Abstract: In recent years, with the acceleration of urbanization in Wuhan, it is increasingly urgent to strengthen the standardized management of geographical names. Taking Wuhan place names as the research object, this paper summarizes four structural forms of Wuhan place names, namely "proper name+generic name", "proper name", "additional" and multi-layer structure; And summed up six naming methods of Wuhan place names: interpretation method, loanword derivation method, image naming method, abbreviation method, loanword conversion method, homophonic elegance method and so on. So as to further summarize the naming rules of Wuhan place names and the regional cultural characteristics of Wuhan, and put forward relevant opinions on the standardization and standardization of Wuhan place names.
Keywords: place name structure, naming method, regional culture
Place names are the proper names agreed by a certain social group for a specific area, which are the product of history, the reflection of geography and a cultural phenomenon. Simply put, it is the names of geographical entities and administrative regions, which constitute two major components of place names. Crook, an American anthropologist, once said that "culture includes both explicit and implicit styles", and place names are the combination of implicit and explicit styles. From the point of view of system theory, the complex phenomenon of place names is regarded as a system, and the external material of place names-language and structure forms exist as the dominant forms of place names; The place name system is mainly composed of culture, society, history, geography, life and many other factors, which is the hidden connotation of place names. The dominant form of place names is the externalization of implicit connotation, which is subject to various restrictions and conventions of implicit connotation; At the same time, through the description and analysis of the dominant form of place names, we can accurately grasp the concepts behind them, thus revealing the profound relationship between place names and culture.
1. Structure of Wuhan Place Names
Place names are first of all a linguistic phenomenon, and their structural forms refer to the items of their structural combination and the relationship and hierarchy between items from the structural plane of words or phrases, which is a horizontal static concept in the * * * time category. The following is an analysis of the structural forms of Wuhan place names based on the latest corpus collected by Cheng Ganting's Wuhan Place Names (1990) and sogou Corpus (20 10).
The emergence of place names has experienced the development from monosyllabic to disyllabic and polysyllabic, which is related to the lexicalization and disyllablization of Chinese. At first, the structure was complex and diverse, and there was no fixed lexical structure pattern. Later, the structure of "proper name+generic name" appeared in the mature stage, which can give full play to the role of place names in location and category, that is, proper names refer to the natural geographical features or human geographical features of a place, generic names refer to the geographical nature and geographical types of a place, and proper names are convenient to distinguish and identify geographical things with different locations and properties. Street, road, lane, village, road and other general names, and proper names such as Tianmendun, Guizishan and Crossing the Street.
The place names of modern Wuhan are also derived from the basic format of "proper name+general name". From this point of view, modern Wuhan place names mainly have the following types: "proper name+general name", "proper name", "additional" and multi-layer structure.
1. "proper name+common name" type
1. 1. The correct name is simple structure type.
This type of proper name consists of simple words, compound words or phrases.
(1) Monosyllabic words as proper names: Most of these place names are disyllabic, and proper names are composed of monosyllabic words, which mostly retain the characteristics of monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese, and their grammatical functions are equivalent to one word. Such as Ruhuashan, Shuangdun, Monkey Mountain and Hanjiang River.
(2) Compound words as proper names: Among them, nouns are found to be the most proper names, accounting for the largest proportion, followed by verbs and adjectives.
A. Nouns: Jinjishan, Zhu Ye, Longdengdi and Baishazhou.
B. Verbs: Jianshe Road, Fuxing Village, tuanjie village and jiefang bridge.
C adjectives: Kuaihuoling, Chongren Road, Huitong Road and Xingfu Village.
(3) Phrases as proper nouns:
A. Off-structure: Shilipu Village, Baishazhou Bridge and Shengguandu Community.
B narrative-object structure: xunlimen, guiyuan temple, dawangtai and Xinghua road.
C. Subject-predicate structure: Pomegranate Red Village, Zhuge Sacrifice Wind Platform, and Tiantai on the outskirts of Liu Bei.
