thoughts of Yin and Yang, Huang Lao and Legalism.

2. The foundation of Neo-Confucianism: the theory of human-nature interaction;

(1), divine right of monarchy, "Defeating the people and prolonging the king" (2), benevolent government, "Defeating the king and prolonging the sky"

4. The influence of Neo-Confucianism: it is conducive to the consolidation of absolute monarchy and national unity; It also has the function of limiting the excessive expansion of sovereign power.

5. The idea of ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone and its influence;

(1), which is conducive to consolidating centralization and cracking down on local separatist forces. (2) Confucianism has been established as the mainstream in China traditional culture.

★ Dong Zhongshu's Transformation of Neo-Confucianism

(1) Formation background: After 60 or 70 years of recuperation, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty was strong, and the "inaction" thought in the early Han Dynasty could no longer meet the needs of the new situation. Land annexation, merchant expansion, restless borders and kingdoms troubled the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty, and the powerful Western Han Dynasty needed new ruling ideas to maintain feudal rule. Therefore, Dong Zhongshu reformed Confucianism in order to meet the needs of feudal rule.

(2) Ideological core: "Harmony between man and nature" and "divine right of monarchy" are the ideological core of Neo-Confucianism. "The unity of heaven and man" means that heaven is the supreme master with will and feelings, and the emperor is the "son of heaven", representing God's will and must obey God's will. Harmony with heaven is a great law, and harmony without difference is a great confusion. "Sovereign power is given by God", that is, "the son of heaven is ordered by heaven, and everyone in the world is ordered by the son of heaven".

(3) Features: Neo-Confucianism is based on Confucianism, with the framework of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and it is theology, and the mainstream of its philosophy is idealism.

(4) Purpose: To put a sacred cloak on the rulers, politically advocate the realization of great unity, so as to strengthen the monarchical power, safeguard the imperial system, ideologically "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" and safeguard feudal autocracy.

(5) The influence at that time: it was progressive and adapted to the social development of the Western Han Dynasty, so as to maintain and strengthen centralization and prevent division.

(6) The influence on the history of China: The proposed feudal ethics was regarded as a moral norm by later generations. The apotheosis of Confucianism gradually made Confucianism become the main body of China traditional culture, which not only provided ideological and theoretical support for feudal rulers, but also had a far-reaching impact on China people's ethical concepts and cultural development.

★ Differences and connections between Neo-Confucianism in Han Dynasty and Confucianism in Pre-Qin Dynasty

After Dong Zhongshu's transformation, Neo-Confucianism can achieve the mainstream position of ruling ideology, mainly by adding theories such as "the feeling between heaven and man", "the divine right of monarch" and "the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members", emphasizing the deification of imperial power and hierarchy, and meeting the political needs of autocratic monarchy and centralization. At the same time, Neo-Confucianism added the idea of "great unity", which combined some ideas of Yin and Yang school, Huang Lao and Legalist school. These are all things that the pre-Qin Confucianists never had. The pre-Qin Confucianism advocated "courtesy", "benevolence", "benevolent government" and "people-oriented", and the new Confucianism also inherited it and adapted to the political needs of the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Neo-Confucianism is the inheritance and development of pre-Qin Confucianism, which made Confucianism become the official theory from the folk theory of pre-Qin to the Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

From the content point of view, it not only increases the ideas of "harmony between man and nature", "divine right of monarchy" and "great unity", but also inherits and develops the Confucian people-oriented thought and benevolent government thought; At the same time, it adopted the ideas of many families. The fundamental purpose of Neo-Confucianism is to maintain the feudal ruling order and deify the imperial power, thus becoming feudal orthodoxy.

Lesson 4 Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties

First, the social background of the rise of Neo-Confucianism:

1 Since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the widespread spread of Buddhism and Taoism has brought unprecedented impact on the dominant position of Confucianism.

From Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties, the trend of thought of "three religions in one" reached its peak, and domestic thoughts infiltrated each other.