D. Parallel structure: French Street in Wuhan, Sunshine City in Dongfeng and Donghu Building in Hubei.
E. Quantity structure: 1 16 Street, 12 1 Street, Erqi Garden and Bayi Road.
1.2. The correct name is complex structure type.
The complete form of this structure is "proper name+generic name+generic name". "proper name+generic name" is transformed into the proper name part of another new place name as a whole. The generic function of the original generic name disappears, and other generic names are added to form a "transformed place name". Most of the original names are landmark geographical entities, and the new names are nearby. Such as Zhu Jin Port, Lianxi Temple Road, tuanjie village Road and Jiefang Park Road.
2. Type of "proper name"
A place name only has a proper name, omitting the generic part, which is generally an incomplete place name form. In recent years, due to the novelty and novelty of packaging products, such place names have increased rapidly and are common in the names of various buildings and apartments. Most of these place names are four-syllable words, and the types of "2+2" are much more than "1+3" or "3+ 1". According to Zhao Yuanren's analysis, 3 of 3+ 1 is 2+ 1 or 1+2, which can still cause 2+. Such as Silver Lake Emerald, Landscape Stars, Flower City Xindu, Blue Flower Yu 'an and so on.
3. Additional types
Addition refers to affixation of morphemes representing numbers, positions, sizes, old and new, etc. Before the generic or proper name and the original name. Additional morphemes play a positioning role, and their positions are uncertain, which are generally divided into two types: pre-position and post-position. Among them, the more productive additional ingredients are "East, West, South, North, Middle, Up, Down, Front and Back" and "Big, Small, Old and New". Such as Xigang, Donggang, Donghu, Laobeihu, Xiaohongshan and Daguowan.
4. Multi-layer structure type
Generally, it is "proper name+generic name+proper name+generic name", which is formed by the superposition of "proper name+generic name". The two "proper name+generic name" before and after represent two lots with different sizes, which is a structural form of adding distinguishing items on the basis of the original name to meet the needs of increasing the number of geographical entities. For example, Renhai Road in Siguanting, Shimenfeng Celebrity Cultural Park, Hanyang Gate in Zhonghua Road, Sanyan Bridge in Caiyi 'an, etc.
2. Naming methods and characteristics of Wuhan place names.
Naming of place names refers to the way of creating and developing place names, and it is a dynamic investigation of the way of expanding place names in the vertical plane. Through the analysis of the corpus, we come to the conclusion that the naming methods of Wuhan place names mainly include interpretation, derivation, image naming, abbreviation, loan word conversion, homophonic elegance and so on. The meaning of place names mainly includes basic meaning and additional meaning. The basic meaning mainly refers to the type, orientation and scope of geographical entities. Additional meaning includes characteristic meaning and implied meaning. Characteristic meaning refers to natural landscape, economic and cultural background, historical events and so on. Moral refers to people's understanding of a place and their desire to stay when naming a place name.
1. Interpretation method
Explanatory method means that a large number of place names can know their naming meaning through their naming methods, or indicate that their geographical location plays a marking role, or tell the surnames of the residents in the settlement, or explain the rich resources of the place or the historical background that was once a place for production, commercial exchanges and religious sacrifices. This method is the most widely used in Wuhan place names.
1. 1 indicates the geographical location.
Geographical names are inextricably linked with geographical location and orientation, and the most prominent function of geographical names is marking. There are many examples of such place names in Wu Hanyou, such as "Jiang Yan Road and Lanjiang Road" marked by the Yangtze River, and Zhou Wei Street, Yanghu Avenue, Hou Di Street and Shangdi Qianjie all belong to this category.
1.2 indicates the surname and origin of the population.