Aspiring Confucian scholars absorb Confucianism and Taoism and explore a new Confucian system to save the world.

Second, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties:

1) Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism (Enlightenment: Cheng Cheng; Master: Zhu

1, content:

(1) believes that "reason" is an objective entity that exists independently of things and is the origin of the world. Reflected in society is Confucian morality and ethics, and embodied in human nature.

2. Master the methods of "reason" and "learning from the classics". Know first, then ③. Maintain justice and destroy human desires.

2. Historical position:

(1), the Song Dynasty was dismissed as "pseudo-learning". (2) Establish the leading position of the ideological circle in the early Ming Dynasty.

(3) The pursuit of "saving the world" was lost in the middle of Ming Dynasty.

Second, the study of Wang Lu's mind

1, content:

Lu Jiuyuan:

(1), "mind is reason", "the universe is my heart, my heart is the universe".

2. Reasoning through "invention", that is, reasoning through inner reflection.

Wang Yangming

(3), "to conscience", that is, conscience is the original heart, that is, rationality. Heaven is in your heart, you don't have to ask for more happiness.

④ Unity of knowing and doing.

2. Historical position: attaching importance to individual initiative, opposing bondage, and having certain ideological emancipation.

3) Evaluation of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties:

1. The natural desire to suppress human nature and stifle life.

2. Attaching importance to subjective will, advocating honesty and emphasizing social responsibility have played a positive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation.

Lesson 5 Ideological Criticism in Ming and Qing Dynasties

First, the heretical thinker Li Zhi.

1 and the ideological background of Li Zhi:

(1) The ideological circles in the late Ming Dynasty were hidebound; (2) Under the impact of commodity economy, people compete for profits.

(3) Scholars strongly pursue the requirements of individuality and economic development.

2. The main content of Li Zhi's thought:

1. Criticize Confucianism and challenge the orthodox position of Confucianism.

② Expose and criticize the hypocrisy of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and advocate the free development of personality.

③ Deny the existence of justice.

Second, the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties

1, practical ideas:

Background:

(1) The diplomacy inside and outside the Ming Dynasty was full of difficulties and crises; (2) stereotyped writing is used to learn from scholars; (3) Scholar-officials advocated taking history as a mirror and combining academics with reality.

Content:

(1), advocate pragmatic style of study and behavior.

(2) Care: set taxes according to the fertility of the land, reduce the burden on the people, adjust measures to local conditions, and revitalize industry and commerce.

3. Wang Fuzhi: be strict with being an official and be lenient with others; If Jia Jia is rich in the people, then the life of the country is also. "

4. Huang Zongxi: "Industry and commerce are the foundation of people's livelihood".

2. The critical background of absolute monarchy: In the late Ming Dynasty, the disadvantages of absolute monarchy were increasingly exposed.

Content:

1. Expose the sins of autocratic emperors: Huang ②. Pay attention to the cultural heritage of the whole Chinese nation and the people's living and working in peace and contentment.

(3) Put forward all kinds of theories and propositions to restrict monarchical power: Gu and Huang.

2. The ideological evaluation of the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties:

(1), caused a strong impact on the absolute monarchy. (2), to future generations with profound enlightenment.

(3), constitute the torrent of China's early enlightenment thought, accompanied by the historical progress of emancipating the mind.

★ The progressive thoughts of Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi

(1) Politically: Oppose absolute monarchy and advocate "people-oriented". Huang Zongxi believes that absolute monarchy is a great harm to the world, advocates "rule of law" and emphasizes that the standard to measure the success of governing the world should be whether the broad masses of people are happy or not. Gu also strongly opposed absolute monarchy, advocated limiting monarchical power, put forward the difference between national subjugation and national subjugation, and thought that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world" and encouraged people to care about state affairs. Wang Fuzhi believes that the land in the world should not be owned by the monarch alone, but should be shared by the people engaged in agriculture.