In ancient times, people's surnames often came from place names, such as the fiefs and fiefs of ancient princes and doctors. According to Huang Benji's "Surname Solution" in Qing Dynasty, there are 3,795 single surnames and compound surnames. According to the explanation in the book, more than half of surnames take "land" as their surnames, including feudal countries, feudal cities, grain mining, birthplace, ancestral home and so on. Modern place names are also named after ancient countries and ancient villages and towns, such as Suizhou (a follower country in the Spring and Autumn Period), Ezhou (a fief of King Chu and Hubei), Fancheng (an ancient country of Fan) and other counties and cities in Hubei Province. The phenomenon that later generations are often named after clans living in their places is mostly related to the migration of clans. This naming method is the most common in the names of settlements in Wuhan, such as Majiazhuang, Chen Jiawan, Xiongjiatai and Xujiapeng. , reflecting the surnames of the villagers who first settled in this area. For another example, many settlements often contain two surnames, such as Qiaomu Bay, Chengyang Bay and Youli Village, which reflects that the main surnames of this settlement contain two families.
1.3 Description of handicraft industry, trade development and religious architecture
Many place names named after industries in Wu Hanyou, such as Chopsticks Street, Glass Street, Foreign Oil Workshop and Dakou Lane, show that these place names once flourished as handicraft production bases. Another example is Gaopodian, Yemadian, Shilipu, Mengjiapu and Zhangjiapu, commonly known as "shops" and "shops", reflecting that this place once existed as a market; Another example is Huoguan Temple, Longwang Temple, Changchun Temple, Siguan Temple, Qingling Temple and Guiyuan Temple, which all reflect the information that this place was and is also a religious place.
1.4 description of military facilities and government agencies
Wuhan is also famous for its ancient government offices, cultural facilities, military facilities and institutions, such as Chayuanpo, Fuyuan Street, Duhufu and Liangdao Street, which all convey Wuhan's position as a regional political center in history. Another example is Yushu Building, Xuefu Street, Chongwenfang and Wenchang Pavilion, which shows that Wuhan is a city with profound cultural heritage. Such as trench camp, Hanfang camp (now Hanfang Street), Gejiaying, Guangbutun and so on. Explain Wuhan's position as a military center in history.
1.5 shows a beautiful vision for life.
Most of these place names have a positive color, which indicates good luck and wealth. Such as Xianghe Garden, Shengguandu, Yibo Garden, Renshou Road, Qing Ji Street and Ping 'an Road.
2. Derivation method
Derivation method is mainly a method of adding some elements to the original place names to derive new place names, without having to start a new stove and name geographical locations. With the acceleration of urbanization in Wuhan, the number of such place names is increasing day by day. The most common evolutionary relationship is the emergence of "symmetrical place names" and "joint place names", and there are also methods of attaching ordinal numbers.
2. 1 symmetrical place names
It is mainly the opposite antonym of "big, small, north, south, up and down, old and new". Such as Yin Zhi East Village and Yin Zhi West Village, Shangdi Front Street, Xiadi Front Street, Xiaqian East Village and Xiaqian West Village.
2.2 Joint name
Usually refers to the word-making method of shortening two or more original names into a new place name. For example, the name of Wuhan is the result of the reduction of characters in Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyang, and other places such as Vae Bay, Chen Xiao Bay, Chengyang Bay and Youli Village can be regarded as joint names.
2.3 Additional ordinal number
By appending ordinal numbers before generic names such as "street, road, lane, road and village", a serialized digital place name group is formed. For example, Kangju No.2 Road, Kangju No.3 Road and Kangju No.4 Road in Kangju series, Gutian No.1 Road and No.2 Road in Gutian series, and Jiangjun No.1 Road to No.7 Road and Changqing No.1 Road to No.4 Road, respectively, renamed Yigou to Jiugou in Wujiashan area of East Lake as Yiqing, Erya, Sanxiu, Siming, Wuhuan, Liushun, Qixiong, Bafang and Jiutong.
3. Loan Words Transformation Method
The loanword transformation method means that many place names are often transformed from other names, and some commonly used names have a lot of commemorative significance. It is also a model of the principle of "familiarity with strangers" formed by noun combination phrases, that is, "take things near and take things far away", and name some street settlements closely related to Wuhan, such as city names such as names, events and allusions.