(2) Economically, we attach importance to the development of handicrafts and commerce and emphasize practicality. Huang Zongxi refuted the traditional thought of belittling industry and commerce, pointing out that industry and commerce, like agriculture, are "people's livelihood-oriented" and should be protected. Gu and Wang Fuzhi advocate that scholars should study more practical issues related to the national economy and people's livelihood and oppose empty talk.

(3) Ideologically, critically inherit traditional Confucianism and build a new ideological system with the characteristics of the times. Huang Zongxi criticized the thought of "the monarch is the official program" of the old Confucianism, inherited the people-oriented thought of the pre-Qin Confucianism, and put forward a new ideological proposition of "the world is the master and the monarch is the guest". Gu criticized the Taoist style of study divorced from reality, and advocated going out of the house and seeking truth in practice. Wang Fuzhi criticized the "theory of destiny" and "epistemology" advocated by Neo-Confucianism before, and established a materialistic system that surpassed the predecessors.

★ Similarities and differences between China's early enlightenment thoughts and French enlightenment thoughts in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

1) Similarity: These two ideas are bold expositions and profound criticisms of feudal monarchy and feudal system, that is to say, they are both anti-feudal.

2) Difference: China's enlightenment thought in Ming and Qing Dynasties has not broken through the shackles of feudal thought, and has not put forward a new regime plan of capitalism, which has limited influence on China's bourgeois democratic thought and democratic revolution in modern times. The French Enlightenment thought thoroughly criticized the feudal system and feudal theology, and put forward the blueprint of bourgeois countries such as separation of powers, which fully mobilized the thoughts for the upcoming French Revolution.

★ Main features of progressive thoughts in Ming and Qing Dynasties

1) anti-tradition, anti-dogma. Li Zhi, a progressive thinker in the Ming Dynasty who claimed to be a heresy, accused Confucian classics of not being "eternal supremacy" and denied that Confucius was a "born saint". He also put forward the viewpoint of equality between men and women and "everything is divided into two", which frightened the literati who maintained the Confucian tradition.

2) Oppose feudal autocracy. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi revealed that the monarch "takes the benefits of the world as his own, and takes the harm of the world for the people", and came to the conclusion that absolute monarchy is "the great harm of the world".

3) It has a certain democratic color. Gu advocates "multiple co-governance" and opposes "single co-governance"; It emphasizes the practical knowledge of "putting things into practice" and tries to reverse the unrealistic style of study in the late Ming Dynasty. At that time, thinkers also put forward various theories and ideas to limit monarchical power. These thoughts had a certain influence on the rise of democratic thoughts in the late Qing Dynasty.

4) Reflect the requirements of the embryonic era of capitalism. Huang Zongxi opposed attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce, and put forward the idea of "industry and commerce as the foundation".

Lesson 6 China's Ancient Scientific and Technological Thought and Practice

★ China's ancient science, technology and culture have been developed for a long time and are in a leading position in the world.

(1) The country is unified and has a vast territory.

(2) The continuous development of productive forces has promoted the progress of science and culture.

(3) The ties and economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups have been continuously strengthened.

(4) The continuous development of education has trained talents engaged in science, technology and culture.

(5) Before the Qing Dynasty, most rulers in China implemented the policy of opening to the outside world, and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries continued, and the people of China accepted the essence of foreign excellent culture.

(6) The Chinese nation has a fine tradition of being diligent and eager to learn, attaching importance to investigation and research, and is full of wisdom and innovative spirit.

I. Astronomy

1, astronomical observation

① The earliest record of solar eclipse appeared in Shang Dynasty.

② Records of the earliest comets and Halley's comets in the Spring and Autumn Period.

(3) The earliest astronomical monograph in the Warring States Period-Shi Gan Xing Jing.

④ The earliest catalogue in the Warring States Period-Stone Catalogue

⑤ Records of the earliest sunspots in Han Dynasty

2, astronomical instruments:

(1) Qin and Han dynasties, has invented the "armillary sphere", which is an instrument for observing astronomical phenomena.