A. Name: Zhongshan Road, Huangxing Road, Zhang Zhidong Road, Zhang Zizhong Road and Zhang Gongdi.
B. Activity name: Erqi Street, Bayi Street, Shouyi Road, Guangbutun and Jiunvdun.
C. Allusions: Zhongjiacun, Luojiashan, Zhuodaoquan, Dressing Table, Chu Wangtai
D City name: Beijing Road, Guangdong Lane, Sichuan Road, Jiangxi Road and Fujian Road.
One is to commemorate Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and others; One is to commemorate the February 27 massacre, the August 1 Nanchang Uprising, the Wuchang Uprising, Guangbutun, a warehouse called Guangbu, which originated from the Chu King of the Ming Dynasty and the Taiping Rebellion; In C, I remember the high mountains and flowing water, Chu Zhuangwang's counter-rebellion, Guan Yu's Zhuo Dao, the Buddha of the Queen Mother Wanli, and Zhu Zhen, the king of Chu. He will never forget his father's kindness. The phenomenon of D is also common in other cities.
4. Image naming method
Image naming is a rhetorical method commonly used in Wuhan place name naming, that is, simulating thing A into thing B by imagination. Such as Jinji Mountain, Lion Mountain, Yuanbao Mountain and Phoenix Mountain. The function of analogy is mainly to "create images" and create scenes or situations that arouse people's association.
5. abbreviations
Abbreviation is to extract and compress relevant meanings from ancient books and records in China, and endow place names with quaint cultural connotations. For example, the one-dollar road means "one-dollar resumption, Vientiane renewal". There are five roads parallel to the one-yuan road, which lead directly to the second to sixth docks. In order to correspond to each other, "Er Yao Road" means "Sun Yue Guang Yao"; "Sanyang Road" means "Sanyang Kaitai"; "Four-dimensional Tao" takes the meaning of "courtesy, justice, honesty and shame, and four dimensions of the country"; "Five Blessingg Road" is named after "longevity, wealth, health and virtue"; Liouhe rd "means" six in one spring ".
6. Homophonic elegance method
Homophonic elegance refers to the original local place name, but it is tacky and indecent, and the place name of this place is often named after the words represented by elegant words with similar pronunciation. For example, Yuji Bridge in Wuhan was originally called Carassius auratus Bridge, but later it was homophonic and refined into Yuji Bridge. Similarly, Luojiashan in Wuhan was originally named Luojiashan, and "Luojiashan" and "Luojiashan" are homophonic, implying the difficulty of establishing Luojiashan.
Three. Wuhan Place Names and Regional Culture
Place names are the mirror image and carrier of culture, which changes with culture. The naming of place names always has its unique origin and meaning, and is always closely related to historical background, geographical environment, production and life, national customs and so on. The place names of Wuhan fully reflect the topography, hydrology and historical and cultural characteristics of Wuhan.
1. Wuhan Place Names and Hydrographic Topography
Numerous lakes, bays, piers and bridges account for about 13% of Wuhan place names. Wuhan is known as the "city of 100 lakes", and many lakes and rivers occupy almost the whole area of Wuhan. There are many names including bridges, crossings, ferries and bays, which also reflects that Wuhan's water system is relatively developed. Many place names with piers, terraces and terraces show that because there are many lakes, people need to build dikes around the lakes and build houses with soil as piers to form settlements in order to avoid flooding. Many "fields, dams and plains" show that Wuhan is located in Jianghan alluvial plain with flat terrain, concentrated population and dense settlements.
2. Wuhan Place Names and Immigrant Culture
Wuhan place names have become a "living teaching material" for "Jiangxi fills in Huguang". Comparing the place names of other cities, we find that there are more surnames in Wuhan place names. Most of these surnames have existed since the Ming Dynasty, and their ancestors were mostly from Jiangxi, such as Yangjiawan, Youli Village and Majiazhuang. This is related to the population migration that reached its climax in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. "Jiangxi fills Huguang, and Huguang fills Sichuan" is the best annotation of this place name phenomenon. To a certain extent, this also reflects the clan and family concept of China people. The geographical environment of Wuhan provides sufficient space for the independent development of blood groups.
3. Wuhan Place Names and Historical Tradition
3. 1 Jingchu culture
Wuhan is the heart of Jingchu culture and an important inheritance place of Jingchu culture, which can also be seen in place names, reflecting the connotation and spirit of Jingchu culture. Such as classic stories, such as "Zhongjiacun, Qintai Road and Yin Zhi Road" related to high mountains and flowing water, and "Luojiashan, Gujiashan and Qinghe Bridge" related to Chu Zhuangwang.
3.2 Three Kingdoms Culture
Wuhan belonged to the State of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period and was called Xiakou. In Su Shi's Red Cliff Fu, the gorge of "looking east at the gorge and looking west at Wuchang" is Wuchang, which is now Sun Yicheng County, Ezhou City. Up to now, the place names of Wuhan still bear the imprint of the Three Kingdoms.
Related to Guan Yu: Zhuodaoquan, Xima Street, kurama Cave and Guandi Street.
Related to Lu Su: Lushan Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Baimazhou, Lusu Bay, etc.
C related to the story of the Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Ji Fengtai, Liu Beijiao Tiantai, etc.
4. Wuhan Place Names and Secular Culture
The streets and avenues of a city are mostly named by officials and literati, while the small streets and alleys are randomly named and handed down by villagers. Such place names can often reflect the secular culture of the city. Such as Jietiao Street, Yangboji Bay, Wangmazi River, Guangtuling and New Wu Xiong. Although the name is indecent, it reflects the straightforward personality characteristics of Wuhan people. Such as Ren Shouli, Shengguandu and Ping 'an Road. Reflect the people's good wishes for life.
5. Wuhan geographical names and the development of the times
For example, a series of place names related to the Revolution of 1911, such as Shouyi Road, Quan Min Road and Minsheng Road. The evolution of place names such as Meifu Road, Paris Road, Yangyuan, Zhadian Road and Zhuxiang is related to colonial rule. After entering the new China, Qianjin Village, Xiangyang Village, Yuejin Village, Hongwei Village and other place names with strong flavor of the times are also common in Wuhan. Due to the close communication and cooperation between Wuhan and Taiwan Province Province in recent years, a large number of place names with exclusive names of cities and counties in Taiwan Province Province have emerged, such as Taibei Road, Gao Xionglu, Penghu Road and Mazu Road.
Four. conclusion
To sum up, place names are the product of human activities, the established language symbols with symbolic significance, and the typical embodiment of regional culture. The relationship between place names and linguistics is obvious. By summarizing the structural forms and naming methods of place names, we can sum up the naming rules of Wuhan place names and the regional cultural characteristics of Wuhan.
Place names are symbols of the times. Place names often change with the natural environment, changes of the times, population migration, scientific and technological development, economic progress and cultural prosperity, and different place names are produced in different historical periods. On the other hand, the emergence, development and change of place names often lag behind the changes of physical geography and humanistic society. Wuhan is in a period of rapid development. Doing a good job in the management and standardization of geographical names will help to ensure the normal operation of the information exchange mechanism in the urban system, give full play to the role of urban geographical names in economic development and social progress, and contribute to the promotion and sublimation of urban cultural taste. On the one hand, it is necessary to maintain the relative stability of place names, and try not to change them if possible; If it is really necessary to change its name, we should carefully grasp the naming rules of Wuhan place names and conduct scientific argumentation; No matter whether it is renamed or not, it is impossible to cut off the blood of history and culture. On the other hand, efforts should be made to solve the phenomenon that a place name has the same name and multiple writing methods, and the compilation of place name signs and place name reference books should be done well to realize the "digital construction" of Wuhan place names.