(2) Zhang Heng: the hydraulic imager is an instrument for observing and demonstrating astronomical phenomena; Geodetic survey is earlier than Europe 1000; Zhang seismograph

3. Monks and his party: patrol the instrument of the zodiac to confirm the position of the stars; Measure the meridian length; Water image instrument.

④ Guo Shoujing: Jane, 300 years earlier than Europe; Huangchi Jiao Jiao; The revolution time of the earth around the sun is only 26 seconds later than the actual time difference; Calendar grant

Second, mathematics:

1. Chunqiu: 99 multiplication table; Weights and measures; calculate

② Western Han Dynasty: Zhou Bishujing's Pythagorean Theorem was 500 years earlier than that of the West.

③ Eastern Han Dynasty: arithmetic nine chapters: field area, barn volume, addition and subtraction, quadratic equation Yuan Dynasty: Pearl algorithm.

④ Three Kingdoms: Liu Hui, the calculation method of pi is accurate to 3. 14 16.

⑤ Southern Dynasties: Zu Chongzhi is accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point: leading the world 1000.

Zhu Zaiyu, an outstanding genius, built a scientific music system on the basis of accurate calculation for the first time.

Three or four agricultural books:

(1) "Qi Min requirements", in Jia Sixie, the first complete agricultural books.

(2) The Collection of Agriculture and Mulberry was the earliest official agricultural book in Yuan Dynasty.

(3) Wang Zhen's "Agricultural Books" in Yuan Dynasty focused on the reform of production tools.

(4) In the Agricultural Encyclopedia of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi introduced the western water conservancy technology.

Fourth, medicine:

(1) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Bian Que put forward the four diagnostic methods of looking, smelling, asking and cutting.

(2) Huangdi Neijing in the Western Han Dynasty: an earlier medical work, which laid the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine.

(3) Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Treatise on Febrile Diseases laid the medical principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment.

(4) Hua Tuo, an imperial doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented Ma Feisan and created the "Five-Animal Play".

⑤ Shennong Materia Medica in the Eastern Han Dynasty laid the foundation for the development of pharmacology through the earliest existing monograph on pharmacology in China.

⑥ Tang Herbal Medicine is the first monograph on pharmacology written by the government in China.

⑦ Qian Jin Fang by Sun Simiao, the drug king of the Tang Dynasty.

Compendium of Materia Medica by Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty —— the highest achievement of pharmacology.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) achievements of engineering construction:

(1), Qin Shu defended Li Bing and built Dujiangyan water conservancy project (flood control irrigation), making the western Sichuan plain a "land of abundance".

(2) Qin Changcheng (Qin Zhaoyan) starts from Lintao in the west, Liaodong in the east and Yalu River in the Ming Great Wall in the west.

(3) The Sui Dynasty dug the Grand Canal.

Six, four great inventions:

1) papermaking:

① Fiber paper in the Western Han Dynasty ② Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty ③ Function: it promoted the continuation and spread of human civilization.

2) printing

(1) The largest existing printed matter, Diamond Sutra, was printed in 868.

(2) the northern song dynasty Bi Sheng, movable type printing.

③ It was introduced to Korea in the 0/3rd century A.D./KLOC and then to Europe.

Function: It has a great influence on the spread of European bourgeois ideas and even the progress of human civilization.

3), gunpowder:

(1) Sun Simiao's "Single Crystal" sulfur fire method (2), which was used in war in the late Tang Dynasty and hunting and mining in the Song Dynasty.

(4) A.D.14th century (5) was introduced to Europe by Arabs. Function: It has a great influence on the establishment of European bourgeois rule.

4) Compass:

① Sina in the Warring States Period ② Artificial magnetic compass in the Northern Song Dynasty, used for navigation.

③/kloc-was introduced to Europe in the 0/3rd century ④ Function: It played an important role in the great geographical discovery.